PHI

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Week 2

Reflect: Keep in mind that Uber has presented itself into the market not as a transportation service but as a service that pairs consumers with ride sharing services by means of a unique phone app. But some sources—including the taxi industry and one California court finding (details in the required material), as well as the characterization of Uber presented in Section 3.4 of the textbook—seem to challenge this branding. According to these sources, Uber is avoiding laws that apply to the transportation industry and, thereby, usurping a rightful place that the taxi industry has carved for itself. Consumers, on the other hand, have shown their preference for Uber by a high demand for its services in the USA and abroad, including those countries in which Uber has been banned. Compared to taxis, Uber offers consumers an efficient system for procuring a ride even in remote areas where taxis do not frequent, a convenient payment method (no need for cash, and fares can be split among different users on the same ride), and significantly cheaper fares compared to taxis. In many instances, Uber cars come equipped with water, candy, and magazines, all for free. Uber drivers are also better off because they keep the majority of the fares for the rides that they service, which is exactly the opposite case of taxi drivers, and they can choose when they want to work. Clearly, this is a controversial case and thus very apt for the examination for this discussion.

Keep in mind that a nation’s economic system is shaped by the laws that are in place. Accordingly, laws (including state regulations and local ordinances) will give you a clue for the kind of economic system that exists. Keep in mind also that most nations have mixed economies and there is probably no economic system that purely represents socialism or capitalism. So you will find a different combination of both socialism and capitalism in any nation that you are examining.

 

Write: You have four tasks for your initial post. In order to present an organized post, address each one of these tasks in a separate paragraph and in the following order. Your first task is to articulate the economic system (or combination of characteristics of both socialism and capitalism) that such laws depict. Your second task is to examine the laws that either support or limit the operations by Uber. Your third task is to analyze how your findings from your first and second tasks affect Uber. And your fourth task is to present your moral position with regard to Uber. For this latter task, you will need to identify one of the three ethical theories covered in the Week One (utilitarianism, deontology, or virtue ethics) as support for the moral position that you are taking. For example, you may hold the moral position that Uber is morally justifiable because it provides a good for consumers that fills in a gap that had not been met by the taxi industry. Or you may take the position that Uber’s positioning in the market is morally wrong.

 

Requirements for Your Initial Post:

 

Your initial post should be at least 400 words in length and have citations and references in APA notation. It should address the prompt in its entirety. This means that you should not split your response to the prompt in multiple posts. Your examination should be both thorough and succinct. This is a combination that demands time and thought, so give yourself sufficient time to draft and revise.

 

Your list of references for your initial post should include the video and the other required material for this discussion, including Section 1.3 of the textbook on Starbucks, as well as the Instructor Guidance and any other announcements presented to you by your professor. Use all of the material presented to you in the course and by your professor, in addition to any other sources that you consulted to inform yourself about the case (but not Wikipedia or similar sources).

 

Week 3

Prepare: In your first post in this discussion, you will identify and apply one ethical theory of your choosing to a current problem in business, also of your choosing. Start by reviewing your notes on the Week One course material and your completed work for Week One. Then, choose one of the three ethical theories—i.e., utilitarianism, deontology, or virtue ethics—on the basis of your thoughtfully considered preference in general and independent of the business problem that you will select here. Keep in mind that you will employ this ethical theory for supporting your position not only for this discussion, but also for this week’s assignment and the Final Project.

 

To prepare for your selection of the current problem in business, look at the list of required articles and multimedia which are divided in the six case-categories as follows:

 

Banking (Lehman Brothers)

Environment (BP)

GMOs (Monsanto)

Pharmaceuticals (Merck)

Gender Discrimination (Goodyear)

Factory Farms (Perdue)

Choose the case-category that you find the most interesting and note that each category also corresponds to one particular case. Please choose carefully because your choice for this discussion will establish the case that will be central to your argumentative essay this week as well as your Final Project in Week Five. It is recommended that you leaf through all the required resources indicated for the possible case-categories that you identify as possible contenders before making your final choice.

 

Reflect: Once you have selected your ethical theory and your case category, articulate the characteristics of the economic system (or combination of both systems) that serves as the setting for the case presented in the case category sources. Given this context, examine how the nation’s laws affect the operations of the business.

 

Next, identify the characteristics of your chosen ethical theory and its notion of the moral good. For the latter, you will need to review again the PowerPoint that was introduced in Week One, which is also listed in this week’s Required Resources and it is titled The Moral Good in Three Traditional Ethical Theories. Then, think how you would apply the ethical theory to the specific problem presented in the case category sources.

 

Write: Start your post by (a) identifying the issue or problem that you want to address in the case that you have selected and providing an impartial presentation of the controversy, (b) articulating briefly the characteristics of the economic system that serves as the setting, and (c) examining the laws that affect the operations of the business.

 

The following illustration should help. Consider, for example, the case of Uber that we examined in Week Two. If the California decision establishes a precedent for similar claims, then Uber would have to do business as an employer and not merely as a service that pairs consumers with ride sharing services by means of a unique phone app. Accordingly, the law would require Uber to reimburse its drivers for certain costs and perhaps offer benefits. Take in consideration, then, the legal setting for the case that you have chosen. Does the case take place in the United States or another country? What are the laws that are relevant to the problem under examination? Keep in mind that all laws are constraints on our actions, whether those by individuals or corporations. The relevant laws, then, will be (a) any laws that present not only a constraint on the company’s operations, (b) any laws that are being violated by the corporation, or (c) any laws that unfairly limit the goods and services that can be offered to and are demanded by consumers.

 

In a second paragraph, formulate a sentence that presents the moral position that you want to defend in regard to the issue or problem introduced in the previous paragraph.

 

In the same paragraph, present the ethical theory that you choose to employ. Your choices are utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics, and the necessary material is included in the required readings and media. Make sure to identify the characteristics of the ethical theory, and include in-text citations and full references in APA form at the end of the post. Once you have done this, apply the ethical theory to your selected case by explaining how it lends itself to the moral position that you are defending

 

Requirements for Your Initial Post:

 

Your initial post should be at least 400 words in length and have citations and references in APA notation. It should address the prompt in its entirety. This means that you should not split your response to the prompt in multiple posts. Your examination should be both thorough and succinct. This is a combination that demands time and thought, so give yourself sufficient time to draft and revise.

 

Your list of references for your initial post should include the videos and the other required reading material pertaining to your chosen subject heading, as well as the ethics, economic, and law components of Weeks One and Two, the Instructor Guidance, and any other announcements presented to you by your professor. In addition, your references should include any other sources that you consult to inform yourself about your chosen case category (but not Wikipedia or similar sources).

Week 4

Prepare: In preparation for your first post in this discussion, you will become familiar with the case of Perdue Farms by means of the material listed under Required Resources (Generally). You will also find more material under Required Resources (Per Subject Heading) because the specific task for this discussion is to examine this case with an eye for any one of the following four subject headings in business ethics: (1) the environment, (2) advertising, (3) consumer safety and (4) moral responsibility. You must select one of these subject headings and your selection will be the specific focus of your work for your discussion. Accordingly, you will be responsible to complete the readings and videos listed under your chosen subject heading.

 

Reflect: If you choose the environment subject heading, reflect on the sheer density of chickens raised at any given time in the Perdue facilities. The disposal of their discarded remains and their processing for distribution, either individually and most definitely together, pose a number of environmental concerns.

 

If you choose the advertising subject heading, reflect on how the two videos on Perdue farms present the sharp contrast between the way the company presents its product and the way in which it has been discovered to run its chicken farms. Consider whether this is an example of failure to provide truth in advertising and how you would support such a stance.

 

If you choose the consumer safety subject heading, reflect on the way in which chickens raised in factory farms risks consumer safety. These might include (a) bacterial contamination, (b) the effects of antibiotics on the meat that is consumed, or (c) the release of adrenaline, cortisone, and other chemicals resulting from the acute stress endured by factory farm animals, which then becomes part of the meat that is later consumed by humans.

 

If you choose the moral responsibility heading, reflect on the stewardship role that may fall upon humans toward non-human animals. Can we utilize them as mere means to an end (for entertainment, companionship, or food)? Or do we have special obligations toward them (e.g., not to mistreat or torture them and to slaughter them quickly and without stress) because they are sentient beings?

 

Once you have completed the indicated readings and videos, reflect on the ethical theories that we have covered in the discussions thus far and identify one that you want to apply for your analysis in your discussion post.

 

Also, reflect on the regulations (or lack thereof) in the factory farming industry in order to be able to examine how our nation’s laws affect the operations of the business. You will need to research the applicable laws on the factory farming industry.

 

Finally, since Perdue Farms is an American corporation, reflect on the mixed economic system in the United States in order to articulate the setting for the operations of factory farming, and then, be able to analyze the ethical actions of Perdue given this setting.

 

Write: In the first part of your initial post, you will need to introduce the Perdue case within the particular subject heading that you have chosen. In this introduction, you will also need to (1) articulate the relevant characteristics of our mixed economic system and (2) present the regulations for the factory farming industry. These will provide the setting for you to be able to examine how the nation’s laws affect its operations.

 

In the second part of your initial post, present your analysis of the problem in a way that identifies which entities (Perdue as a corporation, the economic system in the USA, the regulatory control of the state, or all of these) have a role in the problem that you have presented. In your analysis, you must assess the negative effects of the interplay between business activity and one of the following: the environment, advertising, consumer safety, or corporate social responsibility. Your focus must be an ethical analysis of this interplay, and it must be well supported by reliable and/or scholarly sources by clearly identifying the ethical theory that you are applying in your analysis.

Requirements for Your Initial Post:

 

Your initial post should be at least 400 words in length and have citations and references in APA notation. It should address the prompt in its entirety. This means that you should not split your response to the prompt in multiple posts. Your examination should be both thorough and succinct. This is a combination that demands time and thought, so give yourself sufficient time to draft and revise.

 

Your list of references for your initial post should include the videos and the other required reading material for this discussion, the Instructor Guidance, and any other announcements presented to you by your professor. List all the course material that informed your work in the list of references and cite these too where appropriate. In addition, your references should include any other sources that you consult to inform yourself (but not Wikipedia or similar sources).

Week 5

Prepare: In your first post in this discussion, you will become familiar with the case of Abercrombie & Fitch by means of the relevant material in the Required Resources this week. There is also a specific media feature located at the end of Section 5.3 of the textbook titled Workplace Discrimination: Abercrombie & Fitch. In order to be prepared for this task, you will need to complete the required readings and media listed.

 

Reflect: There are two sides to consider in the Abercrombie & Fitch case. On the one hand, we have the job candidate’s side. She went to the job interview wearing a hijab. The interviewer did not remark on the hijab, and the candidate also did not volunteer that her religious beliefs required her to wear a hijab. She was subsequently not hired based on the perception that her appearance was incongruous with the company’s look policy. For example, caps are not permitted and the male sales associates (referred to as “models” in the company’s corporate language) are often shirtless and in sweatpants in order to create the mood at the stores for the aesthetic for which Abercrombie & Fitch has become known: young, preppy, and hormonally charged. When she was notified that she was not hired for the position, she filed a complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission that, in turn, filed a lawsuit on her behalf alleging a violation of Title VII.

 

On the other hand, we have Abercrombie & Fitch’s side. As a company doing business in the United States, Abercrombie & Fitch is legally permitted to hire those employees who fit its look policy. This is no different from the look requirements for the Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders, the Chicago Bulls, the New York City Ballet company, or for jockeys hired by thoroughbred owners to race them at the Kentucky Derby. In all of these cases, there are height, size, and other look requirements for employment that are justified by the particular demands and aesthetics of the position. She was found to be qualified for the job but her dress was clearly in conflict with Abercrombie & Fitch’s look policy. Yet, the job applicant knowingly sought employment at this retailer.

 

According to the law, should a special accommodation be required due to a religious practice, then Title VII dictates that the look requirements give way to the religious requirement in order not to be considered an act of religious discrimination.

 

The EEOC prevailed in the District Court, but this judgment was reversed by the Tenth Circuit on the ground that failure-to-accommodate liability only attaches when a job candidate provides the potential employer with knowledge of the need for an accommodation due to religious practice. Once it reached the Supreme Court, the decision was made in favor of the job candidate. According to Justice Scalia,

 

Title VII does not demand mere neutrality with regard to religious practices—that they be treated no worse than other practices. Rather, it gives them favored treatment, affirmatively obligating employers not “to fail or refuse to hire or discharge any individual . . . because of such individual’s” “religious observance and practice.” An employer is surely entitled to have, for example, a no headwear policy as an ordinary matter. But when an applicant requires an accommodation as an “aspec[t] of religious . . . practice,” it is no response that the subsequent “fail[ure] . . . to hire” was due to an otherwise-neutral policy. Title VII requires otherwise-neutral policies to give way to the need for an accommodation.

 

The only dissenting opinion was that of Justice Thomas who wrote:

 

Mere application of a neutral policy cannot constitute “intentional discrimination.”…I would hold that Abercrombie’s conduct did not constitute “intentional discrimination.” Abercrombie refused to create an exception to its neutral Look Policy for Samantha Elauf ’s religious practice of wearing a headscarf… In doing so, it did not treat religious practices less favorably than similar secular practices, but instead remained neutral with regard to religious practices…Resisting this straightforward application of §1981a, the majority expands the meaning of “intentional discrimination” to include a refusal to give a religious applicant “favored treatment.”…But contrary to the majority’s assumption, this novel theory of discrimination is not commanded by the relevant statutory text.

 

Write: In the first part of your initial post, you will need to introduce the Abercrombie & Fitch lawsuit. In this introduction, you will also need to (1) articulate the freedoms that companies in the United States enjoy given our relatively-free market system and (2) present the Title VII regulations concerning employment discrimination. These will provide the setting for you to be able to examine how the nation’s laws affect the hiring practices of Abercrombie & Fitch and other companies whose hiring policy includes a particular aesthetic for employees.

 

In the second part of your initial post, present your analysis of this case in a way that identifies which entities (Abercrombie & Fitch as a corporation, the economic system in the USA, the regulatory control of the state, or all of these) have a role in the problem that led to the lawsuit under examination. In your analysis, you must assess the positive or negative effects of the interplay between business activity and one of the following: the free-market system, advertising, hiring regulations, or corporate social responsibility. Your focus must be an ethical analysis of this interplay. Be sure to clearly identify the ethical theory that you are applying in your analysis, and to support your analysis by reliable and/or scholarly sources.

 

Requirements for Your Initial Post:

 

Your initial post should be at least 350 words in length and have citations and references in APA notation. It should address the prompt in its entirety. This means that you should not split your response to the prompt in multiple posts. Your examination should be both thorough and succinct. This is a combination that demands time and thought, so give yourself sufficient time to draft and revise.

 

Your list of references for your initial post should include not only the video and the other required material for this discussion, as well as the Instructor Guidance and any other announcements presented to you by your professor. Use all of the material presented to you in the course and by your professor, in addition to any other sources that you consulted to inform yourself about this case (but not Wikipedia or similar sources).

 
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Answer

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The case, Anwar Aluminum Works, is based on an actual situation that occurred. The case has been specifically chosen due to its links to entrepreneurial issues and problem solving in the areas such as relevant costs, sensitivity analysis, breakeven, return on investment and payback. 1. Calculate the projected contribution margin rates for each product order 2. Identify all the potential cash flows associated with each of the two product orders and break them down indicating whether each one is fixed or variable and whether it is a recurring cost or a one-time cost.  3. Perform a quantitative assessment: a. Prepare an incremental analysis for each of the two customer orders, including the incremental cash inflows and outflows from operations for each order. b. determine the return on investment and the payback period in years for each scenario based on your calculations.

ANWAR ALUMINUM WORKS

Amy Shuh wrote this case under the supervision of Elizabeth M.A. Grasby solely to provide material for class discussion. The authors do not intend to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of a managerial situation. The authors may have disguised certain names and other identifying information to protect confidentiality. This publication may not be transmitted, photocopied, digitized or otherwise reproduced in any form or by any means without the permission of the copyright holder. Reproduction of this material is not covered under authorization by any reproduction rights organization. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, contact Ivey Publishing, Ivey Business School, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada, N6G 0N1; (t) 519.661.3208; (e) cases@ivey.ca; www.iveycases.com. Copyright © 2014, Richard Ivey School of Business Foundation Version: 2014-02-18 It was mid-February 2013, and Michael Crawford had just sat down to review two customer orders for new products. As plant manager for Anwar Aluminum Works (AAW), located in Windsor, Ontario, Crawford knew that operations were nearing capacity and both orders could not be filled simultaneously, based on both customers’ expected delivery dates. Since the customers would want a decision soon, Crawford had to decide which order would be the best one for AAW to accept.

THE METALS INDUSTRY The global metals industry included the manufacturing and mining of all types of metals, such as iron and steel, aluminum, base metals,1 and precious metals. Total revenues generated in this industry were close to $3 trillion in 2012.2 The primary metals industry, a subset of the global metals industry that included aluminum manufacturing, was composed of companies involved with separating metals from ores,3 drawing or rolling metal into sheets, and pouring metal into casts and/or molds. In 2012, the North American primary metals industry reported $230 billion in annual revenues.4 Due to increased urbanization within Asian countries and the continued need for products in developing nations, the primary metals industry had experienced unprecedented demand throughout 2012. The growth of the middle class within these Asian and developing countries had created demand for metal, especially steel, in the automotive and construction industries.5 After steel, aluminum was the second most commonly used metal and was produced more than all other non-ferrous metals combined. 1 Base metals are non-ferrous metals, excluding precious metals. 2 www.icmm.com/trends-in-the-mining-and-metals-industry, accessed January 6, 2014. 3 An ore is a type of rock that contains minerals, including metals. 4 www.icmm.com/trends-in-the-mining-and-metals-industry, accessed January 6, 2014. 5 Ibid. Page 2 9B14B001 THE ALUMINUM INDUSTRY In North America, six of the largest companies generated 60 per cent of the total aluminum manufacturing revenues. The aluminum was either sold directly to the end users, such as car manufacturers, or to metal service centres that bought stock for resale to smaller manufacturers. This customer base did not require traditional advertising. Instead, aluminum manufacturers marketed their products based on their delivered price and quality of product. Often, manufacturers would obtain long-term supply contracts with their larger customers. In 2012, 45 per cent of the demand for aluminum came from motor vehicle and machinery manufacturers. In an effort to cut costs, many aluminum customers moved their manufacturing facilities outside of Canada to take advantage of lower labour costs. Finally, the development of alternative materials, such as ceramics and plastics, posed a threat to aluminum manufacturers since these products were lighter, with durable characteristics that could replace the need for aluminum. Supply and demand determined the price of aluminum. This market price was referred to as the “spot price.” It was the industry norm for aluminum manufacturers to charge its buyers the spot price plus a spread6 for producing an aluminum product or an alloy.7 To maintain profitability in the North American aluminum manufacturing industry, there were several key success factors. The first was the protection against fluctuating prices. Through the trading of futures,8 aluminum manufacturers could mitigate the risk of holding inventory in a market when the selling price could fluctuate by 20 to 25 per cent on a daily basis. Second, improved production efficiency was critical. In order to successfully compete with offshore manufacturers with lower operational expenses, improved efficiencies were essential and were usually achieved by ensuring little production downtime. Additionally, with the rise of energy prices, this efficiency was imperative. Third, to achieve minimal production downtime, production scheduling and inventory control and management were crucial. Fourth, as the industry had become more automated, it was also critical that workers were trained to operate the computer-controlled systems. Last, to compete with offshore manufacturers’ prices, North American manufacturers needed to develop and offer more specialty products, beyond sheets (of aluminum), and applications to gain a competitive advantage.9 ALUMINUM ALLOY MANUFACTURING PROCESS The production of aluminum alloy began by separating, through a melting process, the aluminum metal from the ore. Once completed, various metals were added to the aluminum to produce the alloy. Changing the chemical characteristics at various stages of the production process produced the differences in alloys. Variance in the strength and durability of the aluminum product further depended on the heat treatment utilized throughout the production process. This complex method of metal production had been enhanced by modern production technology that allowed for better control of the production factors, such as the amount of heat and chemicals used. Throughout the manufacturing process, an estimated 20 to 40 per cent of operational costs stemmed from usage of utilities, specifically electricity. 6 A spread is the profit equal to the difference between the purchase price and the selling price. 7 An alloy is a metal made by combining two or more metallic elements to give a greater strength. Aluminum alloys are alloys in which aluminum is the predominate metal. 8 “Futures” refers to the financial contract that obligates the buyer to purchase an asset at a predetermined future date and price. This helps the buyer ascertain the price of the commodity sold at the determined date. 9 Primary metals manufacturing –– quarterly update 12/17/2012, 2012. First Research Industry Profiles (Dec 17). Page 3 9B14B001 After its production, the aluminum alloy was poured into an alloy cast billet (a cylinder of aluminum with varying lengths and diameters). To become malleable,10 the billet was heated and then extruded11 through a die to give it a cross-sectional and often hollow shape. At this point, either a heat treatment or quenching (the rapid cooling) was conducted in order to maintain the materials’ physical properties. (See Exhibit 1 for the extrusion process and Exhibit 2 for examples of finished extrusion-manufactured aluminum pieces.) ANWAR ALUMINUM WORKS Vincent Johnson, a leading American industrialist and businessman, founded Anwar Aluminum Works (AAW) in 1946 after the acquisition of three aluminum-manufacturing facilities from the U.S. government. Since its inception, AAW’s operations were based in its main expertise of aluminum metallurgy.12 After several geographical expansions since 1959, AAW had grown its operations to a total of 16 manufacturing facilities with 2,600 employees across North America by 2012. As a publicly traded company on the NASDAQ,13 AAW reported fiscal 2012 revenues of US$1.36 billion and a profit of US$85 million.14 AAW served four key markets: automotive, general engineering, aerospace and high-strength products, and other industrial products. The firm prided itself on its ability to maintain long-standing relationships with customers and to be their preferred supplier. In an effort to continue its competitiveness in the market, AAW reduced manufacturing costs into the 2012 fiscal year through the implementation of more efficient manufacturing practices, aimed at eliminating waste throughout its operations. AAW’s main competitors included regional market players and large international conglomerates. Some of AAW’s competitors boasted larger financial resources, greater efficiencies with regard to technologies, and the ability to purchase raw materials at a lower price. In an effort to rise above these competitors, AAW focused on differentiating itself by offering technical expertise and a wide variety of exceptionally high-quality products. AAW WINDSOR AAW’s Windsor, Ontario, production facility was the firm’s only Canadian manufacturing plant. This 350,000-square-foot plant used the extrusion process of aluminum manufacturing for the automotive industry. The Windsor location was chosen strategically for its close proximity to several auto manufacturers in the regions of southern Ontario and Detroit, Michigan. Crawford, a professional engineer, had been working for AAW for 10 years. As the plant manager, Crawford was the key liaison between the manufacturing operations and the sales force. He was always balancing the tension between keeping operational expenditures as low as possible, while maximizing the potential revenue of the plant. At the end of the day, Crawford was accountable to AAW’s corporate office for the profit and loss statement of the Windsor operations. The plant’s raw material input for its operations consisted primarily of aluminum and scrap aluminum, purchased in bulk at discounted rates from third-party suppliers. This plant’s main advantage was its 10 “Malleable” is a term used to describe a metal’s ability to be easily shaped or formed through the addition of pressure. 11 Extrusion is the process of shaping the metal by pushing it through a die. 12 Metallurgy is the science that deals with procedures used in extracting metals from their ores, purifying and alloying metals, and creating useful objects from metals. 13 The NASDAQ is a U.S. marketplace for buying and selling securities; it acts as the benchmark for U.S. technology stocks. 14 AAW Annual Report 2012. ability to mix certain alloys specifically requested by each customer. An alloy mix consisted of pure aluminum, known as “prime” and purchased by AAW at the market price, as well as scrap pieces for which AAW paid less than market price. AAW negotiated with scrap suppliers for payment in 30 days from the time of sale to AAW. AAW’s primary aluminum suppliers offered AAW 20 days to pay for its purchases from the time of sale to AAW. The firm strived to maximize profits on the alloy, due to its lower prime aluminum content and higher percentage of scrap aluminum input. TWO NEW ORDERS Renfrew Automotive On February 12, 2013, Renfrew Automotive (Renfrew), a major firm in the automotive manufacturing industry, approached AAW Windsor with an offer for a new, high-strength aluminum product to be used in the development of an automotive part. Based on the demanding mechanical properties required for the product, Renfrew requested a specific alloy that would meet the desired fit, form and function. The annual volume of the sale would be 180,000 pieces, each weighing two pounds, for an expected two-year time horizon. Based on the specific alloy formulation, Renfrew would pay AAW Windsor the price of aluminum at the market rate plus a spread of $0.75 per pound.15 Renfrew would pick up the end product twice monthly; however, Renfrew’s orders and scheduling could fluctuate as much as 25 per cent, requiring AAW Windsor to maintain an average of 15 days’ worth of inventory of the product at all times. AAW had a policy of offering credit terms to customers of net 45 days, but Renfrew would pay upon delivery due to the specialized nature of its product order. AAW Windsor determined the alloy mixture most appropriate for this order would be a mix of 50 per cent prime aluminum and 50 per cent scrap aluminum. The scrap aluminum could be purchased at a $0.06 per pound discount from the current market price of aluminum. Due to product-quality control, the projected manufacturing press recovery would be 80 per cent; therefore, based on the order’s expected annual volume of 360,000 net pounds, 75,000 pounds would have to be cast every two months to extrude 60,000 net pounds. Since this product would be a new alloy developed specifically for Renfrew, it would cost $80,000 for the specialty cast moulds to be used in the manufacturing process. As well, there would be $20,000 spent annually for replacement cast moulds and maintenance costs on the equipment. The specialty moulds were expected to have a five-year useful life and would be depreciated using the straight-line method. Crawford had anticipated spending five percent of his time over the next six months overseeing the initial manufacturing of this order for this new customer. Evers Manufacturing The following day, February 13, 2013, AAW Windsor received a request from Evers Manufacturing (Evers), a smaller niche automotive manufacturer. Evers’ order would consist of 400,000 pieces, at one pound each, annually for two years. This alloy mix would consist of 10 per cent prime aluminum and 90 per cent scrap aluminum. Based on the commonality of the product, the customer spread was projected at $0.60 per pound. Evers would pick up the order monthly, but based on the product’s niche use, the amount picked up could vary as much as 50 per cent. The alloy to be developed was a more common formulation, so AAW Windsor would need only a $2,000 investment in new moulds for the manufacturing process. Additionally, no other maintenance costs would be required, but it was estimated that $2,500 in additional labour costs would be needed annually. This basic manufacturing would also demand only a 92 per cent manufacturing press recovery. As a result, it was decided to hold 30 days’ worth of this order at all times. AAW Windsor noted that Evers would take advantage of AAW’s credit terms to customers of net 45 days. CONCLUSION Crawford was quite pleased with AAW Windsor’s recent performance, especially with respect to keeping plant utilization at a relatively high level. Faced with two new customer orders, he wondered how he could use the remaining plant capacity to maximize profitability. Crawford sat down to review the alternatives, both qualitatively and quantitatively, and he would make a decision once his analysis was complete.

 
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The National Black Child Development Institute (Outline)

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OUTLINE 1

Outlining Your Goals, Intentions, and Approach

Click Here to Type Your Name…

Grantham University

GU 299

Click Here to Spell out the date…

 

Directions: After choosing your community organization for your final project and reviewing the final project criteria, complete the outline below. Use APA citation format for both your in-text and references page citations. Delete this direction paragraph before you save your work to turn in.

Click here to type your title ….

Introduce the organization. Describe the organization, the work they do, any key players within the organization, and why it may be interesting to your readers/audience. Include your thesis statement (a short description of the purpose of your work).

Readers/Audience

Describe the readers/audience you will be directing your project toward. Consider what they know, what they might need from your work, and what they will expect. Briefly discuss how you will meet the needs of your readers/audience.

Methods

Include a description of how you plan to gather and analyze your data (i.e., reviewing scholarly articles, interviews, analyzing similar organizations, and so on).

Results

You likely haven’t found any results yet, but provide a description of what you hope to find or what you think you might find.

Conclusion

Based on the information you have gathered so far, start identifying how what you’ve learned connects to your thesis and how it falls under the scope of service-learning and civic engagement. Write up a brief description of those connections.

 

 

References

 
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Assignment 3: The Application Paper

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By Wednesday, May 24, 2017, using the textbook and Argosy Online Library references that you may select, write a paper (minimum 750 words) using APA standards, that answers the questions below.

First, from the Argosy University online library, select one of the following articles to read:

Second, answer the following questions in an organized essay:

    • What is the social problem the researchers are investigating?
    • What is the research method (i.e.: survey, participant observation, experiment, secondary sources) used by the researchers?
    • What were the results or findings of the research?
    • What do you think would be a good solution to the social problem?

Please post your completed paper in the M1: Assignment 3 Dropbox.

Assignment 3 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
Introduction of issue and a conclusion that reviews all main points you present.
12
Correctly identified and explained the social problem in the chosen article.
20
Correctly identified and explained the research methods used in the chosen article.
20
Integrated personal views to the main issue in the chosen article.
20
Related essay writings to the concepts and theories discussed in the textbook and outside resources.
20
Submitted on or before due date, using correct spelling and grammar and appropriate APA format.
8
Total:
100

 
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Professional In ANT103

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1. (True/false) A group of people who are set apart from others socially will probably be set apart linguistically as well.

 

2. (Multiple answer) In considering the size and location of speech community “speech community,” the following three aspects of the term are crucial:

a. How large or small can a speech community be

b. Whether its members co-exist peacefully

c. Can the concept be used to describe social entities that are not defined by a shared physical location?

d. Should speech communities be thought of as overlapping one another with individuals belonging to multiple speech communities

 

3. (Multiple answer) In considering what is shared by the members of a speech community one has to address the following five issues:

a. Whether everyone must speak the same language or dialect with the same degree of fluency?

b. How often do the members of speech community interact with each other?

c. Do people who use ASL or one of the many other sign languages in the world , constitute one or more “speech” communities?

d. How important are shared attitudes toward language and evaluation of linguistic practices for determining speech community membership?

e. Must members of a speech community be aware that they are members of such a community?

f. Do the members of a speech community share the same ethnicity?

 

4. (Multiple answers) In considering the type of interactions that speech community members have, one has to pay attention to the following three questions:

a. Must members of a speech community have face-to-face interactions. If So, how frequently?

b. Might people involved in online or other electronically mediated interactions constitute a virtual or literacy-based speech community?

c. Might there be different kinds of membership in a speech community – central vs. peripheral, for example?

d. Must members of a speech community interact in a friendly manner and be accepting of each other?

 

5. (True or false) De Saussure and, later, Chomsky focused their work mainly on linguistic structures.

 

6. (True/false) Sociolinguists and linguistic anthropologhists such as Hymes, Gumperz, and Labov focused mainly on linguistic practices and social groups.

 

7. (Multiple answers) Recently, many researchers have attempted to substitute alternative terms for “speech community,” because of difficulties that characterize that concept. These alternative formulations include the following three concepts:

a. Speech areas

b. Speech networks

c. Communities of practice

d. Speech impediments

 

8. (True/false) The concept of “community of practice” was recently proposed by Jean Lave and Etienne Wenger and became very influential in linguistic anthropology, education, business and government. The concept of “community of practice” emphasizes the socially embedded nature of learning.

 
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ENG 225 Week 2 Assignment

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Ashford 3: – Week 2 – Assignment

 

Genres and Genre Film
After reviewing the discussion of genre in Chapter 4 of Film: From Watching to Seeing, demonstrate your understanding of one selected genre using a feature-length film.
Note: Several films are listed in Chapter 4 as emblematic of a specific genre. You are allowed to choose a film or genre not mentioned in Chapter 4, but you are strongly encouraged to email your professor to receive approval before doing so.
In 800 to 1200 words:

  • Explain genre theory and, using Chapter 4 of the text      as a reference, thoroughly describe the conventions and attributes of your      selected genre.
  • Identify a feature-length film that fits this genre and      provide a basic summary of the movie. As you develop this summary, remember      the differences between a film’s story and a film’s plot and how these      differences can lead to the inclusion of genre elements.
  • Interpret at least two genre conventions exhibited in      your chosen feature-length film that help classify it in the selected      genre. Be sure to provide a specific example of each convention (e.g., a      particular scene or plot component).
  • Provide an example of a third convention from your      chosen feature-length film and explain how this convention expands the      boundaries of the specified genre.

Your paper should be organized around a thesis statement that focuses on how your chosen feature-length film both aligns with and expands upon your chosen genre.
The paper must be 800 to 1200 words in length (excluding title and reference pages), and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
You must use at least two scholarly sources other than the textbook to support your claims. Refer to the ENG225 Research Guide in the Ashford University Library for guidance and to locate your sources. Cite your sources (including the feature-length film) within the text of your paper and on the reference page. For information regarding APA, including samples and tutorials, visit the Ashford Writing Center.
Please note that if you opt to write about the same film in your Final Film Critique, applicable pieces of this assignment can be used to write that assignment. Please also note that you should reflect on and revise this assignment based on the instructor’s feedback before you incorporate it into the Final Film Critique.

 
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Social Media Campaign

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Design a social media campaign plan that the organization can follow. Spokes of Hope’s primary goals are to increase the number of people talking about the organization and to increase the number of donations they receive. They hope to reach a very large audience without having to use too many social media platforms. They are also hoping the campaign will increase their number of supporters in the following demographics:

Urban

Income of above $75,000

Women

Since Spokes of Hope wants to reach a specific audience, it will be essential to effectively use social media analytics to inform your plan.

Include the following sections in your plan:

1. Goals and Objectives

a. Set specific goals and objectives of the social media campaign.

b. Demonstrate that the plan’s goals and objectives are aligned with Spokes of Hope’s primary goals.

2. Metrics and Analysis

a. Define which metrics will be tracked to measure success throughout the campaign.

b. Analyze the graphs in the Project Resources about Spokes of Hope’s social media accounts. Explain how each metric (reach, engagement, and conversion) is measured, and what each means to Spokes of Hope.

3. Audience

a. Define your audience and describe how they use social media. Support your descriptions with demographic data from the Project Resources, or your own research.

4. Social Media Platforms

a. Select which social media platforms will be used.

b. Explain why these platforms are the best choices for your target audience.

5. Messaging

a. Identify which key messages will be sent and which will not. Support this by using the Topics Sentiment chart in the Social Media Graphs document. In particular, describe which topics:

· Are the most positive.

· Are the most negative.

· Are the most polarizing (both positive and negative).

b. Analyze the effectiveness of Spokes of Hope’s social media content on Twitter using the data in Project Resources. What works well and why? What does not work well and why?

c. Identify the best times to deploy content on social media for Spokes of Hope’s audience.

d. Describe what strategies Spokes of Hope should follow to make engaging content.

· Describe how Spokes of Hope can leverage “viral” content.

· Describe how Spokes of Hope can effectively use “memes.”

Throughout your campaign plan, be sure to give justifications for your decisions. Draw support from the Project Resources, including guidelines, audience data, and Spokes of Hope’s own social media metrics. All sources of information and media should be appropriately cited.

http://www.pewinternet.org/2016/11/11/social-media-update-2016/

https://web.archive.org/web/20130902230242/http://www.salesforcemarketingcloud.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/How-to-Develop-a-Social-Media-Strategy.pdf

https://blog.hootsuite.com/social-media-storytelling-1/

https://www.business2community.com/digital-marketing/social-media-and-storytelling-part-6-10-tips-for-social-video-success-0583971

https://digitalmarketinginstitute.com/blog/7-ways-make-content-go-viral http://blog.bufferapp.com/social-media-frequency-guide

 
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HCA 421 Health Care Planning & Evaluation WK 4

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Required Resources Required Text

Read from the course text, Strategic management in healthcare organizations : 

· Chapter 6: Creating Strategic Alternatives

· Chapter 7: Choosing the Best Strategy

· Chapter 9: Executing the Strategy

Articles

1. Bisognano, M. (2008). Leadership’s role in execution. Healthcare Executive, 23(2), 66-66,68,70. Retrieved from the ProQuest database.

2. Delgado, R. I. (2009). Financial performance drivers and strategic control: The case of cancer treatment centers. The University of Texas School of Public Health. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses,147-n/a.  Retrieved from the ProQuest database.

3. Krentz, S. E., DeBoer, A. M., & Preble, S. N. (2006). Staying on course with strategic metrics. Healthcare Financial Management, 60(5), 86-93. Retrieved from the ProQuest database.

 

Recommended Resource Article

New York Times. (2013, March 20).   The face of future health care (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. . Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/21/business/kaiser-permanente-is-seen-as-face-of-future-health-care.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0.

Required Resources

 

 

Required Text

 

Read

 

from the course text,

Strategic management in healthcare organizations

:

 

 

o

 

Chapter 6: Creating Strategic Alternatives

 

o

 

Chapter 7: Choosing the Best Strategy

 

o

 

Chapter 9: Executing the Strategy

 

 

 

 

Articles

 

1.

 

Bisognano, M. (2008). Leadership’s role in execution.

Healthcare Exec

utive, 23

(2), 66

–

66,68,70. Retrieved from the ProQuest database.

 

2.

 

Delgado, R. I. (2009). Financial performance drivers and strategic control: The case of

cancer treatment centers. The University of Texas School of Public Health.

ProQuest

Dissertations and T

heses

,147

–

n/a.

 

 

Retrieved from the ProQuest database.

 

3.

 

Krentz, S. E., DeBoer, A. M., & Preble, S. N. (2006). Staying on course with strategic

metrics.

Healthcare Financial Management, 60

(5), 86

–

93. Retrieved from the ProQuest

database.

 

 

Recommended Resource

 

 

Article

 

New York Times. (2013, March 20).

 

The face of future heal

th care

 

(Links to an external

site.)Links to an external site.

. Retrieved from

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/21/business/kaiser

–

permanente

–

is

–

seen

–

as

–

face

–

of

–

future

–

health

–

care.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0.

 

 

 

Required Resources

 

Required Text

Read from the course text, Strategic management in healthcare organizations:

o Chapter 6: Creating Strategic Alternatives

o Chapter 7: Choosing the Best Strategy

o Chapter 9: Executing the Strategy

 

Articles

1. Bisognano, M. (2008). Leadership’s role in execution. Healthcare Executive, 23(2), 66-

66,68,70. Retrieved from the ProQuest database.

2. Delgado, R. I. (2009). Financial performance drivers and strategic control: The case of

cancer treatment centers. The University of Texas School of Public Health. ProQuest

Dissertations and Theses,147-n/a. Retrieved from the ProQuest database.

3. Krentz, S. E., DeBoer, A. M., & Preble, S. N. (2006). Staying on course with strategic

metrics. Healthcare Financial Management, 60(5), 86-93. Retrieved from the ProQuest

database.

 

Recommended Resource

 

Article

New York Times. (2013, March 20). The face of future health care (Links to an external

site.)Links to an external site.. Retrieved from

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/21/business/kaiser-permanente-is-seen-as-face-of-future-

health-care.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0.

 
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Respond To Six Posts, 6 – 7 Sentences Each

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Respond to two original responses thoroughly in a manner that invites an extension of the conversation. In other words, “I totally agree with you” is NOT a sufficient response. Each peer response should be approximately 6 – 7 sentences, or a paragraph in length. Response needs strong structure and a logical flow. You don’t need to answer the original questions.

Part A

Original Questions

1. Find a current commercial or ad and provide the link so your classmates can view it (this can be a commercial – provide the link, or a print ad – post a photo).  Or you may describe the ad. 2. Explain which persuasive strategy you think is being used (famous person testimonial, plain-folks pitch, snob-appeal approach, bandwagon effect, hidden-fear appeal, irritation advertising). 3. Discuss whether or not you think this commercial or ad is effective. Why?

Student A’s post

https://cargocollective.com/jeffschuller/Simply-Potatoes This ad is a perfect example of ‘Plain Folks Appeal’ persuasive strategy. The whole point of this strategy is to use a common, ordinary person to sell something. Sometimes, people do not trust celebrities in advertisements, because in reality, celebrities are not very personable or relatable. When you use an ordinary person that is just “one of us”, people can relate to them. The idea of this approach is to use real people. People in the government tend to use this a lot too. They’ll open a speech by saying “I am just an ordinary citizen of this country who aspires to make a difference.”
 In ‘Plain Folks Appeal’ you are trying to be one “of the audience”. You’re trying to convince the public so that they will trust you and you can gain their trust. In my eyes, it is way more effective to use plain folk on the ad than a famous person. I think a lot of people can agree with the fact that famous people are not relatable. So when you see a busy mom trying to balance her life, as we see on the add, it is more relatable than if a celebrity would replace her. An ad that shows a common family sitting down to have lunch and enjoying their product is more relatable than using a celebrity that is rich and can probably pay people to mouth feed them. Because people obviously assume that celebrities do not have a hard time, and they do not have to balance all of these activities. HOW WOULD THEY KNOW? right. This method is very popular in political ads like I had stated before. Take a look at the “Family Strong” ad from Hillary Clinton’s 2016 presidential campaign.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NdKsA4q-FFA

Student B’s post

1. The current commercial/ad I decided to use for this discussion is the most recent surfaced ad of Kendall Jenner promoting Proactive.  https://www.proactiv.com/?uci=US-PA-O-PS-BR-GA- XXXX-107383&dclid=&gclid=CjwKCAiAyrXiBRAjEiwATI95mY0- mOplvr4iOzXmiUTroDHOBGoNIZmF8etSdS0TPs9imCDUcgtAjhoC0aAQAvD_BwE&gclsrc =aw.ds

 

 

2. I believe that the persuasive strategy that is being used in this ad is the famous person testimonial. I think that the ad is using the famous person testimonial because one of the biggest models Kendall Jenner is promoting the products of proactive in the ad.  3. I think that this commercial/ad is effective in the way of increasing proactive sales because of course, anyone who sees what Kendall Jenner uses for her skin regimen is going to buy it without questions asked. Therefore, having Kendall Jenner said she uses proactive and it was the life-changing product that transformed her skin is going to increase sales at proactive. She is now the face of Proactive as you see when you open the link I provided above. She has become an ambassador for the company which means she promotes their products and she is paid in return. Although, I believe that this is false advertisement, as well as many others, believe so in the media too. When this ad/ commercial surfaced the internet it faced a bit of controversy due to the fact that Kendall’s mother was teasing the internet before it was released. Mother, Kris Jenner was teasing the internet by saying days prior that Kendall had a major announcement for everyone and it is such an amazing thing that she will be releasing. Although, when the day came and the ad/commercial was released via social media on Kendalls’ account that is when the controversy began. Kendall was not taken seriously due to the fact that she was promoting a company Proactive in which many do not believe in fact she truly uses as her skin regimen. I too do not believe the ad/commercial because this woman is one of the top models in America it is hard to believe that she does not use another high- end product to achieve the flawless skin she has. It is a great move on the companies part to have her as an ambassador although, on the other hand, Kendall is receiving backlash for promoting this company without factual evidence that she truly uses this product and it cleared her acne problems.

 
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The Case Of Dalia

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Submit a 6- to 9-page paper that focuses on an adolescent from one of the case studies presented in this course. For this Project, complete a bio-psycho-social assessment and provide an analysis of the assessment. This Project is divided into two parts:  Part A: Bio-Psycho-Social Assessment: The assessment should be written in professional language and include sections on each of the following: Presenting issue (including referral source) Demographic information Current living situation Birth and developmental history School and social relationships Family members and relationships Health and medical issues (including psychological and psychiatric functioning, substance abuse) Spiritual development Social, community, and recreational activities Client strengths, capacities, and resources  Part B: Analysis of Assessment. Address each of the following: Explain the challenges faced by the client(s)—for example, drug addiction, lack of basic needs, victim of abuse, new school environment, etc. Analyze how the social environment affects the client. Identify which human behavior or social theories may guide your practice with this individual and explain how these theories inform your assessment. Explain how you would use this assessment to develop mutually agreed-upon goals to be met in order to address the presenting issue and challenges face by the client. Explain how you would use the identified strengths of the client(s) in a treatment plan. Explain how you would use evidence-based practice when working with this client and recommend specific intervention strategies (skills, knowledge, etc.) to address the presenting issue. Analyze the ethical issues present in the case. Explain how will you address them. Describe the issues will you need to address around cultural competence.

 
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