CS 627 – Distributed Database Systems – Spring ’14

Homework # 2 (100 Points)

Hand in this paper as your cover page (-10 points if missing)

Name________________________________________

1.) Allocation (40 points)

We are implementing a distributed database for a business. The database schema is in the appendix. The business is located in five different locations (located in DEPT_LOCATIONS table).

Based on the fragments you created in question 1 from homework 1, explain the following:

1. What considerations must be made to allocate this data?

2. What information do we need to perform a proper analysis of allocation?

3. Why would we allocate to site X as opposed to site Y?

2.) Bottom Up Design (10 points)

1. We discussed three steps in generating the global conceptual schema.

2. Why can we not match and map at the same time?

3. Why are they different steps?

3.) Query Processing (50 points)

1. Explain why processing is a necessary step in databases.

2. Why do we need to translate our SQL into relational algebra?

3. Why not allow database programmers to write directly in relational algebra instead of SQL?

4. How does distributed processing differ from centralized processing?

Appendix 

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A big part of using classes in Java is thinking about the  design of the class. You’ll need to figure out what information  needs to be in the blueprint. So far we’ve seen a handful  of examples. In our Rectangle class, we needed to know the  width and height. For our Student class, we needed to know  the first name, last name, and grade level.

This exercise is a free response question. Imagine that someone comes  to you and asks you to design a class that represents a  Pizza. What instance variables should the Pizza class have?  Why? What are the types of those instance variables?

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Your job in this exercise is write down some of the differences between objects and primitives.  What is an object, and what is a primitive?  How are they stored differently?  How do we compare objects to each other? How do we compare primitives to each other?

Write down your answers to these questions in the space provided. If you need a refresher on the differences between objects and primitives, rewatch the Objects vs Primitives video.

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Data Structures are a fundamental building block of programming and computer science. Not surprisingly, they are a crucial part of the Java programming language. In any application that you use, there are data structures at work behind the scenes.

Choosing data structures and designing classes are often the most important decisions you’ll make when writing a large program. For example, think about your cell phone – how should it store your text messages? How should it store all the apps on your phone? And what about the location of the apps? And your phone book?

Online mapping applications are another great example. If you want to look up a location, how should the mapping program store that location? What data structures does the application need in order to find directions from one place to another?

In this exercise, you should come up with some software application you use (a website, game, or other application) and write a few paragraphs describing what data structures you think it uses behind the scenes to make it work.

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An algorithm is a step-by-step process to solve a problem. In this course you will program the computer to execute an algorithm, but you could also see an algorithm as something you do every day.

Come up with an example of an algorithm from your every day life and write a few paragraphs explaining the process, the problem, and the algorithm.

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AP Java FRQ: Combination Lock Game

Directions: SHOW ALL YOUR WORK. REMEMBER THAT PROGRAM SEGMENTS ARE TO BE WRITTEN IN Java.

Notes:

· Assume that the classes listed in the Quick Reference have been imported where needed.

· Unless otherwise noted in the question, assume that parameters in method calls are not null and that methods are called only when their preconditions are satisfied.

· In writing solutions for each question, you may use any of the accessible methods that are listed in classes defined in that question. Writing significant amounts of code that can be replaced by a call to one of these methods may not receive full credit.

Consider a game with a combination lock box that has a 4-letter word as the combination. A player tries to guess the combination by guessing one letter at a time to win a prize inside the box. The combination only contains 4 lower-case letters. A guess is one lower-case letter.

For each round of play, the player is given a binary clue (yes/no) based on a comparison between the combination lock and the guess. If the letter that the player guesses is in the combination lock word, the player gets a binary clue (yes/no) that says “yes”; if the letter that the player guesses is NOT in the combination lock word, the clue is “no”.

The CombinationLock class will be used to represent the combination lock in the game. The combination lock is passed to the constructor. The class contains a method, getClue, that takes a guess and produces a clue.

For example, suppose the variable comboLock is declared as follows:

CombinationLock comboLock = new CombinationLock(“frog”);

If a player guesses “f”, then the binary clue would be “yes”; if the player guesses “t”, then the binary clue would be “no”.

Write the complete CombinationLock class, including any required instance variables, its constructor, and the method getClue, described above.

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Module 2 Discussion Forum

Include at least 250 words in your posting and at least 250 words in your reply.  Indicate at least one source or reference in your original post. Please see syllabus for details on submission requirements.

Module 2 Discussion Question

Search “scholar.google.com” for a company or school that has defined the role of end-users in the creation of a contingency plan. Discuss why it is (or is not) important to include end users in the process of creating the contingency plan? What are the possible pitfalls of end user inclusion?

Reply -1 (Praneeth)

Chevron infrastructure is one of the largest energy companies who uses seismic imagine technologies in their corporation which helps them to improve the efficiency of the process and give best outcomes. Since, risks and uncertainties are the part of the recent days business world this organization take all the security mechanism which helps them to protect the business networks. They implemented the contingency plan for the organization, which helps them to continue the business operations as long as possible to face the business risks and uncertainties.

End users plays a crucial role in the contingency plan, end users involved in the development of contingency plans and design the best security mechanisms to control the effects of the uncertainties and risk. End user is the person responsible for taking care of the entire contingency plan and design the effective system to meet the business objectives. They use all the strategic and business plans to target the key areas of the organization. Contingency plan is the best course of action that organization prefer so that they can quickly respond to the business emergencies and unplanned events like disasters.

Along with the several advantages of involving end users in contingency plan, have couple of pitfalls and other issues. End users designed tools and applications for the contingency plans, often they failed to respond during the disasters and unplanned business events. On the other hands contingency plan sometimes referred as the ultimate options for the organization and keep it as plan B. In such cases, end users show less interest to the business call and that effects directly to the end objective of the business. End users show less organizational responsibility in the contingency plan for maintaining the complete program. Security and other control may not be adequate and faces issues to safeguard the networks of the business during the unplanned business events.

References:

Fallara, P. Disaster Recovery Planning. IEEE Potentials (Volume: 23, Issue: 5, Dec. 2003-Jan.  2004). DOI: 10.1109/MP.2004. 1301248.

Meshal, A. (2016). Disaster Recovery and Business Continuity. International Journal of Scientific and Engineering research, Volume 7, Issue 3, March 2016.

Philips, B. (2005). Disaster as a Discipline: The Status of Emergency Management Education in  the US. International Journal of Mass-Emergencies and Disaster, 111-140.

Reply-2(Ravikanth)

Organizational readiness for change is a multi-level construct. Readiness can be more or less present at the individual, group, unit, department, or organizational level. Readiness can be theorized, assessed, and studied at any of these levels of analysis. However, organizational readiness for change is not a homologous multi-level construct. That is, the construct’s meaning, measurement, and relationships with other variables differ across levels of analysis. Below, I focus on organizational readiness for change as a supra-individual state of affairs and theorize about its organizational determinants and organizational outcomes.

Organizational readiness for change is not only a multi-level construct, but a multi-faceted one. Specifically, organizational readiness refers to organizational members’ change commitment and change efficacy to implement organizational change. This definition followed the ordinary language use of the term ‘readiness,’ which connotes a state of being both psychologically and behaviorally prepared to take action (i.e., willing and able). Similar to Bandura’s  notion of goal commitment, change commitment to change refers to organizational members’ shared resolve to pursue the courses of action involved in change implementation. I emphasize shared resolve because implementing complex organizational changes involves collective action by many people, each of whom contributes something to the implementation effort. Because implementation is often a ‘team sport,’ problems arise when some feel committed to implementation but others do not. Herscovitch and Meyer observe that organizational members can commit to implementing an organizational change because they want to (they value the change), because they have to (they have little choice), or because they ought to (they feel obliged). Commitment based on ‘want to’ motives reflects the highest level of commitment to implement organizational change.

Reference:

1. Amatayakul M. EHR? Assess readiness first. Healthc Financ Manage. 2005;
2. Armenakis AA, Harris SG, Mossholder KW. Creating readiness for organizational change. Human Relations. 1993;46:681–703. doi: 10.1177/001872679304600601

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