General Philiosophy Essay

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4 questions. 500 Words for each question.

  1. In what ways can the causes of ecological destruction be found in metaphysical or religious assumptions about reality? Provide at least two examples (e.g, Plato’s Forms, Cartesian dualism, the Book of Genesis). Which metaphysical theory or religious idea do you think is most helpful in healing the human relationship to the natural world and why?
  2. How should we conceptualize “the good life” today? Do you think that living “the good life” requires an “ecologically examined life?” Why or why not?
  3. Who and/or what do you think is deserving of moral consideration? On what basis should land, ecosystems, trees, animals, and humans be included or excluded from the moral community? Refer to at least two ethical theories in your response (e.g., deontology, utilitarianism, virtue theory, ethic of care, land ethic) and explain them fully.
  4. What is the “tragedy of the commons” according to Harding? Based on the readings of week seven (Lock, Rawls, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Earth Charter) discuss which has the most promise in your opinion in avoiding the “tragedy of the commons” and explain why.
 
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Case Study 1: Auctions-Spring 2019

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The following video describes auctions as price discovery mechanisms https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4kWuxfVbIaU

Use the video on auctions and at least 3 academic and/or high-quality business publications, see definitions below, to answer the following questions in 5-7 pages:

1.  There are many types of auctions each with strengths and weakness at uncovering the real price/value of an item.  Compare and contrast:

a) the English and Dutch auctions; and,

b) the sealed bid first price auction and the Vickery Auction.

2.  Concierge Auctions Limited sells very high end and unique properties worldwide using an English style auction, selling to the highest bidder.  They have been embroiled in multiple law suits, see the link to the Wall Street Journal.  Advise Concierge as to the weakness that an English auction may have in uncovering a property’s value.  Provide a recommendation for at least one other auction type which may better uncover the value of unique real estate properties.

https://www.wsj.com/articles/luxury-real-estate-firm-concierge-auctions-fights-allegations-of-fraudulent-bids-11549568689

3.  Auctions are widely used in finance, e-commerce and in e-games.  Identify 3 uses of auctions by firms in finance, e-commerce and/or e-games.  Explain the:

a)  need for an auction in the product/service; and

b)  what type of auction is used and why that type of auction is appropriate for the product/service.

4.  Auctions are also widely used to generate revenue for not-for-profit organizations.  What are the advantages/disadvantages of auctions as revenue generators for not-for-profit organizations?

5.  Suggest ways in which the company you work for, or the company which you aspire to work for, can use auctions to better uncover value and increase revenue.

Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:

Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12) with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA format.  Check with your professor for any additional instructions.

Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title and the date.  The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment length.

Acceptable Types of Publications

The definition of a high-quality professional business publication is one which is primarily a publication directed to reporting and/or analysis of the workings of business.  Examples are:  Wall Street Journal, Bloomberg, Reuters…etc.  Avoid general news publications such as USA Today, Washington Post, NY Times.

PLEASE DO NOT RELY ON WIKIPEDIA, INVESTOPEDIA OR ANY OTHER PEDIA AS A REFERENCE AT ANYTIME IN THIS COURSE.

Submission Rules

You may submit 1 attempt at the assignment to test your SafeAssign Score.  The SafeAssign score should be 25% or less.

You may submit ONE AND ONLY ONE ADDITIONAL ATTEMPT.

 
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Question And Answer

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Gwyneth Jones’s Global Climate Change Links & Resources List

This last modified: Sunday, 6/15/14

Please do send additional suggestions – I will keep expanding this list

How do you know what you know?…And how will you know if you’re wrong?

What do you (think you) know about global climate change?…

Pre-Learning SURVEYS: Which of the “6 Americas” would you say you are? — Alarmed, Concerned, Cautious, Disengaged, Doubtful, Dismissive (Yale U & George Mason U) — Added 2/4/14 Survey #1: Global Warming/Climate Change Survey #2: Science, Economics, Government Denialism: What Is It And How Should Scientists Respond? (Diethelm & McKee, 2009) – .pdf — Added 2/4/14 NOTE: If you are not already in one of my classes and you decide to take one or both of these surveys — or a related one not listed below — I would be very interested in a copy of your results! 🙂 ~GJ

Pre-Learning “FACT or OPINION?” Scientific Method Activity & Logical Fallacies: — Added 2/4/14

A fact is something that is true and is supported by evidence. An opinion is something you believe or feel to be true and is open to debate. A logical fallacy is a flaw in reasoning. Grades 3-12+: Full document .doc or .pdf (17 pages) – Examples given are: Trees, groundhogs, plate tectonics, global climate change

Or just the handout (5 page .pdf) or extra images (1 page .pdf) or fallacies bkgd (11 page .pdf) PreK-Grade 5: Coloring & Drawing .doc or .pdf (5 pages) NOTE: This is adaptable for all ages, PreK through college. (I’ve found it interesting to hear my 3- and 6- year-olds discussing what is fact vs. what is opinion.) If you use or adapt it, I would be very interested in your feedback. 🙂 ~GJ

Climate Change Evidence, Impacts, and Choices: Answers to Common Questions about the Science of Climate Change (“Responding to climate change is about making choices in the face of risk.” ~NRC)

Part I. Evidence for Human-Caused Climate Change How do we know that Earth has warmed? How do we know that greenhouse gases lead to warming? How do we know that humans are causing greenhouse gases to increase? How much are human activities heating Earth? How do we know the current warming trend isn’t caused by the Sun? How do we know the current warming trend isn’t caused by natural cycles? What other climate changes and impacts have been observed? The Ice Ages Part II. Warming, Climate Changes, and Impacts in the 21st Century and Beyond How do scientists project future climate change? How will temperatures be affected? How is precipitation expected to change? How will sea ice and snow be affected? How will coastlines be affected? How will ecosystems be affected? How will agriculture and food production be affected? Part III. Making Climate Choices How does science inform emissions choices? What are the choices for reducing greenhouse gas emissions? What are the choices for preparing for the impacts of climate change? Why take action if there are still uncertainties about the risks of climate change? Conclusion

Climate Proxies Lecture (how do scientists know about past climate?) Climate Change Extra Credit Lab (with thanks to Kathryn Hoppe! [GRCC]) Climate Hot Map: Global Warming Effects Around the World (Union of Concerned Scientists [UCS]) Resources About Global Warming and Climate Change (excellent list by University of Arizona’s Robert Strom [UA]) Ethics and Global Climate Change (Nature) — Added 5/16/14 The Keeling Curve (UCSD) — Added 6/15/14

Good starting points…

Latest Climate Trends (TED Talk) Climate Change: A Summary of the Science (The Royal Society–UK) Climate Change Controversies: A Simple Guide (The Royal Society–UK) Back to Basics: FAQs About Global Warming and Climate Change (US Environmental Protection Agency [EPA]) Climate Change: Science and Impacts Fact Sheet (University of Michigan’s Center for Sustainable Systems) Climate Change: Policy and Mitigation Fact Sheet (University of Michigan’s Center for Sustainable Systems) Global Climate Change Indicators (NOAA National Climatic Data Center [NCDC]) Global Warming Basics (Pew Center on Global Climate Change [Pew Center/C2ES]) Certainty vs. Uncertainty: Understanding Scientific Terms About Climate Change (Union of Concerned Scientists) Atlas of Population and Environment: Climate Change – and Background Sources (American Association for the Advancement of Science [AAAS]) Climate Change: Oh, It’s Real. (8 TED Talks) — Added 1/10/14 IPCC 4: Synthesis Report (2007–Report 5 due in 2014) and IPCC 5: Summary for Policymakers (newly published; see orange text boxes & Figure SPM.6) and IPCC Report 5: The Physical Science Basis (newly published) (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [IPCC]) — Updated 1/10/14

The following terms are by the IPCC to indicate the assessed likelihood: Term* Likelihood of the outcome Virtually certain 99–100% probability Very likely 90–100% probability Likely 66–100% probability About as likely as not 33–66% probability Unlikely 0–33% probability Very unlikely 0–10% probability Exceptionally unlikely 0–1% probability

* Additional terms (extremely likely: 95–100% probability, more likely than not: >50–100% probability, and extremely unlikely: 0–5% probability) may also be used when appropriate.

Books & films, podcasts & blogs…

An Inconvenient Truth (film – “AIT”) Bellevue College Library Media Center – 3 out of 3 copies currently available King County Library System – 19 out of 25 DVDs currently available YouTube Paramount Pictures – streaming Amazon.Com – streaming or DVD, currently $0.17 to $9.99

The 11th Hour (film) The One Degree Factor (episode of Strange Days on Planet Earth) A Sea Change (film) Merchants of Doubt (book) Doubt Is Their Product (book) Advancing the Science of Climate Change (book) Story of Stuff (short film) Pew Center/C2ES PodcastsGuardian (UK) Climate Change Podcasts NPR Climate Connections Podcasts

Other resources… Washington state…

Climate Change in Washington State (Washington State Department of Ecology [ECY]) Climate Change and Its Effects on Puget Sound (UW’s Climate Impacts Group / Puget Sound Action Team [PSAT]) Climate Change and Public Health in Washington – or Executive Summary (Collaborative on Health and the Environment–Washington (State) [CHE-Wa]) Climate Change in the Northwest: Implications for Our Landscapes, Waters, and Communities (NWCAR) — Added 1/10/14

Introduction: The Changing Northwest (Chapter 1) 1 Regional Introduction: The Physical, Ecological, and Social Template — Landscape and Climate; Ecosystems, Species, and Habitats; Population and Economy; Assessing the Economic Impacts of Climate Change; Northwest Tribes; A Region Shaped by Water 2 A Focus on Risk 3 Looking Toward the Future — Common Themes in a Changing Climate; Climate Change Adaptation in the Northwest 4 Conclusion Climate: Variability and Change in the Past and the Future (Chapter 2) 1 Understanding Global and Regional Climate Change 2 Past Changes in Northwest Climate: Means 3 Past Changes in Northwest Climate: Extremes 4 Projected Future Changes in the Northwest — Mean Temperature and Precipitation; Extreme Temperature and Precipitation Water Resources: Implications of Changes in Temperature and Precipitation (Chapter 3) 1 Introduction 2 Key Impacts — Snowpack, Stream Flow, and Reservoir Operations; Water Quality 3 Consequences for Specific Sectors — Irrigated Agriculture; Hydropower; Floodplain Infrastructure; Municipal Drinking Water Supplies; Freshwater Aquatic Ecosystems; A Salmon Runs Through It; Recreation 4 Adaptation 5 Knowledge Gaps and Research Needs Coasts: Complex Changes Affecting the Northwest’s Diverse Shorelines (Chapter 4) 1 Introduction 2 Sea Level Rise — Effects of Tectonic Motion and Other Local and Regional Factors; Combined Impacts of Sea Level Rise, Coastal Storms, and ENSO Events 3 Ocean Acidification 4 Ocean Temperature 5 Consequences for Coastal and Marine Natural Systems — Habitat Loss; Changes in Species’ Ranges and Abundances; Altered Ecological Processes and Changes in the Marine Food Web 6 Consequences for Coastal Communities and the Built Environment — Coastal Transportation Infrastructure; Coastal Communities; Coping with Sea Level Rise Risks Today and Tomorrow in Olympia, Washington 7 Economic Consequences of Coastal Impacts — Marine Fisheries; Other Economic Impacts 8 Adaptation — Nisqually Delta Case Study: Restoring Salmon and Wildlife Habitat in Puget Sound; Neskowin, Oregon, Case Study: Organizing to Cope with an Eroding Coastline 9 Knowledge Gaps and Research Needs Ecosystems: Vegetation, Disturbance, and Economics (Chapter 5) 1 Introduction 2 Direct Climate Sensitivities: Changes in Distribution, Abundance, and Function of Plant Communities and Species — Changes in Non-forest Systems: High-Elevation Habitats, Grasslands, and Shrublands 3 Indirect Effects of Climate Change through Forest Disturbances — Wildfires; Forest Insects; Forest Diseases; Disturbance Interactions and Cumulative Effects 4 Implications for Economics and Natural Systems — Economic Consequences (Timber Market Effects; Economic Effects of Disturbance; Non-Timber Market Effects; Valuing Ecosystem Services); Consequences for Natural Systems 5 Knowledge Gaps and Research Needs 6 Adaptive Capacity and Implications for Vulnerability Agriculture: Impacts, Adaptation, and Mitigation (Chapter 6) 1 Introduction 2 Environmental, Economic, and Social Importance 3 Vulnerabilities to Projected Climate Change 4 Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Selected Subsectors — Annual Crops (Dryland Cereal Cropping Systems; Irrigated Annual Cropping Systems); Perennial Crops (Tree Fruit and Small Fruit; Wine Grapes and Wines); Animal Production Systems (Rangeland; Pasture and Forage; Dairy and Other Confined Animal Operations); Other Northwest Agriculture Subsectors 5 Potential to Adapt to Changing Climates — Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Agricultural Systems 6 Knowledge Gaps and Research Needs Human Health: Impacts and Adaptation (Chapter 7) 1 Introduction 2 Key Impacts of Climate Changes on Human Health — Temperature; Extreme Weather Events (Storms and Flooding; Drought; Wildfires); Aerobiological Allergens and Air Pollution; Infectious Diseases (Vector-Borne; Water-Borne; Fungal); Harmful Algal Blooms; Mental Health; Potential Health Costs 3 Northwest Adaptation Activities 4 Knowledge Gaps and Research Needs Northwest Tribes: Cultural Impacts and Adaptation Responses (Chapter 8) 1 Introduction 2 Tribal Culture and Sovereignty 3 Climatic Changes and Effects: Implications for Tribes in the Northwest — Water Resources and Availability;Water Temperature and Chemistry; Case Study: The Effect of Climate Change on Baseflow Support in the Nooksack River Basin and Implications on Pacific Salmon Species Protection and Recovery; Sea Level Rise; Forests and Wildfire 4 Tribal Initiatives in the Northwest — Climate Change Impacts and Vulnerability Assessments; Climate Change Adaptation Plans; Ecosystem-Based Approaches to Addressing Climate Change; Research and Education; Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions 5 Tribal Research and Capacity Needs and Considerations for the Future — Tribal Research and Capacity Needs; Considerations for the Future

Human health… A Human Health Perspective on Climate Change – or Executive Summary (Environmental Health Perspectives / National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences [EHP/NIEHS]) Climate Change and Your Health: Rising Temperatures, Worsening Ozone Pollution – and Technical Appendix (Union of Concerned Scientists [UCS])

Natural world… State of the Nation’s Ecosystems 2008: Focus on Climate Change (Heinz Center for Science, Economics, and the Environment) The Darkening Sea: What Carbon Emissions Are Doing to the Ocean (Elizabeth Kolbert in The New Yorker)

Process of science… Past Climates on Earth (University of Michigan) NASA Climate Research Groups (NASA) The Foundation of Climate Science: Testimony to Congress (Testimony of James J. McCarthy, Alexander Agassiz Professor of Biological Oceanography, Harvard University, before The Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming, U.S. House of Representatives) State of the Climate in 2010: Chapter 2–Climate Indicators (NOAA National Climatic Data Center [NCDC])

Curriculum… Climate Change: Connections and Solutions (High School Unit) – and Middle School Unit (Facing the Future)

Other resources… NPR Climate Connections Special Series (National Public Radio [NPR]) Fact Sheets & Quick Reference Guides (University of Michigan’s Center for Sustainable Systems), e.g.:

Social Development IndicatorsCarbon Footprints U.S. Environmental Footprint

Ethics and psychology… Ethics and Global Climate Change (Nature) — Added 5/16/14 Are Climate Sceptics More Likely to be Conspiracy Theorists? (& cognitive study in press) (“The findings provide yet more evidence that a rejection of climate science has more to with ideological views than scientific literacy”)

Political interference… NC Considers Making Sea Level Rise Illegal (Scientific American Plugged-In) Political Interference with Climate Change Science under the Bush Administration (U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Oversight and Government Reform) White House Deletion of Large Sections of Testimony on Public Health Impacts of Global Warming by the Director of the CDC (U.S. Senate) Bush Aide Softened Greenhouse Gas Links to Global Warming and The Handwritten Changes (shown in “AIT”) (Andrew Revkin in The New York Times) Confidential Memo: 2012 Heartland Climate Strategy and Article (Forbes)

To contact me, please email gwjones@bellevuecollege.edu

This website is copyrighted © 2012-2014, Gwyneth Jones, and may not be reproduced without written permission.

BC Science Division | BC Science Advising | BC Science Study Center GJ’s Home Page | BC Home Page | Google Search Engine

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Environmental Homework

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ENV 3001 – Global Learning (GL) Assignment

This assignment provides a brief background on materials use and waste management. There are

two topics provided:

Topic 1: Endangered elements

Topic 2: Persistent waste materials in the environment (e.g., plastics)

The GL assignment should be submitted via Canvas before the last class of the semester

(Thursday June 13, 2019).

Assignment:

Select only one of the topics and discuss the issue and develop an overview of the problem as

described in the Topic below. Your report should address the points as indicated, estimated of

quantities, materials and other relevant information. Please limit your report to 2-4 pages

(appendices are OK) including figures, tables, calculations, references.

Extra credit: I have provided a paper to read: “From electronic consumer products to e-wastes:

Global outlook, waste quantities, recycling challenges”

Provide a brief discussion (1 page) on the global cross boundary transport of e-wastes.

Background

There has been significant technological advancements since 1950s. Technology adoption rates

and product replacement cycles create challenges for materials supply and management of

discarded products.

 

 

Fig. 1. Major advancements since 1990.

 

Fig. 2. Technology penetration.

 

Fig. 3. Product marketing and consumer purchase cycles. Note that disposal is not a main

consumer issue.

 

Fig. 4. World Population

 

Fig. 5. Most densely populated regions in the World.

 

Fig. 6. Water scarcity in the World.

 

Fig. 6. Growth of World population and the history of technology.

 

Topic 1: Endangered elements

 

With rapid growth in innovation and technology development over the past several decades, an

increasing number of elements in the periodic table are now used in advanced consumer products

to perform specialized functions. At the same time, with the decreasing cost and increasing

availability of the consumer products and their short use cycles; there has been increasing

concerns regarding the availability of some of the elements in the future. The concerns for supply

of materials and necessary elements include:

 projected production quantities

 available markets and projected market potential for products

 changes in production or in available ore deposits in different countries

 geopolitically concentrated production of materials

 minimal or lack of end-of-life recycling efforts

The following periodic table has been developed by the American Chemical Society to bring

awareness for the rate of utilization of some elements which are likely to be available in limited

quantities.

 

Select one of the endangered elements and discuss:

a. where it is produced b. where it is used c. production rate and consumption rate d. provide preliminary calculations for people using and discarding a specific type of

products where these materials are used

 

Topic 2: Persistent waste materials in the environment (e.g., plastics)

Decomposition characteristics of plastics in the environment depends on both the conditions in

the environment and the characteristics of the polymeric material. Since majority of the plastics

present in MSW are sensitive to photo oxidation, they can remain stable for longer times in the

landfill in comparison to their transformation behavior when they are exposed to sunlight (i.e.,

floating on the sea surface). A wide variety of chemical additives are incorporated into the

plastics. Some additives are designed to stabilize the polymer and make it more resistant for

degradation. For example, anti-oxidants and stabilizers used as additives inhibit the degradation

of the polymer, while pro-oxidant additives make the plastics more sensitive towards

degradation. Presence of starch increases biodegradability of plastics; however, biodegradation

of starch will not work without a pro-oxidant. The additives used in plastics are usually not

covalently bonded to the polymer. Therefore, they can leach out from the plastic material as it

degrades. Thus degradation rates of the plastics (even those with added starch) depends strongly

on the type and amount of additives used. The half-life of most plastics is over 100 years in

landfills or the environment.

 

 

PP: polypropylene, PS:polystyrene, PET: polyethylene terephthalate, LDPE: lowdensity polyethylene, HDPE: high

density polyethylene PVC: polyvinyl chloride

Select one type of plastic (PP: polypropylene, PS:polystyrene, PET: polyethylene terephthalate,

LDPE: lowdensity polyethylene, HDPE: high density polyethylene PVC: polyvinyl chloride) and

discuss:

a. where it is used b. how much is used and discarded c. provide preliminary calculations for use and discarding rates of the specific type of

plastic

 
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OSHA Case Studies

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Please submit 3 separate word documents.

1.You managed to schedule an informal conference with the area director at the regional OSHA office four days after you received the Notice of Citations and Penalty. Based on the citations and penalties you received in Unit III, prepare a document that lists the citations and penalties you wish to discuss with the area director.

You should summarize what you are trying to accomplish in regard to each citation/penalty you choose, to include:

  • the      information you will use to try and accomplish your goal,
  • the      information you will take with you to the meeting, and
  • who      will accompany you to the meeting.

You must support your actions with reliable sources. Your grade will be based on your ability to present a case to your professor (serving as the area director) to reduce either the severity of some citations or the amount of some penalties. If you simply state that you accept the citations and penalties as written, you will receive a minimal score on the assignment. Your response must be a minimum of two pages in length, not including the title page and reference page. You must use at least one reference in the paper. All sources must be cited in the text and on the reference page, using APA style.

2. You fail to reach an informal settlement agreement with the area director. You file a Notice to Contest within the required 15-day period. Your case is assigned to an administrative law judge (ALJ). Prepare a document summarizing the case you will submit to the ALJ. The document should, at a minimum, discuss the following issues:

  • which      citations and penalties you would contest,
  • the      reasoning behind each contested citation and/or penalty,
  • documents      you would bring to the hearing,
  • individuals      you would use at the hearing,
  • how      the case before the ALJ differs from the informal conference,
  • what      information will be presented before the ALJ that was not presented in the      informal conference, and
  • what      information you would request from OSHA as part of discovery.

You must support your actions with reliable sources. Your grade will be based on your ability to present a case to your professor, serving as the ALJ, to reduce or vacate either the severity of some citations or the amount of some penalties. If you simply state that you accept the citations and penalties as written, you will receive a minimal score on the assignment.

Your response must be a minimum of two pages in length, using at least one reference. All sources must be cited in the text and on the reference page, using APA style.

3. Assume that a fatality occurred at your facility one month prior to the OSHA inspection. Review the citations and penalties that were assessed to your facility, and respond to the following questions:

  • Which      of the citations could be referred to the U.S. DOJ for criminal      proceedings?
  • What      conditions would have to be met before the citations could be referred for      criminal proceedings?
  • Which      individuals working at your facility could face criminal charges under the      act?
  • What      would be the maximum prison sentence and fines that any individual would      face?
  • What      would be the maximum fine that the company would face?
  • If you      were facing criminal charges under the act, what would be your best      defense?
  • How      could you involve the OSHRC in the criminal case(s)?

Your response must be a minimum of two pages in length, using at least one reference. All sources must be cited in the text and on the reference page, using APA style.

 
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Safety And Accident Prevention

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Choose one mechanical hazard and one fall hazard. The hazards can be from a workplace you are familiar with, from the textbook, or from an article you find in the CSU Online Library. Create a paper containing two parts. The first part will be for the mechanical hazard, and the second part will be for the fall hazard. Complete the following elements for each part of your paper:

  • Describe the processes that create the hazard.
  • Perform a risk assessment using a risk-assessment matrix or a risk-assessment decision tree. Explain the steps required to perform the risk assessment. You can choose a matrix or tree that was covered in the lesson or textbook, or create your own. The risk assessment should be based on the assumption that no controls have been installed to date.
  • Evaluate the acceptability of the risk based on your risk assessment.
  • Recommend any controls that you believe would reduce the risk associated with the hazard.
  • Perform a second risk assessment based on your recommended controls.

Your completed assignment should be a minimum of three pages in length, not counting the title and reference pages. You are required to use at least two outside sources, one of which must come from the CSU Online Library. All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying APA citations.

 
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Geology Quiz

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QUESTION 1

  1. Solar cells were first developed for the US space program in 1928?. True
    False

10 points  

QUESTION 2

  1. Water can provide power, through hydroelectric dams and geothermal hot waters?. True
    False

10 points  

QUESTION 3

  1. Single crystal solar cells provide the best energy density, and are the lowest cost? True
    False

10 points  

QUESTION 4

  1. Amorphous solar cells are great for applications where you want lower cost and space is not an issue? True
    False

10 points  

QUESTION 5

  1. Passive solar includes things like using daylight to light interior spaces of buildings? True
    False

10 points  

QUESTION 6

  1. Hydro-electric power plants have great potential in the USA as there are so many places to build new dams? True
    False

10 points  

QUESTION 7

  1. Passive solar greenhouses can be used to heat homes, and even grow citrus in Wisconsin?True
    False

10 points  

QUESTION 8

  1. Tidal energy can be tapped by beach-front dams with special flood gates, and by low-velocity turbines in off-shore currents? True
    False

10 points  

QUESTION 9

  1. The largest electrical capacity hydroelectric dam in the world is Hover Dam in Nevada? True
    False

10 points  

QUESTION 10

  1. P-type semi-conductors for solar cells are doped with low concentrations of the element phosporous? True
    False
 
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Asteroids

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Module 13 Laboratory (edit) (2).docx

ASTEROIDS AND CRATERS

Asteroids are small rocky objects that orbit the Sun. For the most part, asteroids are located in a region between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter called the asteroid belt. However, the orbits of some asteroids bring them closer to the Sun and some of these cross the Earth’s orbit. The possibility exists for these Near Earth Asteroids (NEA; sometimes listed as NEO for Near Earth Objects) to collide with the Earth. If you go out to a field in the country, away from the city lights, you can see the effects of smaller asteroids (called meteors) slamming into the Earth’s atmosphere and burning up. These are called shooting stars, even though they have nothing to do with stars. Larger asteroids have survived their encounter with the atmosphere and have struck the ground. When they hit the ground, they are called meteorites, and they leave large impact craters where they land. If the asteroid is large enough, the damage can be enormous. Fortunately, the Earth does not suffer such impacts regularly. However, it has happened in the past and it will probably happen again in the future, but when?

After witnessing the impact of the Shoemaker-Levi 9 comet with Jupiter (which produced explosions larger than our entire planet), many scientists, astronomers, amateurs, and NASA officials became interested in searching for NEA’s that might threaten the Earth. The exercise today will take you through the process that professional astronomers use to find asteroids. Amateur astronomers can also find asteroids using relatively inexpensive equipment. The software you are using today can be used to really find asteroids! In Activity I, you will estimate ages from crater counts on the moon.

Lunar Lowlands

Activity I

In this Activity you will determine the age of the lunar surface by counting craters of a particular size. The craters were made by asteroid impacts, and asteroids have bombarded the entire lunar surface equally. However, in the distant past, lowland areas (maria) were filled in by ancient lava flows, erasing the older craters and clearing the landscape for new bombardments.

These lava flows did not reach the highland areas (mountains), so they remained pristine. Therefore, the number of craters in a given area can be used to determine how old the surface is.

Important: Make sure that you use a high-quality printer when you print out these photos!

 

Lunar Highlands

The pictures of the lunar surface on this and the previous page should be very close to 6 ½ inches on a side. The diameter of the craters that we are interested in are between 4 and 10 kilometers. On this scale, this corresponds to between 1 and 2 of the tick marks on the ‘inches’ side of the lab ruler (between 1/16 and 2/16 inches). Count the number of craters in each image with the correct size (yes, there should be a lot of them!) Suggested technique: place the ruler on the bottom of the image with the ‘inches’ side up. Look across the top of the ruler for any candidate craters of the proper side. Measure rim to rim. If the diameter is between 1 and 2 tick marks, then it counts. Slowly move the ruler up the image, scanning all the way to the edges for candidate craters. You should work on one image at a time very carefully highlighting all craters within this size range.. *Hint: the ‘Lunar Highlands’ picture should take longer to complete. When you have finished, record the total number of craters in each image on the worksheet.

Crater Counting Graph

Crater Counts:

Lunar Lowlands

1st Count____________________

2nd Count____________________

Average____________________

Lunar Highlands

1st Count____________________

2nd Count____________________

Average____________________

1. The y-axis on the above plot is calibrated for a lunar surface area of 106 km2 The area we used was smaller than this: about 1.9 × 105 km2 So we need to find the scale factor: Divide 106 km2 by 1.9 × 105 km2. The scale factor is _______________ .

2. Multiply the Average values from each average count by the scale factor from 1:

Lunar Lowlands __________Lunar Highlands __________

 

3. Look at the y-axis on the plot above. If your values from 2 are NOT between 100 and 600, please try counting again. If they are, draw two horizontal lines (use the ruler), one at the y-axis value for Lunar Lowlands from 2, the second at the y-axis value for Lunar Highlands from 2.

4. Draw two vertical lines (use a ruler) where each of your horizontal lines intersects the solid line – the data for the moon. (Ignore the dashed line – it’s for Mars). Your vertical lines will intersect the x-axis, which is time in years ago. For example, if your line intersected at –2, then the surface would be 2 billion years old. Estimate the ages from your lines:

 

Lunar Lowlands __________Lunar Highlands __________

 

Activity II

 

 

1. For ”= 271.385 arcseconds, find the following distance to an asteroid:

Distance = 206,265* ⦘ if the baseline is 5000 km.

_______________________________________________

2. Compare this distance the average Earth – Moon distance by dividing your

Answer in the above calculation by the Earth – Moon distance (384,400 km)

_______________________________________________

3. Using your answer to number 2 would you classify this asteroid as a Near Earth Asteroid? Why or why not? Consider the fact that Mars, when it is closest to Earth is about 203.7 Moon distances away.

_______________________________________________

 

 

1.1 ASTEROIDS QUESTIONS

1. Assume that your crater count for Activity I was 150. Use the plot on page 7 to determine

The age of the lunar surface ______________ years

The age of the Martian surface ______________ years

2. How would these ages change if your crater count was 425?

The age of the lunar surface ______________ years

The age of the Martian surface ______________ years

3. If the parallax angle for an asteroid viewed in Activity II was π”= 457.657 arcseconds, find the distance to the asteroid in kilometers. Show work.

 

 

 

4. For a time of 36 hrs, 27 min, 36.54 sec, calculate the total number of seconds in this interval.

 

 

 

5. For an asteroid moving with a velocity of 12 km/hr, how far (in km) would it travel in a time of 48 hours? Show work.

 
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Environment Activities

/in /by

Raw Data

depth ice_age delta D dust gas_age CO2 CH4
m ka permille 10-9cm3g-1 ka ppmv ppbv
130 4.26 -438.94 6.58 1.9 274
140 4.66 -435.94 12.42 2.28 273.07
150 5.06 -439.72 11 2.66 272.14 666.93
160 5.45 -441.88 7.47 3.04 271.22 653.54
170 5.85 -434.77 6.13 3.41 270.29 640.15
180 6.27 -440.36 11.57 3.82 268.39 594.65
190 6.7 -441.26 10.33 4.25 266.06 593.28
200 7.14 -423.85 15 4.67 263.73 591.92
210 7.57 -438.79 15.48 5.09 261.4 590.55
220 8.01 -438.94 15.95 5.52 259.06 589.19
230 8.44 -435.7 16.75 5.94 256.73 585.64
240 8.87 -434.32 10.25 6.36 254.4 579.11
250 9.31 -439.38 12 6.79 252.07 593.3
260 9.76 -435.64 16.75 7.23 255.09 607.49
270 10.24 -443.25 19.29 7.68 257.22 621.4
280 10.74 -454.11 12 8.13 257.77 634.89
290 11.24 -460.28 30 8.58 258.31 648.38
300 11.74 -458.56 16 9.02 258.86 661.87
310 12.32 -451.23 13 9.52 257.58 650.61
320 12.94 -461.94 34 10.04 255.66 624.17
330 13.55 -470.88 68 10.56 253.75 500.31
340 14.17 -476.82 161.5 11.08 251.83 496.15
350 14.78 -483.99 255 11.6 249.91 592.5
360 15.39 -489.57 325.91 12.12 247.99 640.33
370 16.01 -494.94 247.55 12.64 246.07 593.7
380 16.69 -488.96 484 13.22 240.5 466.61
390 17.48 -496.59 436.5 13.87 230.26 435.7
400 18.26 -493.46 389 14.52 220.02 424.48
410 19.05 -493.2 522.14 15.18 209.79 413.27
420 19.83 -498.63 347.86 15.83 199.55 402.06
430 20.63 -494.72 603.33 16.54 193.11 388.12
440 21.45 -495.59 668.43 17.34 193.43 369.51
450 22.28 -487.49 267 18.15 193.74 356.85
460 23.11 -490.4 364 18.95 194.05 353.02
470 23.93 -491.81 518.79 19.75 194.37 376.64
480 24.76 -496.94 461.71 20.58 195.13 365.26
490 25.6 -489.53 263.47 21.42 196.21 349.99
500 26.43 -484.69 166 22.27 197.29 381.42
510 27.27 -494.34 303.45 23.11 198.37 403.16
520 28.1 -488.52 289.82 23.96 199.45 395.28
530 28.93 -492.44 266 24.81 199.81 387.39
540 29.74 -485.11 232 25.66 199.41 391.67
550 30.56 -489.15 198 26.51 199.02 407.48
560 31.38 -483.53 133.2 27.36 198.63 416.47
570 32.19 -474.11 68.4 28.21 198.24 419
580 33 -476.61 71.26 29.05 201.8 421.53
590 33.79 -486.59 136.91 29.89 211.31 425.3
600 34.59 -484.11 241 30.72 220.81 430.79
610 35.37 -481.41 104.48 31.53 217.71 488.22
620 36.16 -483.57 88.83 32.35 210.85 536.7
630 36.94 -479.8 85.83 33.15 207.51 508.13
640 37.71 -481.06 80.42 33.95 208.66 476.62
650 38.48 -480.87 75 34.74 209.82 474.92
660 39.24 -471.56 88.13 35.52 209.48 481.14
670 40.01 -477.47 92.71 36.3 208.87 473.2
680 40.77 -475.69 74.35 37.08 208.25 453.2
690 41.53 -484.76 75.22 37.86 207.63 433.2
700 42.3 -483.23 187 38.64 207.02 427.04
710 43.06 -485.28 135.75 39.4 201.24 432.67
720 43.82 -483.45 119.92 40.16 195.3 438.3
730 44.58 -481.96 99.8 40.92 189.37 436.13
740 45.34 -478.73 75.4 41.68 183.43 426.77
750 46.1 -477.7 51 42.44 179.86 417.3
760 46.85 -476.01 62.75 43.2 187.85 407.3
770 47.61 -478.26 40.25 43.96 195.84 415.14
780 48.36 -475.4 114.18 44.71 201.49 443.08
790 49.1 -479.26 95.09 45.47 204.6 468.87
800 49.85 -474.86 76 46.22 207.7 484.84
810 50.6 -483.58 78.33 46.97 206.42 500.81
820 51.34 -480.83 101.67 47.72 205.15 495.58
830 52.09 -472.77 82.42 48.47 203.87 485.05
840 52.84 -468.12 83.25 49.21 202.6 486.85
850 53.58 -464.16 58 49.96 201.32 500.03
860 54.35 -471.32 172.58 50.71 201 513.21
870 55.12 -475.98 287.17 51.45 201 519.33
880 55.9 -475.27 187.63 52.2 204.78 525
890 56.69 -480.92 188.88 52.95 211.41 512.51
900 57.49 -484.89 151 53.7 218.04 479.56
910 58.3 -488.53 251.42 54.47 217.91 446.61
920 59.11 -480.97 351.83 55.25 215.88 431.71
930 59.94 -490.14 315.71 56.04 213.48 419.74
940 60.78 -491.61 381.13 56.84 210.29 411.32
950 61.63 -493.53 299 57.65 207.11 412.52
960 62.5 -487.73 246.44 58.47 204.63 413.71
970 63.38 -489.51 437.56 59.3 202.32 414.32
980 64.26 -479.63 237.5 60.14 199.56 414.74
990 65.13 -483.98 126 61 196.2 417.81
1000 66.01 -483.4 25 61.86 192.84 425.41
1010 66.88 -477.96 36 62.75 192.36 433.01
1020 67.74 -483.63 50.5 63.65 192.83 430.68
1030 68.59 -485.65 48.5 64.54 195.81 426.86
1040 69.43 -484.76 80.29 65.43 200.14 427.44
1050 70.27 -477.23 41 66.33 204.46 441.21
1060 71.1 -469.15 36 67.2 212.63 454.97
1070 71.93 -476.41 31 68.07 222 449.26
1080 72.75 -486.42 38.54 68.94 229.73 438.06
1090 73.57 -477.34 55.63 69.79 235.93 433.53
1100 74.39 -481.76 93 70.65 242.13 446.13
1110 75.19 -476.22 100.92 71.49 239.98 458.72
1120 75.99 -467.38 108.83 72.34 236.47 444.31
1130 76.79 -465.7 65.5 73.17 233.93 420.41
1140 77.58 -461.74 42.5 74 232.1 405.39
1150 78.37 -466.86 89 74.83 229.95 420.15
1160 79.15 -462.17 63.17 75.64 225.77 434.9
1170 79.93 -466.88 37.33 76.45 221.59 457.1
1180 80.7 -462.45 23.63 77.26 219.8 481.28
1190 81.47 -455.84 24.88 78.06 220.39 504.24
1200 82.24 -461.33 31 78.85 220.98 524.93
1210 83.01 -465.61 33.08 79.65 221.57 545.53
1220 83.78 -468.4 35.17 80.45 222.16 563.35
1230 84.55 -468.79 44.33 81.22 224.42 581.17
1240 85.33 -466.15 61 81.96 228.88 586.42
1250 86.1 -473.96 83 82.71 233.33 559.33
1260 86.88 -479.73 67.17 83.52 228.31 532.25
1270 87.65 -477.95 51.33 84.35 221.61 496.31
1280 88.43 -470.28 60.5 85.16 216.76 459.17
1290 89.21 -475.39 85.5 85.95 213.26 424.68
1300 89.99 -471.17 95 86.74 210.35 420.68
1310 90.78 -464.77 67.08 87.53 215.3 418.02
1320 91.56 -471.4 39.17 88.32 220.26 430.78
1330 92.35 -469.84 36.42 89.12 222.77 443.54
1340 93.15 -466.57 27.25 89.91 224.47 453.22
1350 93.94 -468.47 17 90.71 226.31 448.91
1360 94.73 -472 24.52 91.51 229.41 444.6
1370 95.53 -470.42 28.43 92.31 232.51 433.08
1380 96.33 -464.69 13.48 93.12 232.59 417.34
1390 97.13 -465.83 42.17 93.93 229.88 406.11
1400 97.93 -465.48 56 94.74 227.18 406.5
1410 98.74 -463.17 54.75 95.55 229.6 406.88
1420 99.55 -459.69 53.5 96.36 233.73 423.21
1430 100.38 -457.24 55.46 97.18 234.1 446.36
1440 101.23 -460.89 78.38 98 229.87 469.52
1450 102.08 -468.1 72 98.83 225.63 479.35
1460 102.97 -466.45 73.91 99.67 226.38 509.63
1470 103.87 -469.43 37.55 100.52 228.01 506.34
1480 104.78 -466.93 27.87 101.39 230.58 501.91
1490 105.71 -468.74 40.04 102.28 234.62 524.74
1500 106.65 -469.11 39 103.17 238.44 547.58
1510 107.64 -484.17 35.17 104.1 236.94 566.55
1520 108.62 -481.53 36.48 105.03 235.44 581.64
1530 109.6 -479.63 26.35 105.98 236.2 573.31
1540 110.57 -476.4 27.22 106.96 240.79 463.41
1550 111.53 -478.78 17 107.95 242.88 444.23
1560 112.45 -480.79 10.26 108.97 239.16 452.74
1570 113.37 -479.64 17.22 109.98 235.43 459.43
1580 114.27 -473.94 22.71 110.97 234.87 466.13
1590 115.15 -468.3 23.89 111.93 237.72 463.5
1600 116.02 -468.07 32 112.88 242.53 457.25
1610 116.85 -460.36 13.4 113.79 255.16 451
1620 117.68 -458.29 16.43 114.7 267.79 445.98
1630 118.5 -451.61 27.86 115.59 275.36 453.58
1640 119.29 -452.02 10 116.46 273.52 490.88
1650 120.09 -448.9 23 117.32 271.68 499.06
1660 120.85 -447.81 33.6 118.15 274.51 507.23
1670 121.61 -448.1 17 118.97 277.86 515.59
1680 122.36 -447.17 24.43 119.78 278.75 527.43
1690 123.1 -441.91 30.1 120.57 275.28 539.27
1700 123.83 -442.83 5 121.36 271.81 547.55
1710 124.54 -436.6 7 122.12 269.32 553.45
1720 125.25 -438.57 58 122.87 266.93 557.96
1730 125.95 -443.29 22.88 123.61 265.96 560.37
1740 126.65 -439.33 16 124.33 268.01 564.12
1750 127.34 -434.71 48 125.04 270.06 570.75
1760 128.04 -436.55 17.8 125.76 272.11 577.37
1770 128.74 -435.07 12.33 126.48 274.16 584
1780 129.44 -437.07 25.67 127.19 273.23 585.04
1790 130.15 -435.33 26.2 127.9 270.22 586.6
1800 130.86 -430.06 24 128.61 267.22 594.07
1810 131.57 -425.54 55.06 129.33 269.27 601.54
1820 132.29 -427.15 14.43 130.05 272.92 609.02
1830 133.01 -420.98 9.2 130.78 273.44 616.49
1840 133.74 -428.51 30.5 131.51 269.81 629.03
1850 134.47 -440.89 46 132.24 266.18 646.08
1860 135.24 -430.44 11.38 132.99 277.41 649.35
1870 136 -437.21 10 133.73 289.42 693.41
1880 136.8 -442.66 18 134.48 291.71 600.31
1890 137.64 -454.55 8.25 135.25 280.02 532.7
1900 138.49 -456.74 18 136.02 268.34 527.77
1910 139.43 -464.04 24 136.86 260 509.61
1920 140.4 -473.68 42 137.72 252.5 483.99
1930 141.39 -484.07 92.38 138.61 245 458.38
1940 142.49 -486.84 60.33 139.58 237.51 445.28
1950 143.61 -485.33 344 140.57 230.31 435.5
1960 144.89 -496.7 96.33 141.68 225.05 419.71
1970 146.18 -496.39 156.5 142.78 219.79 398.54
1980 147.58 -490.49 162 143.98 211.62 352.91
1990 149.11 -492 98 145.29 200.16 363.05
2000 150.67 -490.51 301 146.65 191.69 369.66
2010 152.35 -495.73 296 148.23 195.12 337.2
2020 154.02 -490.8 297.89 149.8 198.55 318.25
2030 155.7 -495.07 247 151.45 198.89 318.94
2040 157.38 -492.08 184.27 153.18 195.15 339.4
2050 159.05 -496.54 308 154.92 191.41 348.54
2060 160.73 -492.25 90.36 156.65 192.8 353.25

Sheet3

 
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Water

/in /by

A home gets its water from the public supply. Which of the following would be the best way for the homeowner to obtain a water-quality report?

Purchase a home sampling kit on the Internet Record observations made by smelling and tasting the tap water Request data from the local water treatment facility Ask neighbors for a sample of their water to compare

Question 2 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

 

Which of the following is a common source of groundwater pollution?

Oil dumping and oil spills Tossing candy bar wrappers into a stream Flushing household chemicals down the toilet Leaking storage containers outside factories

Question 3 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

 

Which of the following is a major cause of waterborne diseases?

Bacteria Particulates Dissolved gases Sediments

Question 4 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

 

Which organization is responsible for enforcing clean-water legislation governing water use and quality in the Everglades?

Everglades Police Agency Environmental Protection Agency Clean Water Agency Florida Waterway Patrol

Question 5 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

 

Which of the following is caused by pollutants from farm runoff, feedlots, or septic tanks?

Increased fecal coliform Low dissolved oxygen Temperatures greater than 45°C pH below 6.5

Question 6 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

 

How would a person most likely become ill from overly acidic water?

The water may contain toxic heavy metals. Low pH is associated with cancer in newborns. Low pH can make water cloudy with suspended particles. There are no ill effects of acidity in water.

Question 7 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

 

Which of the following is an action that people in Florida could take to help decrease the turbidity of coastal waters?

Build dams along rivers leading to the coast Reduce erosion by planting trees along the shore Remove photosynthesizing plants from coastal waters Build housing developments on land that borders water bodies

Question 8 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

 

Which of the following would most likely be considered nonpoint source pollution?

Animal waste from a local horse farm seeping into the ground Increased turbidity from erosion A car repair shop dumping used oil in the ground A leaky underground oil tank

Question 9 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

 

Which of the following is an indicator of good water quality?

High levels of nitrates High levels of phosphates Zero turbidity All of the above

Question 10 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

 

Which of the following is typically associated with a reduction in photosynthesizing plants in a water supply?

An increase in dissolved oxygen A decrease in dissolved oxygen An increase in phosphates A decrease in phosphates

Question 11 (Essay Worth 5 points)

 

<object:standard:la.910.2.2.3>Summarize your findings from the Water Quality Lab. Be sure to include your observations and the sources of each water-quality issue you investigated.

Question 12 (Essay Worth 5 points)

 

<object:standard:sc.912.n.1.1; ma.912.s.3.2=””>Dan took three samples of water from the creek behind his house once a month for the last six months. He tested the water and reported the results in the following data table.

 
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