Learning & Cognition Handbook: Psychology

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Learning & Cognition Handbook: Psychology

(Learning & Cognition Handbook: Psychology)

Psychology

To complete this assignment, you may utilize the Learning and Cognition Handbook template or create your own using the template as a guide. Your handbook should include the sections listed below, incorporating a minimum of one visual (e.g., table, figure, or image) with a maximum of five visuals per section. Each image must be retrieved and cited based on current copyright laws. You may wish to use the Where to Get Free Images guide for assistance with accessing freely available public domain and/or Creative Commons licensed images.

Handbook Sections:

Table of Contents

List all sections and subsections included in the handbook with the applicable page numbers.

Preface (100 to 150 words)

Provide an overview of the handbook and its potential use by your chosen audience.

Introduction to the Major Topics (200 to 300 words)

Provide an introductory summary of the six topics listed below and discuss any careers in psychology specifically related to at least one of them:

Traditional learning theories: Operant and classical conditioning

Traditional learning theories: Behaviorism and social learning theory

Attention and memory

Decision-Making

Language acquisition

Organizational and lifelong learning

Describe how one or more of these areas may be connected to your future career goals.

Major Topics (1 to 2 pages for each major topic)

Communicate the extent to which the six major topics of learning and cognition affect related sub-topics by synthesizing the course learning principles and/or theories. Consider how these sub-topics may be related to your future career goals. For instance, if you intend to become an applied behavior analyst, behaviorism and related technique for learning may be directly connected to your future role. For each major topic, apply basic research methods and skeptical inquiry to explain the theoretical perspectives and empirical research that substantiate the relationship between the topic and at least two related sub-topics. In your review, consider how these topic and sub-topics are directly connected to evaluations and interventions in psychology practice in various fields. Focus on the areas most related to your future area of practice, paying particular attention to how theories are examined in research studies. The following are some sub-topics to consider:(Learning & Cognition Handbook: Psychology)

Comprehension

Operant and classical conditioning

Behaviorism

Social learning theory

Problem solving

Memory development/retention

Lifelong learning

Individual and group learning

Organizational learning

Mentorship

Apprenticeship models of learning

Effects of demographic differences (e.g., gender, socioeconomics, religious affiliation, race) on learning

Although creative liberties are encouraged, all information incorporated should be supported and professionally presented through the consistent application of ethical principles and adherence to professional standards of learning and cognition psychology as applied to the chosen audience.(Learning & Cognition Handbook: Psychology)

Conclusion (200 to 300 words)

Summarize the importance of the topics within the learning and cognition domain and their applicability within the psychology profession for the chosen audience.

Attention Students: The Masters of Arts in Psychology program is utilizing the Pathbrite portfolio tool as a repository for student scholarly work in the form of signature assignments completed within the program. After receiving feedback for this Learning and Cognition Handbook, please implement any changes recommended by the instructor, and go to Pathbrite to upload the revised Learning and Cognition Handbook to the portfolio. (Use the Pathbrite Quick-Start Guide to create an account if you do not already have one.) The upload of signature assignments will take place after completing each course. Be certain to upload revised signature assignments throughout the program as the portfolio and its contents will be used in other courses and may be used by individual students as a professional resource tool. See the Pathbrite website for information and further instructions on using this portfolio tool.

The Learning and Cognition Handbook(Learning & Cognition Handbook: Psychology)

Must be 12 to 15 pages in length (see instructions and rubric for each section and sub-topic) following the Learning and Cognition Handbook template as a guide. Although a handbook differs from a written paper, all citations and references must be formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.

Must include a title page with the required information from the handbook template:

Title of handbook

Student’s name

Institution’s name

Course name and number

Instructor’s name

Date submitted

Must use at least six scholarly sources in addition to the required resources.

The Scholarly, Peer Reviewed, and Other Credible Sources table offers additional guidance on appropriate source types. If you have questions about whether a specific source is appropriate for this assignment, please contact your instructor. Your instructor has the final say about the appropriateness of a specific source for a particular assignment.(Learning & Cognition Handbook: Psychology)

Must include the sections and subsections required as indicated in the handbook template.

Must address the topics with critical thought and substantiated assertions.

Must document all sources in APA style as outlined in Citing Within Your Paper.

Must include a separate references page that is formatted according to APA style as outlined in Formatting Your References List.

Carefully review the Grading Rubric for the criteria that will be used to evaluate your assignment.

 
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Module 01 Discussion – Reinventing Digital Worldwide

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Module 01 Discussion – Reinventing Digital Worldwide

(Module 01 Discussion – Reinventing Digital Worldwide)

Question description

This discussion post is for my Business Management Capstone course. Please don’t make this more than 2 paragraphs. keep it simple.

click this link to watch the video with this https://engage.rasmussen.edu/learn/mod/forum/view…. (if you cant view video please let me know and ill give you log in info)

The discussion posts in this course will follow a fictitious company called Digital Worldwide. They have hired you as an entry level manager, and you will be asked to make decisions about the direction of the business and the strategic management process. Each week there will be a new video and a new scenario. It’s important to understand that the decisions that you make will carry over to the following weeks, so choose wisely.

To: Newbie@digitalworldwide.com
From: Tom.Nelson@digitalworldwide.com
Subject: Your First Assignment

Hey Newbie,

You’ve joined us at a pretty exciting and hectic time. We’re just starting a reboot of the company’s strategic management process, and it’s time you got your feet wet. Let’s make use of that shiny new degree of yours.

I’m sure you’ve had to watch our introduction video by now and are aware that Digital Worldwide made a name for ourselves as a company that focuses on utilizing existing technology in innovative ways. Our company has expanded its product lines a lot recently, and we’ve come a long way since we last wrote our mission statement 10 years ago. It’s time we come up with a new one, but before we can do that we need help determining our core competencies.(Module 01 Discussion – Reinventing Digital Worldwide)

Currently, we’re polling our employees, asking them to identify what they believe are two of our core competencies or core values. Take the time to write a paragraph about each, explaining why you think they’re vital to being successful in our industry. They better be good too. I hired you to make me look good, but I have no problem firing you if you don’t. Email me back by midweek and don’t be late.

Tom Nelson/Regional President
Digital Worldwide
T:312-555-8197
F:312-555-8172
tom.nelson@digitalworldwide.com
digitalworldwide.com

https://engage.rasmussen.edu/learn/mod/forum/view….

 
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upgrading from PC to Mac 500 employees

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Project Proposal – upgrading from PC to Mac 500 employees

(upgrading from PC to Mac 500 employees)

Question description

Assignment 1: Project Proposal – upgrade from PC to Mac for 500 users in the office of financial recourses for the center for diesse control and prevention

Note: Use the project you selected in the Week 1 Discussion to complete this assignment.

This is the first of four assignments which, as a whole, will cover all aspects of the project life cycle relevant to your selected project. As you move forward with future assignments, all different components of the project are constructed leading to a final compilation, and presentation, of your project.(upgrading from PC to Mac 500 employees)

Write a three to four (3-4) page paper in which you:

  1. Propose a project idea, and explain a selection method for selecting the project (i.e., financial or non-financial method). Provide a rationale for your proposal.
  2. Construct the objectives of the project in terms of a problem which it solves or an opportunity which it capitalizes on.
  3. Create a scope statement (using the template on page 105 of the textbook) for your project. Make sure to include all necessary components of the scope statement. See scope statement below
  4. Format your assignment according to the following formatting requirements:
    1. Typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides.
    2. Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page is not included in the required page length.

The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:

  • Analyze corporate strategy and the project life cycle phases to define the project and initiate a project plan.
  • Apply the concepts of project management to prioritize project portfolios and align the projects with corporate strategies, culture, and organization.
  • Use technology and information resources to research issues in project management.
  • Write clearly and concisely about project management using proper writing mechanics.

(upgrading from PC to Mac 500 employees)

Class, here is a breakdown of the scope statement. This comes from the scope statement on page 105. I want everyone to understand that a scope statement contains specific elements so that the project stakeholders understand what is included in the project and what is not.

PROJECT OBJECTIVE To construct a high-quality, custom home within five months at cost not to exceed $700,000 on lot 42A in Greendale, Oregon.

(Notice: the project objective is in S.M.A.R.T. format. (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, and Time-Bound)

DELIVERABLES

A 2,200-square-foot, 2½-bath, 3-bedroom, finished home.

A finished garage, insulated and sheet-rocked.

Kitchen appliances to include range, oven, microwave, and dishwasher.

High-efficiency gas furnace with programmable thermostat.

(Notice that the deliverables are very specific to the project.)

MILESTONES

Permits approved—March 5

Foundation poured—March 14

Drywall in. Framing, sheathing, plumbing, electrical, and mechanical inspections passed—May 25

Final inspection—June 7

(Notice: Milestones have specific dates. Milestones are specific events on your time-line.)

TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS(upgrading from PC to Mac 500 employees)

Home must meet local building codes.

All windows and doors must pass NFRC class 40 energy ratings.

Exterior wall insulation must meet an “R” factor of 21.

Ceiling insulation must meet an “R” factor of 38.

Floor insulation must meet an “R” factor of 25.

Garage will accommodate two large-size cars and one 20-foot Winnebago.

Structure must pass seismic stability codes.

(Notice: Technical requirements are very specific. These become your project success metrics.)

LIMITS AND EXCLUSIONS

The home will be built to the specifications and design of the original blueprints provided by the customer.

Owner is responsible for landscaping.

Refrigerator is not included among kitchen appliances.

Air conditioning is not included but prewiring is included.

Contractor reserves the right to contract out services. Contractor is responsible for subcontracted work.

Site work limited to Monday through Friday, 8:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m.(upgrading from PC to Mac 500 employees)

(Notice: these are specific to the actual project. All projects will have some type of limitations (outside of the project scope but can have an impact) and exclusions (those items the project does not cover)).

CUSTOMER REVIEW John and Joan Smith

(If the project is for you, then include yourself as the customer as well as any other family member. If the project is for a customer, then you need to list those individuals.)

 
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APA Assignment Instructions

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APA Assignment Instructions

(APA Assignment Instructions)

The main purpose of this assignment is for you to become familiar with your APA Publication Manual, how to use it, and what kind of information it contains.

 

 

 

Before completing this assignment, be sure you have viewed and understand the APA tutorial website provided in the Module/Week 1 Reading & Study folder. Use your APA manual while viewing the various slides. This assignment must have a title page, 2–3 pages of content, and a reference page, and it must be in current APA format throughout.

 

 

 

Part 1 – Create a title page.

 

 

 

Based on the information in your current APA manual and in the APA tutorial found in Module/Week 1, create a properly-formatted title page in current APA format that contains the following:

 

 

 

1.      Title – format the following text in proper APA style as your title: “lessons learned about writing style.”

 

2.      Author note – using your own information, refer to Chapter 2 of your APA manual and create an author note.

 

3.      Running head

 

4.      Page number

 

5.      Your name

 

6.      Institution name

 

 

 

Part 2 – Create a question and answer page.

 

(APA Assignment Instructions)

 

The next 2–3 pages of your document will contain questions (provided below), with answers (provided by you). Refer to your course materials as needed to create a level one heading, in current APA format, using the following phrase: “questions and answers.”

 

 

 

Next, you will need to create an appropriate level two heading for each of the questions below. Your level two headings will be unique and must serve to summarize the question that is being asked. Each must be relevant, be something you created, and identify each question you are answering. When writing your answers, use complete sentences and proper margins, grammar, and punctuation.

 

 

 

1.      Where in your APA Publication Manual do you find instructions for the proper formatting for a printed book? For this question, provide the answer and include a properly-formatted example based on your course research textbook.

 

2.      What is the purpose for using different levels of headings in a properly-formatted document and how do you know which heading to use?

 

3.      In your own words, explain what a DOI is. Why is it important to you as a researcher? (Hint: See Chapter 6 in your Publication Manual. Remember, explain this in your own words to show that you understand what you are explaining.)

 

4.      Visit the Jerry Falwell Library online. Browse around on pages that will lead you to information about topics that you are studying. Based on what you find on these pages, what kinds of resources can you access through the Jerry Falwell Library?

 

5.      Suppose you need a resource that is not directly available in the Jerry Falwell Library. Explain how you would acquire a source that you need.

 

6.      Refer to your Publication Manual and provide the page number where you will find information on how to format each of the following. Provide information for in-text citations as well as the information for each reference. As you write your answers, use a level three heading to introduce each new item (no bullet points), and use complete sentences.

 

 

 

·         Your Introduction to Research textbook?

 

·         The APA Publication Manual?

 

·         A scholarly journal article with a DOI?

 

·         A personal conversation?

 

·         An edited book?

 

 

 

Remember, organize this section of the assignment with appropriate levels of headings. Do not number the questions. Do not include any bullets. Use complete sentences.

 

 

 

Part 3 – Create your reference page.

(APA Assignment Instructions)

 

 

You will create a reference page, using proper headings, page numbers, margins, indentations, etc., for the current APA format for a reference page. Your reference page will list the properly-formatted reference for each of the following:

 

 

 

·         Your Introduction to Research textbook

 

·         The APA Publication Manual

 

 

 

Be sure that the running head and page numbers appear on all pages. Save the document using your last name in the file name, as: yourlastname_APAmodule3.

 

 

 

This assignment is due by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Monday of Module/Week 3.

 

 
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management of acute and chronic pain: opioid therapy.

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management of acute and chronic pain often includes opioid therapy.

management of acute and chronic pain: opioid therapy.

-The management of acute and chronic pain often includes opioid therapy. In both the acute and chronic pain settings, however, opioids have several disadvantages including risk of nausea and vomiting, somnolence, constipation, respiratory depression, androgen deficiency, physical dependence, and tolerance. Opioid medications also carry a risk of abuse or addiction by either the patient or non-medical users. For these reasons, consideration of non-opioid strategies for pain management is beneficial. While opioids will certainly continue to have a place in pain management despite their disadvantages, the use of non-opioid medication options may limit the amount of opioid necessary or even result in improved pain control. In fact, given that the majority of both acute and chronic pain is thought to be complex and multi factorial, a multi modal analgesic approach is ideal for management. Acetaminophen is typically considered first-line therapy for chronic pain conditions, including osteoarthritis (OA) and chronic pain associated with total knee arthroplasty. However, many times patients are treated inappropriately with opioids instead.

Acetaminophen is considered first-line treatment for many pain conditions because of its safety advantages. Compared with other analgesics available, acetaminophen is associated with very few adverse events and is considered safe to use chronically. Healthcare providers strive to “first do no harm.  Therefore, for most chronic pain conditions, a trial of acetaminophen should be used and monitored for effect before initiating other analgesics, including opioids. However, acetaminophen is not without risks. Safety concerns associated with acetaminophen include serious liver damage if ingestion is greater than the recommended total daily dose of 4,000 mg. Long-term high doses of acetaminophen and accidental overdose from inadvertently consuming multiple acetaminophen products are the leading causes of acute liver failure in the U. S. For this reason it is important that the patients who are utilizing acetaminophen chronically for pain are educated on proper dosing and administration, and are aware of any other acetaminophen-containing products they may use. The disadvantage of acetaminophen is that it often cannot provide a sufficient analgesic effect and does not exert a specific anti-inflammatory effect, causing many patients to discontinue or switch therapies.

REFERENCES

Dowell D, Haegerich TM, Chou R. CDC guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain United States, 2016. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2016; 65(1):1-49.

 
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WEEK 1 FORUM:Maternal Substance Use Debate

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WEEK 1 FORUM:Maternal Substance Use Debate

(WEEK 1 FORUM:Maternal Substance Use Debate)

2) Instructions for the second part:  Below you will find a link to a true story about a young woman named Jennifer Johnson.  http://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/24/news/mother-cleared-of-passing-drug-to-babies.html

Below you will find a link to another story where the National Institutes of Health released a study that showed that maternal cocaine use was not as bad for babies.  In the second link, the New York Times provided additional support to the study.

1)  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11489591

2)  http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/27/health/27coca.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0

This week discussion forum requires you to answer the following questions:

1.  Should mothers receive prosecution for prenatal damage to the fetus?

2.  Should mothers that use drugs during pregnancy face criminal prosecution?

3.  Would the chances of prosecution keep pregnant women from seeking prenatal care and/or delivering the baby in a hospital setting?

4.  Research suggests that mothers who smoke tobacco during pregnancy and/or in the presence of their children up to the age of 5 years old increases the risk of their children experiencing asthma.  Should smoking mothers also be prosecuted?

5.  How did your feelings about this topic change as you read the later “chapters” in Jennifer Johnson’s story?

READING

CHFD307 CHILD AND ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT | LESSON 1

Introduction to Theories

Topics to be covered include:

·         Development theories

·         Research methods

·         Heredity and the environment

·         Prenatal development and birth

Introduction

In the first lesson of childhood and adolescent development, we will look at theories that relate to the nature versus nurture debate. This lesson will focus on how nature and nurture interact to influence children’s development. We will discuss five development theories and research methodology in child research. We will then look at heredity and the environment, where we will delve into genetics and the ways in which genes and the environment interact, so that we can better understand why development differs from individual to individual. Thereafter, we will explore the stages of prenatal development and birth, as well as common risks to mothers and their infants. To end the lesson, we will discuss the biological and environmental vulnerabilities that infants face, and how caring, constructive relationships enable them to make sense of life so that they can build resilience.

Themes

Child development falls under developmental psychology, and studies the physical (motor), cognitive, emotional and social processes that occur from the beginning of life through adolescence. Child psychology views childhood as a unique stage that society should protect from developmental problems, and enhance through schooling, healthcare and nutrition (Parke & Gauvain, 2009).

According to Parke and Gauvain (2009), the following three major themes contextualize child development studies.

ORIGINS

DEVELOPMENT

INFLUENCES

We will now explore five theories of child development, each of which focuses on a specific area of development.

Structural Organismic Perspectives

Jean Piaget

‹›(WEEK 1 FORUM:Maternal Substance Use Debate)

· Structural Organismic Theories

Structural Organismic theories view the human organism as progressing through universal, structured stages of development (Parke & Gauvain, 2009). Sigmund Freud focused on how personality and emotions are formed in early childhood. In psychoanalytic and psychodynamic theory, the id, ego andsuperego  are interrelated facets of the personality that play different roles throughout the child’s development.

Infants are controlled by the instinctual drives of the id. As the infant develops, the ego takes greater control, whereby the child becomes rational, understands reality and uses socially acceptable behaviors to satisfy their needs. Finally, when the child develops a conscience by internalizing social or parental values, the superego takes control.

Early experiences, specifically in the first six years, impact the way in which the id, ego and superego develop and interact. This forms the child’s personality. For example, early unsatisfied needs and the nature of attachment to caregivers will impact later behaviors.

In contrast to Freud, Jean Piaget focused on the biological process of intellectual development. Piaget’s theory is based on two biological principles: organization, which describes cognitive development as a biologically organized process, and adaptation, which describes the process of development as the child adapts to their environment.

In Piaget’s theory, the intellectual process of understanding the world comprises four stages in which cognition progresses from immediate, sensory experiences to abstract, complex problem solving and understanding of the world. More specifically, infants use motor and sensory facilities, preschoolers use mental structures and symbols such as language and pictures, school-goers increasingly use logic, and adolescents can engage in abstract thinking.

Knowledge Check

1

Question 1

Please select the correct statement about development theories.

 

Ethological   theory and psychoanalytic theory have nothing in common.

 

In   operant conditioning, desirable behavior is reinforced by a positive   response to the behavior.

 

Dynamic   systems and contextual approaches only look at the environment but not the   individual.

 

Structural   Organismic perspectives focus on the biological aspects of development.

I don’t know

One attempt

Submit answer

You answered 0 out of 0 correctly. Asking up to 1.

Research Methodology

‹›(WEEK 1 FORUM:Maternal Substance Use Debate)

·

Research in psychology is scientific, and is thus based on theories from which hypotheses are formulated. Hypotheses are tested by collecting and analyzing data using measurable and replicable techniques. We will now discuss five important issues in child development research: sampling, data collection, research design, studying change over time, and ethics.

Knowledge Check

1

Question 1

Please select the correct statement about the following research. A researcher wants to find understand how junk food affects behavior in two-year olds.

 

The   researcher should use the correlational method.

 

The   researcher must obtain informed consent from parents and guardians of the   sample, as well as ethics approval from the review board.

 

A   representative sample would be found at the local play group.

 

The   researcher should USE a case study approach.

I don’t know

One attempt

Submit answer

You answered 0 out of 0 correctly. Asking up to 1.

Heredity and the Environment

Heredity explores the biological origins of development, or the ‘nature’ in the nature versus nurture debate.

GENOTYPE

PHENOTYPE

FERTILIZATION

CHROMOSOME PAIRS

DNA

Genetic Influences in Development

Possible Alleles from an Aa Mother and aa Father

 

From Mother

(WEEK 1 FORUM:Maternal Substance Use Debate)

A

a

 

From Father

A

AA

Aa

 

a

Aa

aa

Gene-environment interaction is a critical process in understanding development. Genes cannot work alone, as they are programmed to respond to signals in the environment. Two basic concepts allow us to understand how genetics influence development.

Firstly, a gene usually has two alleles or alternate forms that carry a trait such as eye color – one from the mother and one from the father. Secondly, the alleles can be the same from both parents or different. For example, blue eye alleles may be inherited from mother and father, or blue eye alleles can be inherited from the mother while brown eye alleles are inherited from the father. If the alleles from both parents are the same, the person is homozygous for that trait. If the alleles are different, the person is heterozygous.

Let’s say the mother is Aa and the father isAa . As you can see in the table, the three possible combinations of alleles received by the child are:

1.    AA

2.    aa

3.    Aa (which is the same as aA)

The first two combinations are homozygous. A person with two alleles for blue eyes will have blue eyes. The third combination is heterozygous. If a trait is heterozygous, the traits may:

BLEND

COMBINE BUT NOT BLEND

DOMINANCE

SEX-LINKED GENES

GENE INTERACTION

DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS

DOWN’S SYNDROME

Genetic Engineering

Advances in genetics have pros and cons. Genetic counseling enables couples to be tested for defective genes, and to undergo assisted reproductive techniques in which defective eggs or sperm are substituted for healthy donor ones. It is also possible to detect abnormalities by sampling cells from a fetus. This testing gives the parents the option to abort abnormal fetuses.

This raises ethical issues around determining when defects are serious enough to warrant abortions. What will the child’s quality of life be? Will they be able to lead relatively pain-free, productive lives? Is a painful death expected in a few years or months?

Gene therapy may allow us to cure and ameliorate defective genes in the future. So far, scientists have had limited success in treating deadly disorders. One treatment uses viruses that have had their harmful properties removed to carry healthy genes into patients’ cells. Few treatments have been successful, and it will still take time to perfect gene therapy.

This blind girl benefited from a supportive environment

Heredity-Environment Interactions

· HEREDITY-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION

· RANGE OF OUTCOMES

· PATHWAYS OF INFLUENCE(WEEK 1 FORUM:Maternal Substance Use Debate)

Contemporary psychologists argue less about the nature versus nurture debate than their predecessors did, and instead concentrate on how people develop based on heredity-environment interaction. While genes are influenced by the environment, genes also contribute to shaping the environment. Our genetic endowment both limits and capacitates us, while environmental and social contexts exert a powerful influence over us.

Range of reaction is a concept that explains that our ranges of possible developmental outcomes are established by our genetic makeup. Enriched environments enable us to achieve higher outcomes within the range, while unsupportive or unstimulating environments generally result in lower outcomes within the range.

Individual Differences, Heredity and Environment

The central question that developmental psychologists ask is why people develop so differently. Behavior geneticists use statistics to calculate heritability factors to estimate what percentage heredity contributes to a certain developmental outcome. Remember however, that exposure to environmental influences and development stages must be considered.

Family Studies

For this reason, many studies involve family members because of their biological relatedness and shared environments. Adopted children may be compared with their adoptive and biological parents, and siblings and identical and fraternal twins may be compared. For example, studies have found that intelligence and spatial and verbal abilities have a positive correlation with genetic relatedness, while memory and creativity have no correlation with genetic relatedness (McCartney, Harris, & Bernieri, 1990; Plomin, 1990).

Temperament

Studies have also found that children from the same families have widely varying temperaments, while children from the same cultures have similar tendencies (Kagan, 1994; Thomas & Chess,1986). Furthermore, difficult babies who have stressed mothers have been found to experience more developmental problems, whereas difficult babies with calm, supportive parents do not usually experience these problems (Rothbart & Bates, 2006). Goodness of fit between the child’s temperament and environment refers to how parents and socializing agents accept and adapt to each child, and is thus critical in child development.

How much of temperament is genetic versus environment?

Prenatal Development

There are three stages of prenatal development that occur in the 38 weeks of pregnancy: the zygote, the embryo and the fetus.

Zygote

When the sperm fertilizes the ovum, the fertilized egg or zygote implants in the uterine wall. The zygote stage is about two weeks.

 

Week 1

Week 2

 

Embryo

Once the zygote is implanted, the embryo stage begins. The physiological structures and systems begin to develop, the embryo begins to look like a human, and in the eight weeks since fertilization its size increases by around two million percent. Development occurs from the head down (cephalocaudal), and from the center out (proximal-distal). By the end of the embryonic stage, the fingers and toes are visible. Most miscarriages occur in this period because the embryo detaches from uterine wall.

 

Week 3

Week 4

Week 5

Week 6

Week 7

Week 8

(WEEK 1 FORUM:Maternal Substance Use Debate)

Fetus

The final stage, the fetus, begins in the third month of pregnancy. Muscles and the central nervous system cause movement and reflexes like swallowing. If babies are born prematurely, between 22 and 26 weeks, their systems may be developed enough to survive. This is called the period of viability. If they are too premature they may not survive because their respiratory systems are not sufficiently developed.

 

Week 9

Week 16

Week 20

Week 38

 

Risks

Teratogens are external agents that cause fetal development problems by disturbing the motor, neural, emotional, cognitive and physical systems. Teratogens include:

· Illegal, prescription and nonprescription drugs, alcohol and nicotine.

· Environmental toxins such as pesticides, herbicides, household cleaners, radiation, lead, cosmetics and food additives.

· Medical interventions in pregnancy and childbirth.

· Maternal diseases and disorders such as mumps, rubella and Rh factor incompatibility where the mother’s and infant’s blood are incompatible.

· Bacterial, viral and parasitic infections such as toxoplasmosis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis and HIV/AIDS.

· Maternal age. Women under the age of 15 and over the age of 35 have more complications.

· Poor diet.

· Stress and negative emotions.

Birth

‹›

· Birth

Parents experience many emotions around the time of birth such as anticipation, anxiety, excitement, fear, joy and awe. Birth is also an intense and complex experience for the infant as it leaves its familiar warm, dark and wet environment in the uterus, and faces the next stage of its life in a dry, bright environment.

Birth involves three stages. In the first stage, the mother goes into labor and experiences contractions. In the second stage, the infant is born by passing through the birth canal and vaginal opening. In the last stage, the uterus expels the placenta.

Natural childbirth has become more popular since the 1970s (Parke & Gauvain, 2009). More mothers are sharing the experience with their families at home or birthing centers, using midwives and preparing for birth with their partners. Lamaze is a popular method that involves the mother-to-be and her partner. The method teaches the couple how the mother-to-be should breath and relax her muscles to make childbirth easier. Water births, birthing stools and giving birth in the kneeling position are also becoming more popular.

If there are birthing complications, women may need to be hospitalized. Cesarean sections surgically remove the infant through an incision in the mother’s abdomen. Cesarean sections assist mothers and infants who are having difficulty in the birth process, and are convenient for physicians and families who wish to plan their schedules.

There are disadvantages associated with Cesarean sections, including longer recovery times and increased risk of infection for mothers, lower birthweights in subsequent births, increased infant exposure to maternal medications and more trouble breathing and breastfeeding (Emory, Schlackman & Fiano, 1996; Kennare, 2007; Liu, 2007).(WEEK 1 FORUM:Maternal Substance Use Debate)

Knowledge Check

1

Question 1

Please select the two correct statements.

 

Biological   and environmental adversities may be overcome if the child has access to a   caring relationship.

 

Most   miscarriages occur in the final stage of pregnancy.

 

Low   birthweight babies face biological and environmental risks.

 

Pregnancy   is a natural process and there is not much the mother can do to influence it.

I don’t know

One attempt

Submit answer

You answered 0 out of 0 correctly. Asking up to 1.

Conclusion

In this lesson, we have looked at nature versus nurture theories, and focused on how nature and nurture interact to influence child development. We first discussed the major themes in child development theory, and then we explored five development theories that focus on different aspects of development. Thereafter, we looked at research methodology in child research, and then we moved onto heredity and the environment, where we investigated genetics and heredity-environment interactions. In the final section of the lesson, we explored prenatal development and birth and the associated risks. The lesson ended with a discussion on vulnerability and resilience in children who have been exposed to biological and environmental adversities.(WEEK 1 FORUM:Maternal Substance Use Debate)

KEY TERMS

References

Emory, E. K., Schlackman, L. J., & Fiano, K. (1996). Drug-hormone interactions on neurobehavioral responses in human neonates. Infant Behaviorand Development, 19 (2), 213–220.

Field, T. M., Diego, M., & Hernandez-Reif, M. (2007). Massage therapy research. Developmental Review, 27, 75–89.

Goldberg, S., & DiVitto, B. (2002). Parenting children born premature. In M. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting (Vol. 1, 2nd ed., pp. 329–354). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Gross, R. T., Spiker, D., & Haynes, C. W. (Eds.). (1997). Helping low-birthweight, premature infants. The Infant Health and Development Program. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Kagan, J. (1994). Galen’s prophecy. New York, NY: Basic Books.

Kennare, R. (2007). Risks of adverse outcomes in the next birth after a first cesarean delivery. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 109, 270–276.

Klaus, M. H., & Kennell, J. H. (1982). Parent-infant bonding. St. Louis, MO: Mosby.

Klebanov, P. K., Brooks-Gunn, J., & McCormick, M. C. (2001). Maternal coping strategies and emotional distress: Results of an early intervention program for low-birthweight young children. Developmental Psychology, (37), 654–667.

Korner, A. F. (1989). Infant stimulation: The pros and cons in historical perspective. Bulletin of National Centerfor Clinical Infant Programs, 10 , 11–17.

Liu, S. (2007). Maternal mortality and severe morbidity associated with low-risk planned cesarean delivery versus planned vaginal delivery at term. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 176, 455–460.(WEEK 1 FORUM:Maternal Substance Use Debate)

Masten, A.S., & Obradovic, J. (2007). Competence and resilience in development. In B. M. Lester, A. S. Masten, & B. McEwen (Eds.), Resilience in children (pp. 13–27). New York: Blackwell.

McCartney, K., Harris, M. J., & Bernieri, F. (1990). Growing up and growing apart: A developmental meta-analysis of twin studies. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 226–237.

Moffitt, T. E., & Caspi, A. (2006). Evidence from behavioral genetics for environmental contributions to antisocial conduct. In J. E. Grusec & P. Hastings (Eds.), Handbook of socialization (pp. 259–283). New York: Guilford Press.

Parke, R., & Gauvain, M. (2009).Child Psychology: A contemporary viewpoint  (7th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Plomin, R. (1990). Nature and nurture: An introduction to human behavioralgenetics.  Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.

Rothbart, M., & Bates, J. (2006). Temperament. In W. Damon & R. Lerner (Series Eds.), & N. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology (Vol. 3, 6th ed., pp. 99–166). New York: Wiley.

Rutter, M. (2006). Genes and behavior. New York: Blackwell.(WEEK 1 FORUM:Maternal Substance Use Debate)

Scarr, S. (1996). How people make their own environments: Implications for parents and policy makers. Psychology, Public Policy and Law, 2, 204–228.

Tessier, R., Cristo, M. B., Velez, S., Giron, M., Line, N., Figueroa de Calume, Z., et al. (2003). Kangaroo mother care: A method for protecting high-risk low-birth weight and premature infants against developmental delay. Infant BehaviorDevelopment, 26 , 384–397.

Thomas, A., & Chess, S. (1986). The New York Longitudinal Study: From infancy to early adult life. In R. Plomin & J. Dunn (Eds.), The study of temperament: Changes, continuities and challenges (pp. 39–52). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

 
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The Use of Coercion in Interrogations

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Assignment 2: The Use of Coercion in Interrogations

(The Use of Coercion in Interrogations)

Week two assignment

 

Assignment due Wednesday the 23rd of August, would like it by Tuesday if possible please. Thank you.

 

Assignment 2: The Use of Coercion in Interrogations

 

The American Psychological Association (APA), the American Psychiatric Association, and the American Medical Association all oppose the use of coercion in interrogation. These organizations strictly prohibit their members from participating in interrogations in which coercion is used. These organizations claim that coercion is unethical.

 

The resolution of the APA (2008) on coercion in interrogation includes the following statement:

 

BE IT RESOLVED that the American Psychological Association affirms that there are no exceptional circumstances whatsoever, whether induced by a state of war or threat of war, internal political instability or any other public emergency, that may be invoked as a justification for torture or cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment, including the invocation of laws, regulations, or orders. (para. 7)

 

Publicly revealed Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) transcripts and interviews with CIA employees detail that harsh methods were used to develop information from suspected terrorists. Use the key words “John Kiriakou interview with Brian Ross” on a search engine to read a CIA officer’s revelation on the methods used to develop information from a suspected terrorist.

 

A potential logical conclusion about the treatment of detained combatants is that coercion works and, because it works so well, it can be justified under some exceptional circumstances.

 

Reference:

(The Use of Coercion in Interrogations)

American Psychological Association. (2008). Chapter III. Ethics: Reaffirmation of

the American Psychological Association position against torture and other

cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment and its application to

individuals defined in the United States Code as “enemy combatants”

(amended 2007 position). Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/about/policy/

chapter-3.aspx

 

Tasks:

 

Create a 2- to 3-page paper addressing the following:

 

Detail what the scientific literature states with regard to the use of coercion in interrogations. Include an unbiased evaluation of the use of coercion and when it may or may not be justified.

Include examples of coercive techniques and the purported effectiveness. You will need to address the possibility of false confessions as a result of coercive techniques.

Submission Details:

(The Use of Coercion in Interrogations)

 

Assignment 2 Grading Criteria

Maximum Points

Detailed what the scientific literature states with regard to the use of coercion in interrogations and included an unbiased evaluation of the use of coercion and when it may or may not be justified.

48

Included examples of coercive techniques and the purported effectiveness and addressed the possibility of false confessions as a result of coercive techniques.

36

Wrote in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrated ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources; and displayed accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.

16

Total:

100

 
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Making A Differential Diagnosis

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Making A Differential Diagnosis

(Diagnosis Differential)

Creating a it involves systematically considering various possible conditions or diseases that could explain a patient’s symptoms. This process helps healthcare professionals narrow down the potential causes and determine the most likely diagnosis.

Prior to beginning work on this assignment, please read Chapter 1: Differential Diagnosis Step by Step in DSM-5: Handbook of Differential Diagnosis and review the same case study you used to write your Weeks One and Two discussion forums and Week Three Assignment.

For this assignment, you will create a differential diagnosis for the patient in your chosen case. This assignment continues the work you started in the Weeks One and Two discussion forums and the Week Three assignment. Be sure to follow the instructions in Chapter 1: Differential Diagnosis Step by Step when creating your differential diagnosis. Your assignment must include the following:

  • Recommend a diagnosis based on the patient’s symptoms, presenting problems, and history.
  • Assess the validity of your diagnosis using a sociocultural perspective.
  • Compare at least one evidence-based and one non-evidence-based treatment option for the diagnosis. Research a minimum of two peer-reviewed sources to support your choices.
  • Propose and provide an explanation for a minimum of two historical perspectives and two theoretical orientations that are inappropriate alternates for the conceptualizations in this case.

The Making an assignment

  • Must be three to five double-spaced pages in length (not including title and references pages) and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
  • Must include a separate title page with the following:
    • Title of paper
    • Student’s name
    • Course name and number
    • Instructor’s name
    • Date submitted
  • Must use at least two peer-reviewed sources in addition to the course text.
  • Must document all sources in APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
  • Must include a separate references page that is formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.

Carefully review the Grading Rubric for the criteria that will be used to evaluate your assignment.

 

 
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The definition of spiritual writing

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The definition of spiritual writing

(The definition of spiritual writing)

Question description

Please do a paragraph about this post with this instruction . post most have 4 or more sentences . you also have to have a high quality post from a content perspective. This means it also needs to do more than agree with or praise a class mate. If you agree with a classmate, explain why, give an example, share what you learned in the readings

The definition of spiritual care to me is identifying a patient’s spiritual needs such as their religion, if they have any religious practices and what helps them cope during times of illness or stress. Then using the data gathered to formulate nursing interventions (care plan) that consider the data collected regarding their spiritual needs during care to meet spiritually identified outcomes. This definition accords with what is in the topic reading because according to Shelly & Miller (2006), “Spiritual care means putting people in touch with God through compassionate presence, active listening, witness, prayer, Bible reading and partnering with the body of Christ which entails the church community and the clergy”. Blaber, Jones, & Willis (2015), also defined spiritual care as “that care which recognizes and responds to the needs of the human spirit when faced with trauma, ill health or sadness and can include the need for meaning, for self-worth, to express oneself, for faith support, perhaps for rites or prayer or sacrament, or simply for a sensitive listener. Spiritual care begins with encouraging human contact in compassionate relationship, and moves in whatever direction need requires”.

Spiritual care is pertinent in times of suffering or illness because it is during these challenges of life that people perceive themselves as vulnerable and believe that they have lost their self-worth or strength, and what spiritual care does is reorient them to reality and make them understand that as long as there is life, there is hope. Hope is significant because it drives an individual to persevere during whatever challenges they are going through giving them meaning and purpose in life. It entails using open-ended questions to determine patient’s belief system, affirming what the patient has verbalized about their faith, reflecting on it and summarizing it with them, and creating a therapeutic environment to give the patients that have lost all hope due to disease and sickness, hope through faith, moral values, love, trusting relationships, and self-worth. It is imperative that health care providers are knowledgeable in identifying patients’ spiritual needs in other to instill spiritual care during interventions. Patients’ spiritual need should be assessed during the gathering of comprehensive health history and should be an organized analysis of a patient’s beliefs and faith that will enable them to find optimism which brings peace in times of illness or stress.(The definition of spiritual writing)

Illness and stress augment the spiritual need and trepidations of patients because of physical and emotional suffering, therefore spiritual care is pertinent in holistic care for interventions to be efficient and effective. The challenges nurses encounter during spiritual care is a poor approach to meet patients identified spiritual care due to lack of training although it is well received if it is presented in a spirit of kindness and modesty. The spiritual history assessment tools, such as the Faith, Influence of faith in life, Community and Address (FICA) enables the nurse to identify patient’s spiritual needs and plan interventions that consider these needs. From a Christian viewpoint, making a patient understand that the Lord has not forsaken them because they are ill or in distress, praying and sharing the scripture with them that by his stripes they are healed, testifying to the goodness of the Lord and encouraging them does not only bring hope and peace to the patient but also glorifies the Almighty father.

 
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Psychiatric Nursing

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Psychiatric Nursing

(Psychiatric Nursing)

sessing and Treating Clients with With Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder is a unique disorder that causes shifts in mood and energy, which results in depression and mania for clients. Proper diagnosis of this disorder is often a challenge for two reasons: 1) clients often present as depressive or manic, but may have both; and 2) many symptoms of bipolar disorder are similar to other disorders. Misdiagnosis is common, making it essential for you to have a deep understanding of the disorder’s pathophysiology. For this Assignment, as you examine the client case study in this week’s Learning Resources, consider how you might assess and treat clients presenting with bipolar disorder.

Learning Objectives

Students will:
  • Assess client factors and history to develop personalized plans of bipolar therapy for clients
  • Analyze factors that influence pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes in clients requiring bipolar therapy
  • Evaluate efficacy of treatment plans
  • Analyze ethical and legal implications related to prescribing bipolar therapy to clients across the lifespan ..

 

The Assignment

Examine Case Study: An Asian American Woman With Bipolar Disorder. You will be asked to make three decisions concerning the medication to prescribe to this client. Be sure to consider factors that might impact the client’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes.

At each decision point stop to complete the following:

  • Decision #1
    • Which decision did you select?
    • Why did you select this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.
    • What were you hoping to achieve by making this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.
    • Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with Decision #1 and the results of the decision. Why were they different?
  • Decision #2
    • Why did you select this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.
    • What were you hoping to achieve by making this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.
    • Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with Decision #2 and the results of the decision. Why were they different?
  • Decision #3
    • Why did you select this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.
    • What were you hoping to achieve by making this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.
    • Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with Decision #3 and the results of the decision. Why were they different?
    •  you can use my sample/ edit or do a new assignment.

you can edit or use my sample with same medication therapy.

Walden University .. 6630n(Psychiatric Nursing)

2 Assessing and Treatment for Bipolar Disorder Patient Introduction Bipolar disorder is not an uncommon illness. It is a very chronic and severe mental disorder, affecting approximately 1-2% of the adult population. The signs and symptoms of bipolar disorder are different depending on the type of episode (i.e., manic or depressive). Each episode marks a critical change from the way a person usually acts and their typical mood, and can be characterized by a sudden change in the general attitude of the patient, the way the patient thinks and the behavior. 1 The changes will be sudden that it will be noticed by people around (Robert et al., 2017). This dangerous demonstrative unpredictability mood disorder can be found in all area of life, that is, from the poor to the rich, this disorder affects millions of people in all facets of life (Robert et al., 2017). Bipolar disorder can be seen mostly in the age starting at 25years or older, but it is not totally absent in the teenage age. It shows that about 2.6 percent of the population are diagnosed as bipolar. 3 (National Alliance on Mental Illness, 2017).

If not well treated ,Bipolar disorder can be critical; 1 early identification of symptoms with an appropriate treatment plan may include psychotherapy, medications, a healthy lifestyle and a regular schedule will keep the patient healthy (National Alliance on Mental Illness. (2017). 1 The NP should have a good understand of this disorder to be able to take care of this the patient because of its long-term management and how it affects the health in totality (National Alliance on Mental Illness. (2017). 1 My focus of this paper will look into an Asian American Woman with a bipolar disorder, symptoms management, diagnosing the symptom, and the complete treatment. The paper will consider the most safe and appropriate options of treatment and the outcome as the treatment, and care.(Psychiatric Nursing)

Decision Selected My patient is an Asian American woman age 39 years with 4 children and 3 ground children. The husband notices that sometimes she will be singing loud to the top of her voice and dancing not to the music she sang. In another time she will just fill like not doing anything and nothing will interest her, and she will lay on the bed for hours without going to the business she spent her years building and love so much.Patient is withdrawn and non-interactive. 4 She is diagnosed Bipolar disorder.

1 Decision # 1 Reason Selected My best treatment of choice for this disorder will be to begin Risperdal 2 mg orally twice a day. Risperdal is the best choice to treat bipolar disorder. (Lee et al., 2011). Risperdal called risperidone is in the chemical class benzisoxazole derivatives which are antipsychotic. It is an effective medication for bipolar disorder (Lee et al., 2011). The reasons of choosing Risperdal is because it is used to treat schizophrenia and the risperidone works with the brain to stabilize the brain (Lee et al., 2011). Risperidone rebalances dopamine and serotonin to improve thinking, mood, and behavior. Risperidone belongs to a class of drugs called atypical antipsychotics approved by U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) The drug is also used to treat symptoms of bipolar disorder and irritability (NAMI, 2017).(Psychiatric Nursing)

Expected Results We will need to have some subjective and objective changes. 1Patient should be able to verbalize changes within the first month of the treatment.

During the next visit with the patient after one month, she is expected to express changes in the clarity of her brain. The freedom from indistinctness or ambiguity because of the medicine will help her to balance certain natural substances in her brain.She should also notice a change in her ability to concentrate on her activities (Lee et al., 2011). No side effects.

Differences between Expected outcome and Actual outcome Patient came back after a month (4 WEEKS) and report that she experiences some improvement in the symptom including some improvement with concentration. My patient reported some drowsiness. 1 Drowsiness is one of the side effect of high dose of Risperdal. The genetic testing, reveals that she is positive for CYP2D6. Asians are more likely to have decreased CYP2D6 activity compared to Caucasians (Lee et al., 2011). I will reduce the dosage of this medication. 1 A positive outcome should be that there was a little bit of improvement in symptoms, patient able to sleep, more concentration. Patient and family report drowsiness during the day time which is one the side effect of high dose Risperdal.

Decision Point Two Reason Selected The next best option is not to discontinue Risperdal, but to lower dose to Risperdal 1 mg orally at hours of sleep (HS) since expected outcome was not achieved based on decision one. My patient and , her family reported that patient has been drowsy during the day because of Risperdal 2mg. I will continue on Risperdal because the patient confirm improvement on the symptoms and the side effect observed was a regular adverse reaction because of her descendant background (American Psychiatric Association, 2017). The reduction to Risperdal 1mg BID to Risperdal 1 mg will be closely monitor.(Psychiatric Nursing)

Expected Results Risperdal 1mg orally at bedtime is a reduced dosage from the 2mg which is expected to eliminate the drowsiness and toxicity in the patient Stahl, (2013).The patient is expected to continue to have decrease in the bipolar symptom. The effect of the medication should be observable and notice by the family member as a testimony (American Psychiatric Association, 2017).

Differences between Expected outcome and Actual outcome During the patient four weeks follow up examination shows that the bipolar disorder symptom dissipated to noticeable level. This indicate a therapeutic effect of Risperdal 1mg at night brought about the therapeutic effect on the patient and patient is tolerating and adjusting to the medication in a positive way (Dean, 2017). The patient did not experience the drowsiness and there was no toxicity, therefore the expected result and the actual result were the same. Risperdal therapy will continue with this medication and the dosage, and a close monitoring will still be needed until the next four weeks appointment (Dean, 2017).

Decision Point Three Decision Selected Risperdal 1mg orally at HS will be continued Reason for Selection The decision to continue with the medication was because the desire result, and the actual result are in pari-passu. To change the current medication or tamper with the dosage may offset the patient and thereby destabilize the rate of her healing (Dean, 2017). The patient is still under assessment and close monitoring continue until the next appointment date.(Psychiatric Nursing)

Expected Results It is expected that the patient will increase in good mental stability and continue to maintain reduction in bipolar disorder symptom with the dosage of Risperdal 1mg at night (Robert et al., 2017). The patient is anticipated to having good sleep at night and well improve in her interaction with relatives and friends, with ability to concentrate on matters that concern her and carrier (Robert et al., 2017).

Differences between Expected outcome and Actual outcome The therapeutic decision is working in this patient in accordance to the expectation. The treatment agrees with the standard way of treatment of an Asian descendant, the starting procedural treatment for bipolar disorder to the maintaining of such patient that are been positive for CYP2D6.The side effect of drowsiness in the day and toxicity is agreement with Asian descent (Robert et al., 2017). The patient will have to be place on the same medication till the next visit for examination. The actual result is that the medication is achieving the therapeutic effect that is needed by the patient (Dean, 2017).

Ethical Considerations for Treatment plan Ethics demand that a patient should agree to treatment before it could be administering unto the patient. The law concerning patient’s preferences for treatment are overlook when the patient is in jeopardy of life threatening or severe psychiatric illness. Psychiatric advance directives are employing to make decision on the patient (Srivastava, 2011). When a practitioner treating a patient with bipolar is confronted with ethical conflicts of helping the patient to attain best result or their autonomy. The autonomy will be the choice of the practitioner (Srivastava, 2011). The law clearly stipulate that practitioners should always carefully consider what moral weight should be given to the values of doing well and avoiding harm (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2017).(Psychiatric Nursing)

2 Conclusion Psychiatric nurses should assess the function of the client not only during admission even during remission period and plan for rehabilitation services since functioning is a complex and demanding task. However, it is very important to bring back the client to his fullest possible level to normal life by planning effective psychoeducation about illness, communication training and teaching problem solving skills to client and family. 1 Many drugs are available for the treatment of bipolar disorder, but the professional will have to carefully select a medication that will be the best treatment for the patient. It is worth knowing that genetics influences the absorption of drugs, metabolism, excretion, and distribution. In the case study the Asian woman with positive CYP2D6 will exhibit a certain side effect which will not be in a patient with negative CYP2D6 (Dean, 2017). Therefore, the dosage and frequent of dispensing of drugs be based on the genetic testing (National Alliance on Mental Illness, 2017). The treatment of bipolar disorders in Asian descent must be handled carefully and in accordance with the Food and Drug Administration set guidelines (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2017). In conclusion the safety of the patient and the life of family and friends should be the paramount concern of the practitioners.(Psychiatric Nursing)

References American Psychiatric Association. (2017). 1 Treatment of Patients with Bipolar Disorder.

Retrieved from: 1http://psychiatryonline.org/pb/assets/raw/sitewide/practice_guidelines/guidelines/bipolar.pdf Dean, L. (2017). 1 Risperidone Therapy and CYP2D6 Genotype. Retrieved from:

1 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK425795/ Lee, S. Y., Martins, S. S., Keyes, K. M., & Lee, H. B. (2011). 1 Mental Health Service Use by Persons of Asian Ancestry With DSM-IV Mental Disorders in the United States. Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.), 62(10), 1180–1186.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3698479/ Nami National Alliance on Mental Illness. (2017). 1 What Is Risperdal and What Does It Treat?

Retrieved from: 1 https://www.nami.org/learn-more/treatment/mental-health-medications/risperidone (Risperdal).

Robert, M., Keck, P., & David Solomon, D. (2017). 1 Bipolar disorder in adults:Choosing maintenance treatment. Retrieved from: 1https://www.uptodate.org/contents/bipolar-isorder-in-adults-choosing-maintenance-treatment Srivastava, S. (2011). Ethics Commentary: Bipolar Disorder: 1 Ethical Considerations in the Treatment of Bipolar Disorder. Retrieved from:

1 https://focus.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/foc.9.4.foc461?journalCode=foc Stahl, S. M. (2013). 1 Stahl’s essential psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific basis and practical applications (4th ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

U.S. 1 Food and Drug Administration. (2017). 1 The Facts on Bipolar Disorder and FDA- Approved Treatments. Retrieved from: 1https://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm530107.htm

 
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