Case Study 3: Carlson Companies Assignment Help

Case Study 3: Carlson Companies Assignment Help

Case Study 3: Carlson Companies 

Read the case study titled “Carlson Companies” found at the end of Chapter 10.

Write a three to four (3-4) page paper in which you:

· Assess how the Carlson SAN approach would be implemented in today’s environment.

· Compare the pros and cons of consolidating data on a SAN central data facility versus the dispersed arrangement it replaces.

· Evaluate the issues raised from the Carlson SAN mixing equipment from a number of vendors and determine the management options for dealing with this type of situation.

· Justify the reduction of administration and management of storage networking through Carlson’s IP SAN.

· Assess how cloud computing could be used by Carlson instead of a SAN. Create a diagram using Visio or its open source alternative software to illustrate the use of cloud computing. Note: The graphically depicted solution is not included in the required page length.

· Use at least three (3) quality resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and similar Websites do not qualify as quality resources.

Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:

· Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; references must follow APA or school-specific format.

The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:

· Compare and contrast among local area and wide area network technologies and architectures.

· Use technology and information resources to research issues in communication networks.

· Write clearly and concisely about communication networks using proper writing mechanics and technical style conventions.

 
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Data Analysis Quiz

QUESTION 2

  1. The key factors that will impact your critical thinking and shape your ambitions (Select all that apply) :1.Deliverables2.Resources3.Consumption

    4.Constraints5.People6.Context

1 points  

QUESTION 3

  1. __________: The visualizer here is attempting to assist with the viewers’ process of understanding as much as possible.1.Exhibitory

    2.Explanatory3.Exponentiation4.Exploratory

1 points  

QUESTION 4

  1. What circumstances sub category falls under Resources?  (Select all that apply)1.audience2.skills3.technology

    4.quantity

1 points  

QUESTION 5

  1. Some activities to help harness ideas:  (Select all that apply)1.Research and inspiration2.Sketching3.Keywords

    4.Mental visualization

1 points  

QUESTION 6

  1. Scenarios where the characteristics differ sufficiently to offer different contextual challenges (Select all that apply) :1.stakeholder intrigue2.curiosity intrigue

    3.potential intrigue

    4.anticipated intrigue5.personal intrigue6.audience intrigue

1 points  

QUESTION 7

  1. What circumstances sub category falls under People?  (Select all that apply)1.rules2.pressures

    3.stakeholders4.audience

1 points  

QUESTION 8

  1. What circumstances sub category falls under Constraints?  (Select all that apply)1.rules2.pressures3.format4.technology

1 points  

QUESTION 9

  1. What circumstances sub category falls under Consumption?  (Select all that apply)1.setting2.stakeholders

    3.frequency4.skills

1 points  

QUESTION 10

  1. What circumstances sub category falls under Deliverables?  (Select all that apply)1.format2.quantity3.setting4.frequency

Data Analysis Quiz

 

 
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Python Assignment

Python Assignment

pset5/feedparser.py

“””Universal feed parser Handles RSS 0.9x, RSS 1.0, RSS 2.0, CDF, Atom 0.3, and Atom 1.0 feeds Visit https://code.google.com/p/feedparser/ for the latest version Visit http://packages.python.org/feedparser/ for the latest documentation Required: Python 2.4 or later Recommended: iconv_codec <http://cjkpython.i18n.org/> “”” __version__ = “5.2.1” __license__ = “”” Copyright 2010-2015 Kurt McKee <contactme@kurtmckee.org> Copyright 2002-2008 Mark Pilgrim All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS ‘AS IS’ AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.””” __author__ = “Mark Pilgrim <http://diveintomark.org/>” __contributors__ = [“Jason Diamond <http://injektilo.org/>”, “John Beimler <http://john.beimler.org/>”, “Fazal Majid <http://www.majid.info/mylos/weblog/>”, “Aaron Swartz <http://aaronsw.com/>”, “Kevin Marks <http://epeus.blogspot.com/>”, “Sam Ruby <http://intertwingly.net/>”, “Ade Oshineye <http://blog.oshineye.com/>”, “Martin Pool <http://sourcefrog.net/>”, “Kurt McKee <http://kurtmckee.org/>”, “Bernd Schlapsi <https://github.com/brot>”,] # HTTP “User-Agent” header to send to servers when downloading feeds. # If you are embedding feedparser in a larger application, you should # change this to your application name and URL. USER_AGENT = “UniversalFeedParser/%s +https://code.google.com/p/feedparser/” % __version__ # HTTP “Accept” header to send to servers when downloading feeds. If you don’t # want to send an Accept header, set this to None. ACCEPT_HEADER = “application/atom+xml,application/rdf+xml,application/rss+xml,application/x-netcdf,application/xml;q=0.9,text/xml;q=0.2,*/*;q=0.1” # List of preferred XML parsers, by SAX driver name. These will be tried first, # but if they’re not installed, Python will keep searching through its own list # of pre-installed parsers until it finds one that supports everything we need. PREFERRED_XML_PARSERS = [“drv_libxml2″] # If you want feedparser to automatically resolve all relative URIs, set this # to 1. RESOLVE_RELATIVE_URIS = 1 # If you want feedparser to automatically sanitize all potentially unsafe # HTML content, set this to 1. SANITIZE_HTML = 1 # ———- Python 3 modules (make it work if possible) ———- try: import rfc822 except ImportError: from email import _parseaddr as rfc822 try: # Python 3.1 introduces bytes.maketrans and simultaneously # deprecates string.maketrans; use bytes.maketrans if possible _maketrans = bytes.maketrans except (NameError, AttributeError): import string _maketrans = string.maketrans # base64 support for Atom feeds that contain embedded binary data try: import base64, binascii except ImportError: base64 = binascii = None else: # Python 3.1 deprecates decodestring in favor of decodebytes _base64decode = getattr(base64, ‘decodebytes’, base64.decodestring) # _s2bytes: convert a UTF-8 str to bytes if the interpreter is Python 3 # _l2bytes: convert a list of ints to bytes if the interpreter is Python 3 try: if bytes is str: # In Python 2.5 and below, bytes doesn’t exist (NameError) # In Python 2.6 and above, bytes and str are the same type raise NameError except NameError: # Python 2 def _s2bytes(s): return s def _l2bytes(l): return ”.join(map(chr, l)) else: # Python 3 def _s2bytes(s): return bytes(s, ‘utf8’) def _l2bytes(l): return bytes(l) # If you want feedparser to allow all URL schemes, set this to () # List culled from Python’s urlparse documentation at: # http://docs.python.org/library/urlparse.html # as well as from “URI scheme” at Wikipedia: # https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/URI_scheme # Many more will likely need to be added! ACCEPTABLE_URI_SCHEMES = ( ‘file’, ‘ftp’, ‘gopher’, ‘h323’, ‘hdl’, ‘http’, ‘https’, ‘imap’, ‘magnet’, ‘mailto’, ‘mms’, ‘news’, ‘nntp’, ‘prospero’, ‘rsync’, ‘rtsp’, ‘rtspu’, ‘sftp’, ‘shttp’, ‘sip’, ‘sips’, ‘snews’, ‘svn’, ‘svn+ssh’, ‘telnet’, ‘wais’, # Additional common-but-unofficial schemes ‘aim’, ‘callto’, ‘cvs’, ‘facetime’, ‘feed’, ‘git’, ‘gtalk’, ‘irc’, ‘ircs’, ‘irc6’, ‘itms’, ‘mms’, ‘msnim’, ‘skype’, ‘ssh’, ‘smb’, ‘svn’, ‘ymsg’, ) #ACCEPTABLE_URI_SCHEMES = () # ———- required modules (should come with any Python distribution) ———- import cgi import codecs import copy import datetime import itertools import re import struct import time import types import urllib.request, urllib.parse, urllib.error import urllib.request, urllib.error, urllib.parse import urllib.parse import warnings from html.entities import name2codepoint, codepoint2name, entitydefs import collections try: from io import BytesIO as _StringIO except ImportError: try: from io import StringIO as _StringIO except ImportError: from io import StringIO as _StringIO # ———- optional modules (feedparser will work without these, but with reduced functionality) ———- # gzip is included with most Python distributions, but may not be available if you compiled your own try: import gzip except ImportError: gzip = None try: import zlib except ImportError: zlib = None # If a real XML parser is available, feedparser will attempt to use it. feedparser has # been tested with the built-in SAX parser and libxml2. On platforms where the # Python distribution does not come with an XML parser (such as Mac OS X 10.2 and some # versions of FreeBSD), feedparser will quietly fall back on regex-based parsing. try: import xml.sax from xml.sax.saxutils import escape as _xmlescape except ImportError: _XML_AVAILABLE = 0 def _xmlescape(data,entities={}): data = data.replace(‘&’, ‘&amp;’) data = data.replace(‘>’, ‘&gt;’) data = data.replace(‘<‘, ‘&lt;’) for char, entity in entities: data = data.replace(char, entity) return data else: try: xml.sax.make_parser(PREFERRED_XML_PARSERS) # test for valid parsers except xml.sax.SAXReaderNotAvailable: _XML_AVAILABLE = 0 else: _XML_AVAILABLE = 1 # sgmllib is not available by default in Python 3; if the end user doesn’t have # it available then we’ll lose illformed XML parsing and content santizing try: import sgmllib except ImportError: # This is probably Python 3, which doesn’t include sgmllib anymore _SGML_AVAILABLE = 0 # Mock sgmllib enough to allow subclassing later on class sgmllib(object): class SGMLParser(object): def goahead(self, i): pass def parse_starttag(self, i): pass else: _SGML_AVAILABLE = 1 # sgmllib defines a number of module-level regular expressions that are # insufficient for the XML parsing feedparser needs. Rather than modify # the variables directly in sgmllib, they’re defined here using the same # names, and the compiled code objects of several sgmllib.SGMLParser # methods are copied into _BaseHTMLProcessor so that they execute in # feedparser’s scope instead of sgmllib’s scope. charref = re.compile(‘&#(\d+|[xX][0-9a-fA-F]+);’) tagfind = re.compile(‘[a-zA-Z][-_.:a-zA-Z0-9]*’) attrfind = re.compile( r’\s*([a-zA-Z_][-:.a-zA-Z_0-9]*)[$]?(\s*=\s*’ r'(\'[^\’]*\’|”[^”]*”|[][\-a-zA-Z0-9./,:;+*%?!&$\(\)_#=~\'”@]*))?’ ) # Unfortunately, these must be copied over to prevent NameError exceptions entityref = sgmllib.entityref incomplete = sgmllib.incomplete interesting = sgmllib.interesting shorttag = sgmllib.shorttag shorttagopen = sgmllib.shorttagopen starttagopen = sgmllib.starttagopen class _EndBracketRegEx: def __init__(self): # Overriding the built-in sgmllib.endbracket regex allows the # parser to find angle brackets embedded in element attributes. self.endbracket = re.compile(”'([^'”<>]|”[^”]*”(?=>|/|\s|\w+=)|'[^’]*'(?=>|/|\s|\w+=))*(?=[<>])|.*?(?=[<>])”’) def search(self, target, index=0): match = self.endbracket.match(target, index) if match is not None: # Returning a new object in the calling thread’s context # resolves a thread-safety. return EndBracketMatch(match) return None class EndBracketMatch: def __init__(self, match): self.match = match def start(self, n): return self.match.end(n) endbracket = _EndBracketRegEx() # iconv_codec provides support for more character encodings. # It’s available from http://cjkpython.i18n.org/ try: import iconv_codec except ImportError: pass # chardet library auto-detects character encodings # Download from http://chardet.feedparser.org/ try: import chardet except ImportError: chardet = None # ———- don’t touch these ———- class ThingsNobodyCaresAboutButMe(Exception): pass class CharacterEncodingOverride(ThingsNobodyCaresAboutButMe): pass class CharacterEncodingUnknown(ThingsNobodyCaresAboutButMe): pass class NonXMLContentType(ThingsNobodyCaresAboutButMe): pass class UndeclaredNamespace(Exception): pass SUPPORTED_VERSIONS = {”: ‘unknown’, ‘rss090’: ‘RSS 0.90’, ‘rss091n’: ‘RSS 0.91 (Netscape)’, ‘rss091u’: ‘RSS 0.91 (Userland)’, ‘rss092’: ‘RSS 0.92’, ‘rss093’: ‘RSS 0.93’, ‘rss094’: ‘RSS 0.94’, ‘rss20’: ‘RSS 2.0’, ‘rss10’: ‘RSS 1.0’, ‘rss’: ‘RSS (unknown version)’, ‘atom01’: ‘Atom 0.1’, ‘atom02’: ‘Atom 0.2’, ‘atom03’: ‘Atom 0.3’, ‘atom10’: ‘Atom 1.0’, ‘atom’: ‘Atom (unknown version)’, ‘cdf’: ‘CDF’, } class FeedParserDict(dict): keymap = {‘channel’: ‘feed’, ‘items’: ‘entries’, ‘guid’: ‘id’, ‘date’: ‘updated’, ‘date_parsed’: ‘updated_parsed’, ‘description’: [‘summary’, ‘subtitle’], ‘description_detail’: [‘summary_detail’, ‘subtitle_detail’], ‘url’: [‘href’], ‘modified’: ‘updated’, ‘modified_parsed’: ‘updated_parsed’, ‘issued’: ‘published’, ‘issued_parsed’: ‘published_parsed’, ‘copyright’: ‘rights’, ‘copyright_detail’: ‘rights_detail’, ‘tagline’: ‘subtitle’, ‘tagline_detail’: ‘subtitle_detail’} def __getitem__(self, key): ”’ :return: A :class:`FeedParserDict`. ”’ if key == ‘category’: try: return dict.__getitem__(self, ‘tags’)[0][‘term’] except IndexError: raise KeyError(“object doesn’t have key ‘category'”) elif key == ‘enclosures’: norel = lambda link: FeedParserDict([(name,value) for (name,value) in list(link.items()) if name!=’rel’]) return [norel(link) for link in dict.__getitem__(self, ‘links’) if link[‘rel’]==’enclosure’] elif key == ‘license’: for link in dict.__getitem__(self, ‘links’): if link[‘rel’]==’license’ and ‘href’ in link: return link[‘href’] elif key == ‘updated’: # Temporarily help developers out by keeping the old # broken behavior that was reported in issue 310. # This fix was proposed in issue 328. if not dict.__contains__(self, ‘updated’) and \ dict.__contains__(self, ‘published’): warnings.warn(“To avoid breaking existing software while ” “fixing issue 310, a temporary mapping has been created ” “from `updated` to `published` if `updated` doesn’t ” “exist. This fallback will be removed in a future version ” “of feedparser.”, DeprecationWarning) return dict.__getitem__(self, ‘published’) return dict.__getitem__(self, ‘updated’) elif key == ‘updated_parsed’: if not dict.__contains__(self, ‘updated_parsed’) and \ dict.__contains__(self, ‘published_parsed’): warnings.warn(“To avoid breaking existing software while ” “fixing issue 310, a temporary mapping has been created ” “from `updated_parsed` to `published_parsed` if ” “`updated_parsed` doesn’t exist. This fallback will be ” “removed in a future version of feedparser.”, DeprecationWarning) return dict.__getitem__(self, ‘published_parsed’) return dict.__getitem__(self, ‘updated_parsed’) else: realkey = self.keymap.get(key, key) if isinstance(realkey, list): for k in realkey: if dict.__contains__(self, k): return dict.__getitem__(self, k) elif dict.__contains__(self, realkey): return dict.__getitem__(self, realkey) return dict.__getitem__(self, key) def __contains__(self, key): if key in (‘updated’, ‘updated_parsed’): # Temporarily help developers out by keeping the old # broken behavior that was reported in issue 310. # This fix was proposed in issue 328. return dict.__contains__(self, key) try: self.__getitem__(key) except KeyError: return False else: return True has_key = __contains__ def get(self, key, default=None): ”’ :return: A :class:`FeedParserDict`. ”’ try: return self.__getitem__(key) except KeyError: return default def __setitem__(self, key, value): key = self.keymap.get(key, key) if isinstance(key, list): key = key[0] return dict.__setitem__(self, key, value) def setdefault(self, key, value): if key not in self: self[key] = value return value return self[key] def __getattr__(self, key): # __getattribute__() is called first; this will be called # only if an attribute was not already found try: return self.__getitem__(key) except KeyError: raise AttributeError(“object has no attribute ‘%s'” % key) def __hash__(self): return id(self) _cp1252 = { 128: chr(8364), # euro sign 130: chr(8218), # single low-9 quotation mark 131: chr( 402), # latin small letter f with hook 132: chr(8222), # double low-9 quotation mark 133: chr(8230), # horizontal ellipsis 134: chr(8224), # dagger 135: chr(8225), # double dagger 136: chr( 710), # modifier letter circumflex accent 137: chr(8240), # per mille sign 138: chr( 352), # latin capital letter s with caron 139: chr(8249), # single left-pointing angle quotation mark 140: chr( 338), # latin capital ligature oe 142: chr( 381), # latin capital letter z with caron 145: chr(8216), # left single quotation mark 146: chr(8217), # right single quotation mark 147: chr(8220), # left double quotation mark 148: chr(8221), # right double quotation mark 149: chr(8226), # bullet 150: chr(8211), # en dash 151: chr(8212), # em dash 152: chr( 732), # small tilde 153: chr(8482), # trade mark sign 154: chr( 353), # latin small letter s with caron 155: chr(8250), # single right-pointing angle quotation mark 156: chr( 339), # latin small ligature oe 158: chr( 382), # latin small letter z with caron 159: chr( 376), # latin capital letter y with diaeresis } _urifixer = re.compile(‘^([A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9+-.]*://)(/*)(.*?)’) def _urljoin(base, uri): uri = _urifixer.sub(r’\1\3′, uri) if not isinstance(uri, str): uri = uri.decode(‘utf-8’, ‘ignore’) try: uri = urllib.parse.urljoin(base, uri) except ValueError: uri = ” if not isinstance(uri, str): return uri.decode(‘utf-8’, ‘ignore’) return uri class _FeedParserMixin: namespaces = { ”: ”, ‘http://backend.userland.com/rss’: ”, ‘http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss’: ”, ‘http://purl.org/rss/1.0/’: ”, ‘http://my.netscape.com/rdf/simple/0.9/’: ”, ‘http://example.com/newformat#’: ”, ‘http://example.com/necho’: ”, ‘http://purl.org/echo/’: ”, ‘uri/of/echo/namespace#’: ”, ‘http://purl.org/pie/’: ”, ‘http://purl.org/atom/ns#’: ”, ‘http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom’: ”, ‘http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/rss091#’: ”, ‘http://webns.net/mvcb/’: ‘admin’, ‘http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/aggregation/’: ‘ag’, ‘http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/annotate/’: ‘annotate’, ‘http://media.tangent.org/rss/1.0/’: ‘audio’, ‘http://backend.userland.com/blogChannelModule’: ‘blogChannel’, ‘http://web.resource.org/cc/’: ‘cc’, ‘http://backend.userland.com/creativeCommonsRssModule’: ‘creativeCommons’, ‘http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/company’: ‘co’, ‘http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/’: ‘content’, ‘http://my.theinfo.org/changed/1.0/rss/’: ‘cp’, ‘http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/’: ‘dc’, ‘http://purl.org/dc/terms/’: ‘dcterms’, ‘http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/email/’: ’email’, ‘http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/event/’: ‘ev’, ‘http://rssnamespace.org/feedburner/ext/1.0’: ‘feedburner’, ‘http://freshmeat.net/rss/fm/’: ‘fm’, ‘http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/’: ‘foaf’, ‘http://www.w3.org/2003/01/geo/wgs84_pos#’: ‘geo’, ‘http://www.georss.org/georss’: ‘georss’, ‘http://www.opengis.net/gml’: ‘gml’, ‘http://postneo.com/icbm/’: ‘icbm’, ‘http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/image/’: ‘image’, ‘http://www.itunes.com/DTDs/PodCast-1.0.dtd’: ‘itunes’, ‘http://example.com/DTDs/PodCast-1.0.dtd’: ‘itunes’, ‘http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/link/’: ‘l’, ‘http://search.yahoo.com/mrss’: ‘media’, # Version 1.1.2 of the Media RSS spec added the trailing slash on the namespace ‘http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/’: ‘media’, ‘http://madskills.com/public/xml/rss/module/pingback/’: ‘pingback’, ‘http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/’: ‘prism’, ‘http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#’: ‘rdf’, ‘http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#’: ‘rdfs’, ‘http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/reference/’: ‘ref’, ‘http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/richequiv/’: ‘reqv’, ‘http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/search/’: ‘search’, ‘http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/slash/’: ‘slash’, ‘http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/’: ‘soap’, ‘http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/servicestatus/’: ‘ss’, ‘http://hacks.benhammersley.com/rss/streaming/’: ‘str’, ‘http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/subscription/’: ‘sub’, ‘http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/syndication/’: ‘sy’, ‘http://schemas.pocketsoap.com/rss/myDescModule/’: ‘szf’, ‘http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/taxonomy/’: ‘taxo’, ‘http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/threading/’: ‘thr’, ‘http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/textinput/’: ‘ti’, ‘http://madskills.com/public/xml/rss/module/trackback/’: ‘trackback’, ‘http://wellformedweb.org/commentAPI/’: ‘wfw’, ‘http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/wiki/’: ‘wiki’, ‘http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml’: ‘xhtml’, ‘http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink’: ‘xlink’, ‘http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace’: ‘xml’, ‘http://podlove.org/simple-chapters’: ‘psc’, } _matchnamespaces = {} can_be_relative_uri = set([‘link’, ‘id’, ‘wfw_comment’, ‘wfw_commentrss’, ‘docs’, ‘url’, ‘href’, ‘comments’, ‘icon’, ‘logo’]) can_contain_relative_uris = set([‘content’, ‘title’, ‘summary’, ‘info’, ‘tagline’, ‘subtitle’, ‘copyright’, ‘rights’, ‘description’]) can_contain_dangerous_markup = set([‘content’, ‘title’, ‘summary’, ‘info’, ‘tagline’, ‘subtitle’, ‘copyright’, ‘rights’, ‘description’]) html_types = [‘text/html’, ‘application/xhtml+xml’] def __init__(self, baseuri=None, baselang=None, encoding=’utf-8′): if not self._matchnamespaces: for k, v in list(self.namespaces.items()): self._matchnamespaces[k.lower()] = v self.feeddata = FeedParserDict() # feed-level data self.encoding = encoding # character encoding self.entries = [] # list of entry-level data self.version = ” # feed type/version, see SUPPORTED_VERSIONS self.namespacesInUse = {} # dictionary of namespaces defined by the feed # the following are used internally to track state; # this is really out of control and should be refactored self.infeed = 0 self.inentry = 0 self.incontent = 0 self.intextinput = 0 self.inimage = 0 self.inauthor = 0 self.incontributor = 0 self.inpublisher = 0 self.insource = 0 # georss self.ingeometry = 0 self.sourcedata = FeedParserDict() self.contentparams = FeedParserDict() self._summaryKey = None self.namespacemap = {} self.elementstack = [] self.basestack = [] self.langstack = [] self.baseuri = baseuri or ” self.lang = baselang or None self.svgOK = 0 self.title_depth = -1 self.depth = 0 # psc_chapters_flag prevents multiple psc_chapters from being # captured in a single entry or item. The transition states are # None -> True -> False. psc_chapter elements will only be # captured while it is True. self.psc_chapters_flag = None if baselang: self.feeddata[‘language’] = baselang.replace(‘_’,’-‘) # A map of the following form: # { # object_that_value_is_set_on: { # property_name: depth_of_node_property_was_extracted_from, # other_property: depth_of_node_property_was_extracted_from, # }, # } self.property_depth_map = {} def _normalize_attributes(self, kv): k = kv[0].lower() v = k in (‘rel’, ‘type’) and kv[1].lower() or kv[1] # the sgml parser doesn’t handle entities in attributes, nor # does it pass the attribute values through as unicode, while # strict xml parsers do — account for this difference if isinstance(self, _LooseFeedParser): v = v.replace(‘&amp;’, ‘&’) if not isinstance(v, str): v = v.decode(‘utf-8’) return (k, v) def unknown_starttag(self, tag, attrs): # increment depth counter self.depth += 1 # normalize attrs attrs = list(map(self._normalize_attributes, attrs)) # track xml:base and xml:lang attrsD = dict(attrs) baseuri = attrsD.get(‘xml:base’, attrsD.get(‘base’)) or self.baseuri if not isinstance(baseuri, str): baseuri = baseuri.decode(self.encoding, ‘ignore’) # ensure that self.baseuri is always an absolute URI that # uses a whitelisted URI scheme (e.g. not `javscript:`) if self.baseuri: self.baseuri = _makeSafeAbsoluteURI(self.baseuri, baseuri) or self.baseuri else: self.baseuri = _urljoin(self.baseuri, baseuri) lang = attrsD.get(‘xml:lang’, attrsD.get(‘lang’)) if lang == ”: # xml:lang could be explicitly set to ”, we need to capture that lang = None elif lang is None: # if no xml:lang is specified, use parent lang lang = self.lang if lang: if tag in (‘feed’, ‘rss’, ‘rdf:RDF’): self.feeddata[‘language’] = lang.replace(‘_’,’-‘) self.lang = lang self.basestack.append(self.baseuri) self.langstack.append(lang) # track namespaces for prefix, uri in attrs: if prefix.startswith(‘xmlns:’): self.trackNamespace(prefix[6:], uri) elif prefix == ‘xmlns’: self.trackNamespace(None, uri) # track inline content if self.incontent and not self.contentparams.get(‘type’, ‘xml’).endswith(‘xml’): if tag in (‘xhtml:div’, ‘div’): return # typepad does this 10/2007 # element declared itself as escaped markup, but it isn’t really self.contentparams[‘type’] = ‘application/xhtml+xml’ if self.incontent and self.contentparams.get(‘type’) == ‘application/xhtml+xml’: if tag.find(‘:’) != -1: prefix, tag = tag.split(‘:’, 1) namespace = self.namespacesInUse.get(prefix, ”) if tag==’math’ and namespace==’http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML’: attrs.append((‘xmlns’,namespace)) if tag==’svg’ and namespace==’http://www.w3.org/2000/svg’: attrs.append((‘xmlns’,namespace)) if tag == ‘svg’: self.svgOK += 1 return self.handle_data(‘<%s%s>’ % (tag, self.strattrs(attrs)), escape=0) # match namespaces if tag.find(‘:’) != -1: prefix, suffix = tag.split(‘:’, 1) else: prefix, suffix = ”, tag prefix = self.namespacemap.get(prefix, prefix) if prefix: prefix = prefix + ‘_’ # special hack for better tracking of empty textinput/image elements in illformed feeds if (not prefix) and tag not in (‘title’, ‘link’, ‘description’, ‘name’): self.intextinput = 0 if (not prefix) and tag not in (‘title’, ‘link’, ‘description’, ‘url’, ‘href’, ‘width’, ‘height’): self.inimage = 0 # call special handler (if defined) or default handler methodname = ‘_start_’ + prefix + suffix try: method = getattr(self, methodname) return method(attrsD) except AttributeError: # Since there’s no handler or something has gone wrong we explicitly add the element and its attributes unknown_tag = prefix + suffix if len(attrsD) == 0: # No attributes so merge it into the encosing dictionary return self.push(unknown_tag, 1) else: # Has attributes so create it in its own dictionary context = self._getContext() context[unknown_tag] = attrsD def unknown_endtag(self, tag): # match namespaces if tag.find(‘:’) != -1: prefix, suffix = tag.split(‘:’, 1) else: prefix, suffix = ”, tag prefix = self.namespacemap.get(prefix, prefix) if prefix: prefix = prefix + ‘_’ if suffix == ‘svg’ and self.svgOK: self.svgOK -= 1 # call special handler (if defined) or default handler methodname = ‘_end_’ + prefix + suffix try: if self.svgOK: raise AttributeError() method = getattr(self, methodname) method() except AttributeError: self.pop(prefix + suffix) # track inline content if self.incontent and not self.contentparams.get(‘type’, ‘xml’).endswith(‘xml’): # element declared itself as escaped markup, but it isn’t really if tag in (‘xhtml:div’, ‘div’): return # typepad does this 10/2007 self.contentparams[‘type’] = ‘application/xhtml+xml’ if self.incontent and self.contentparams.get(‘type’) == ‘application/xhtml+xml’: tag = tag.split(‘:’)[-1] self.handle_data(‘</%s>’ % tag, escape=0) # track xml:base and xml:lang going out of scope if self.basestack: self.basestack.pop() if self.basestack and self.basestack[-1]: self.baseuri = self.basestack[-1] if self.langstack: self.langstack.pop() if self.langstack: # and (self.langstack[-1] is not None): self.lang = self.langstack[-1] self.depth -= 1 def handle_charref(self, ref): # called for each character reference, e.g. for ‘ ’, ref will be ‘160’ if not self.elementstack: return ref = ref.lower() if ref in (’34’, ’38’, ’39’, ’60’, ’62’, ‘x22’, ‘x26’, ‘x27’, ‘x3c’, ‘x3e’): text = ‘&#%s;’ % ref else: if ref[0] == ‘x’: c = int(ref[1:], 16) else: c = int(ref) text = chr(c).encode(‘utf-8’) self.elementstack[-1][2].append(text) def handle_entityref(self, ref): # called for each entity reference, e.g. for ‘&copy;’, ref will be ‘copy’ if not self.elementstack: return if ref in (‘lt’, ‘gt’, ‘quot’, ‘amp’, ‘apos’): text = ‘&%s;’ % ref elif ref in self.entities: text = self.entities[ref] if text.startswith(‘&#’) and text.endswith(‘;’): return self.handle_entityref(text) else: try: name2codepoint[ref] except KeyError: text = ‘&%s;’ % ref else: text = chr(name2codepoint[ref]).encode(‘utf-8’) self.elementstack[-1][2].append(text) def handle_data(self, text, escape=1): # called for each block of plain text, i.e. outside of any tag and # not containing any character or entity references if not self.elementstack: return if escape and self.contentparams.get(‘type’) == ‘application/xhtml+xml’: text = _xmlescape(text) self.elementstack[-1][2].append(text) def handle_comment(self, text): # called for each comment, e.g. <!– insert message here –> pass def handle_pi(self, text): # called for each processing instruction, e.g. <?instruction> pass def handle_decl(self, text): pass def parse_declaration(self, i): # override internal declaration handler to handle CDATA blocks if self.rawdata[i:i+9] == ‘<![CDATA[‘: k = self.rawdata.find(‘]]>’, i) if k == -1: # CDATA block began but didn’t finish k = len(self.rawdata) return k self.handle_data(_xmlescape(self.rawdata[i+9:k]), 0) return k+3 else: k = self.rawdata.find(‘>’, i) if k >= 0: return k+1 else: # We have an incomplete CDATA block. return k def mapContentType(self, contentType): contentType = contentType.lower() if contentType == ‘text’ or contentType == ‘plain’: contentType = ‘text/plain’ elif contentType == ‘html’: contentType = ‘text/html’ elif contentType == ‘xhtml’: contentType = ‘application/xhtml+xml’ return contentType def trackNamespace(self, prefix, uri): loweruri = uri.lower() if not self.version: if (prefix, loweruri) == (None, ‘http://my.netscape.com/rdf/simple/0.9/’): self.version = ‘rss090’ elif loweruri == ‘http://purl.org/rss/1.0/’: self.version = ‘rss10’ elif loweruri == ‘http://www.w3.org/2005/atom’: self.version = ‘atom10’ if loweruri.find(‘backend.userland.com/rss’) != -1: # match any backend.userland.com namespace uri = ‘http://backend.userland.com/rss’ loweruri = uri if loweruri in self._matchnamespaces: self.namespacemap[prefix] = self._matchnamespaces[loweruri] self.namespacesInUse[self._matchnamespaces[loweruri]] = uri else: self.namespacesInUse[prefix or ”] = uri def resolveURI(self, uri): return _urljoin(self.baseuri or ”, uri) def decodeEntities(self, element, data): return data def strattrs(self, attrs): return ”.join([‘ %s=”%s”‘ % (t[0],_xmlescape(t[1],{‘”‘:’&quot;’})) for t in attrs]) def push(self, element, expectingText): self.elementstack.append([element, expectingText, []]) def pop(self, element, stripWhitespace=1): if not self.elementstack: return if self.elementstack[-1][0] != element: return element, expectingText, pieces = self.elementstack.pop() if self.version == ‘atom10’ and self.contentparams.get(‘type’, ‘text’) == ‘application/xhtml+xml’: # remove enclosing child element, but only if it is a <div> and # only if all the remaining content is nested underneath it. # This means that the divs would be retained in the following: # <div>foo</div><div>bar</div> while pieces and len(pieces)>1 and not pieces[-1].strip(): del pieces[-1] while pieces and len(pieces)>1 and not pieces[0].strip(): del pieces[0] if pieces and (pieces[0] == ‘<div>’ or pieces[0].startswith(‘<div ‘)) and pieces[-1]=='</div>’: depth = 0 for piece in pieces[:-1]: if piece.startswith(‘</’): depth -= 1 if depth == 0: break elif piece.startswith(‘<‘) and not piece.endswith(‘/>’): depth += 1 else: pieces = pieces[1:-1] # Ensure each piece is a str for Python 3 for (i, v) in enumerate(pieces): if not isinstance(v, str): pieces[i] = v.decode(‘utf-8’) output = ”.join(pieces) if stripWhitespace: output = output.strip() if not expectingText: return output # decode base64 content if base64 and self.contentparams.get(‘base64’, 0): try: output = _base64decode(output) except binascii.Error: pass except binascii.Incomplete: pass except TypeError: # In Python 3, base64 takes and outputs bytes, not str # This may not be the most correct way to accomplish this output = _base64decode(output.encode(‘utf-8’)).decode(‘utf-8’) # resolve relative URIs if (element in self.can_be_relative_uri) and output: # do not resolve guid elements with isPermalink=”false” if not element == ‘id’ or self.guidislink: output = self.resolveURI(output) # decode entities within embedded markup if not self.contentparams.get(‘base64’, 0): output = self.decodeEntities(element, output) # some feed formats require consumers to guess # whether the content is html or plain text if not self.version.startswith(‘atom’) and self.contentparams.get(‘type’) == ‘text/plain’: if self.lookslikehtml(output): self.contentparams[‘type’] = ‘text/html’ # remove temporary cruft from contentparams try: del self.contentparams[‘mode’] except KeyError: pass try: del self.contentparams[‘base64’] except KeyError: pass is_htmlish = self.mapContentType(self.contentparams.get(‘type’, ‘text/html’)) in self.html_types # resolve relative URIs within embedded markup if is_htmlish and RESOLVE_RELATIVE_URIS: if element in self.can_contain_relative_uris: output = _resolveRelativeURIs(output, self.baseuri, self.encoding, self.contentparams.get(‘type’, ‘text/html’)) # sanitize embedded markup if is_htmlish and SANITIZE_HTML: if element in self.can_contain_dangerous_markup: output = _sanitizeHTML(output, self.encoding, self.contentparams.get(‘type’, ‘text/html’)) if self.encoding and not isinstance(output, str): output = output.decode(self.encoding, ‘ignore’) # address common error where people take data that is already # utf-8, presume that it is iso-8859-1, and re-encode it. if self.encoding in (‘utf-8’, ‘utf-8_INVALID_PYTHON_3’) and isinstance(output, str): try: output = output.encode(‘iso-8859-1’).decode(‘utf-8’) except (UnicodeEncodeError, UnicodeDecodeError): pass # map win-1252 extensions to the proper code points if isinstance(output, str): output = output.translate(_cp1252) # categories/tags/keywords/whatever are handled in _end_category or _end_tags or _end_itunes_keywords if element in (‘category’, ‘tags’, ‘itunes_keywords’): return output if element == ‘title’ and -1 < self.title_depth <= self.depth: return output # store output in appropriate place(s) if self.inentry and not self.insource: if element == ‘content’: self.entries[-1].setdefault(element, []) contentparams = copy.deepcopy(self.contentparams) contentparams[‘value’] = output self.entries[-1][element].append(contentparams) elif element == ‘link’: if not self.inimage: # query variables in urls in link elements are improperly # converted from `?a=1&b=2` to `?a=1&b;=2` as if they’re # unhandled character references. fix this special case. output = output.replace(‘&amp;’, ‘&’) output = re.sub(“&([A-Za-z0-9_]+);”, “&\g<1>”, output) self.entries[-1][element] = output if output: self.entries[-1][‘links’][-1][‘href’] = output else: if element == ‘description’: element = ‘summary’ old_value_depth = self.property_depth_map.setdefault(self.entries[-1], {}).get(element) if old_value_depth is None or self.depth <= old_value_depth: self.property_depth_map[self.entries[-1]][element] = self.depth self.entries[-1][element] = output if self.incontent: contentparams = copy.deepcopy(self.contentparams) contentparams[‘value’] = output self.entries[-1][element + ‘_detail’] = contentparams elif (self.infeed or self.insource):# and (not self.intextinput) and (not self.inimage): context = self._getContext() if element == ‘description’: element = ‘subtitle’ context[element] = output if element == ‘link’: # fix query variables; see above for the explanation output = re.sub(“&([A-Za-z0-9_]+);”, “&\g<1>”, output) context[element] = output context[‘links’][-1][‘href’] = output elif self.incontent: contentparams = copy.deepcopy(self.contentparams) contentparams[‘value’] = output context[element + ‘_detail’] = contentparams return output def pushContent(self, tag, attrsD, defaultContentType, expectingText): self.incontent += 1 if self.lang: self.lang=self.lang.replace(‘_’,’-‘) self.contentparams = FeedParserDict({ ‘type’: self.mapContentType(attrsD.get(‘type’, defaultContentType)), ‘language’: self.lang, ‘base’: self.baseuri}) self.contentparams[‘base64′] = self._isBase64(attrsD, self.contentparams) self.push(tag, expectingText) def popContent(self, tag): value = self.pop(tag) self.incontent -= 1 self.contentparams.clear() return value # a number of elements in a number of RSS variants are nominally plain # text, but this is routinely ignored. This is an attempt to detect # the most common cases. As false positives often result in silent # data loss, this function errs on the conservative side. @staticmethod def lookslikehtml(s): # must have a close tag or an entity reference to qualify if not (re.search(r'</(\w+)>’,s) or re.search(“&#?\w+;”,s)): return # all tags must be in a restricted subset of valid HTML tags if [t for t in re.findall(r'</?(\w+)’,s) if t.lower() not in _HTMLSanitizer.acceptable_elements]: return # all entities must have been defined as valid HTML entities if [e for e in re.findall(r’&(\w+);’, s) if e not in list(entitydefs.keys())]: return return 1 def _mapToStandardPrefix(self, name): colonpos = name.find(‘:’) if colonpos != -1: prefix = name[:colonpos] suffix = name[colonpos+1:] prefix = self.namespacemap.get(prefix, prefix) name = prefix + ‘:’ + suffix return name def _getAttribute(self, attrsD, name): return attrsD.get(self._mapToStandardPrefix(name)) def _isBase64(self, attrsD, contentparams): if attrsD.get(‘mode’, ”) == ‘base64’: return 1 if self.contentparams[‘type’].startswith(‘text/’): return 0 if self.contentparams[‘type’].endswith(‘+xml’): return 0 if self.contentparams[‘type’].endswith(‘/xml’): return 0 return 1 def _itsAnHrefDamnIt(self, attrsD): href = attrsD.get(‘url’, attrsD.get(‘uri’, attrsD.get(‘href’, None))) if href: try: del attrsD[‘url’] except KeyError: pass try: del attrsD[‘uri’] except KeyError: pass attrsD[‘href’] = href return attrsD def _save(self, key, value, overwrite=False): context = self._getContext() if overwrite: context[key] = value else: context.setdefault(key, value) def _start_rss(self, attrsD): versionmap = {‘0.91’: ‘rss091u’, ‘0.92’: ‘rss092’, ‘0.93’: ‘rss093’, ‘0.94’: ‘rss094’} #If we’re here then this is an RSS feed. #If we don’t have a version or have a version that starts with something #other than RSS then there’s been a mistake. Correct it. if not self.version or not self.version.startswith(‘rss’): attr_version = attrsD.get(‘version’, ”) version = versionmap.get(attr_version) if version: self.version = version elif attr_version.startswith(‘2.’): self.version = ‘rss20’ else: self.version = ‘rss’ def _start_channel(self, attrsD): self.infeed = 1 self._cdf_common(attrsD) def _cdf_common(self, attrsD): if ‘lastmod’ in attrsD: self._start_modified({}) self.elementstack[-1][-1] = attrsD[‘lastmod’] self._end_modified() if ‘href’ in attrsD: self._start_link({}) self.elementstack[-1][-1] = attrsD[‘href’] self._end_link() def _start_feed(self, attrsD): self.infeed = 1 versionmap = {‘0.1’: ‘atom01’, ‘0.2’: ‘atom02’, ‘0.3’: ‘atom03’} if not self.version: attr_version = attrsD.get(‘version’) version = versionmap.get(attr_version) if version: self.version = version else: self.version = ‘atom’ def _end_channel(self): self.infeed = 0 _end_feed = _end_channel def _start_image(self, attrsD): context = self._getContext() if not self.inentry: context.setdefault(‘image’, FeedParserDict()) self.inimage = 1 self.title_depth = -1 self.push(‘image’, 0) def _end_image(self): self.pop(‘image’) self.inimage = 0 def _start_textinput(self, attrsD): context = self._getContext() context.setdefault(‘textinput’, FeedParserDict()) self.intextinput = 1 self.title_depth = -1 self.push(‘textinput’, 0) _start_textInput = _start_textinput def _end_textinput(self): self.pop(‘textinput’) self.intextinput = 0 _end_textInput = _end_textinput def _start_author(self, attrsD): self.inauthor = 1 self.push(‘author’, 1) # Append a new FeedParserDict when expecting an author context = self._getContext() context.setdefault(‘authors’, []) context[‘authors’].append(FeedParserDict()) _start_managingeditor = _start_author _start_dc_author = _start_author _start_dc_creator = _start_author _start_itunes_author = _start_author def _end_author(self): self.pop(‘author’) self.inauthor = 0 self._sync_author_detail() _end_managingeditor = _end_author _end_dc_author = _end_author _end_dc_creator = _end_author _end_itunes_author = _end_author def _start_itunes_owner(self, attrsD): self.inpublisher = 1 self.push(‘publisher’, 0) def _end_itunes_owner(self): self.pop(‘publisher’) self.inpublisher = 0 self._sync_author_detail(‘publisher’) def _start_contributor(self, attrsD): self.incontributor = 1 context = self._getContext() context.setdefault(‘contributors’, []) context[‘contributors’].append(FeedParserDict()) self.push(‘contributor’, 0) def _end_contributor(self): self.pop(‘contributor’) self.incontributor = 0 def _start_dc_contributor(self, attrsD): self.incontributor = 1 context = self._getContext() context.setdefault(‘contributors’, []) context[‘contributors’].append(FeedParserDict()) self.push(‘name’, 0) def _end_dc_contributor(self): self._end_name() self.incontributor = 0 def _start_name(self, attrsD): self.push(‘name’, 0) _start_itunes_name = _start_name def _end_name(self): value = self.pop(‘name’) if self.inpublisher: self._save_author(‘name’, value, ‘publisher’) elif self.inauthor: self._save_author(‘name’, value) elif self.incontributor: self._save_contributor(‘name’, value) elif self.intextinput: context = self._getContext() context[‘name’] = value _end_itunes_name = _end_name def _start_width(self, attrsD): self.push(‘width’, 0) def _end_width(self): value = self.pop(‘width’) try: value = int(value) except ValueError: value = 0 if self.inimage: context = self._getContext() context[‘width’] = value def _start_height(self, attrsD): self.push(‘height’, 0) def _end_height(self): value = self.pop(‘height’) try: value = int(value) except ValueError: value = 0 if self.inimage: context = self._getContext() context[‘height’] = value def _start_url(self, attrsD): self.push(‘href’, 1) _start_homepage = _start_url _start_uri = _start_url def _end_url(self): value = self.pop(‘href’) if self.inauthor: self._save_author(‘href’, value) elif self.incontributor: self._save_contributor(‘href’, value) _end_homepage = _end_url _end_uri = _end_url def _start_email(self, attrsD): self.push(’email’, 0) _start_itunes_email = _start_email def _end_email(self): value = self.pop(’email’) if self.inpublisher: self._save_author(’email’, value, ‘publisher’) elif self.inauthor: self._save_author(’email’, value) elif self.incontributor: self._save_contributor(’email’, value) _end_itunes_email = _end_email def _getContext(self): if self.insource: context = self.sourcedata elif self.inimage and ‘image’ in self.feeddata: context = self.feeddata[‘image’] elif self.intextinput: context = self.feeddata[‘textinput’] elif self.inentry: context = self.entries[-1] else: context = self.feeddata return context def _save_author(self, key, value, prefix=’author’): context = self._getContext() context.setdefault(prefix + ‘_detail’, FeedParserDict()) context[prefix + ‘_detail’][key] = value self._sync_author_detail() context.setdefault(‘authors’, [FeedParserDict()]) context[‘authors’][-1][key] = value def _save_contributor(self, key, value): context = self._getContext() context.setdefault(‘contributors’, [FeedParserDict()]) context[‘contributors’][-1][key] = value def _sync_author_detail(self, key=’author’): context = self._getContext() detail = context.get(‘%ss’ % key, [FeedParserDict()])[-1] if detail: name = detail.get(‘name’) email = detail.get(’email’) if name and email: context[key] = ‘%s (%s)’ % (name, email) elif name: context[key] = name elif email: context[key] = email else: author, email = context.get(key), None if not author: return emailmatch = re.search(r”'(([a-zA-Z0-9\_\-\.\+]+)@((\[[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.)|(([a-zA-Z0-9\-]+\.)+))([a-zA-Z]{2,4}|[0-9]{1,3})(\]?))(\?subject=\S+)?”’, author) if emailmatch: email = emailmatch.group(0) # probably a better way to do the following, but it passes all the tests author = author.replace(email, ”) author = author.replace(‘()’, ”) author = author.replace(‘<>’, ”) author = author.replace(‘&lt;&gt;’, ”) author = author.strip() if author and (author[0] == ‘(‘): author = author[1:] if author and (author[-1] == ‘)’): author = author[:-1] author = author.strip() if author or email: context.setdefault(‘%s_detail’ % key, detail) if author: detail[‘name’] = author if email: detail[’email’] = email def _start_subtitle(self, attrsD): self.pushContent(‘subtitle’, attrsD, ‘text/plain’, 1) _start_tagline = _start_subtitle _start_itunes_subtitle = _start_subtitle def _end_subtitle(self): self.popContent(‘subtitle’) _end_tagline = _end_subtitle _end_itunes_subtitle = _end_subtitle def _start_rights(self, attrsD): self.pushContent(‘rights’, attrsD, ‘text/plain’, 1) _start_dc_rights = _start_rights _start_copyright = _start_rights def _end_rights(self): self.popContent(‘rights’) _end_dc_rights = _end_rights _end_copyright = _end_rights def _start_item(self, attrsD): self.entries.append(FeedParserDict()) self.push(‘item’, 0) self.inentry = 1 self.guidislink = 0 self.title_depth = -1 self.psc_chapters_flag = None id = self._getAttribute(attrsD, ‘rdf:about’) if id: context = self._getContext() context[‘id’] = id self._cdf_common(attrsD) _start_entry = _start_item def _end_item(self): self.pop(‘item’) self.inentry = 0 _end_entry = _end_item def _start_dc_language(self, attrsD): self.push(‘language’, 1) _start_language = _start_dc_language def _end_dc_language(self): self.lang = self.pop(‘language’) _end_language = _end_dc_language def _start_dc_publisher(self, attrsD): self.push(‘publisher’, 1) _start_webmaster = _start_dc_publisher def _end_dc_publisher(self): self.pop(‘publisher’) self._sync_author_detail(‘publisher’) _end_webmaster = _end_dc_publisher def _start_dcterms_valid(self, attrsD): self.push(‘validity’, 1) def _end_dcterms_valid(self): for validity_detail in self.pop(‘validity’).split(‘;’): if ‘=’ in validity_detail: key, value = validity_detail.split(‘=’, 1) if key == ‘start’: self._save(‘validity_start’, value, overwrite=True) self._save(‘validity_start_parsed’, _parse_date(value), overwrite=True) elif key == ‘end’: self._save(‘validity_end’, value, overwrite=True) self._save(‘validity_end_parsed’, _parse_date(value), overwrite=True) def _start_published(self, attrsD): self.push(‘published’, 1) _start_dcterms_issued = _start_published _start_issued = _start_published _start_pubdate = _start_published def _end_published(self): value = self.pop(‘published’) self._save(‘published_parsed’, _parse_date(value), overwrite=True) _end_dcterms_issued = _end_published _end_issued = _end_published _end_pubdate = _end_published def _start_updated(self, attrsD): self.push(‘updated’, 1) _start_modified = _start_updated _start_dcterms_modified = _start_updated _start_dc_date = _start_updated _start_lastbuilddate = _start_updated def _end_updated(self): value = self.pop(‘updated’) parsed_value = _parse_date(value) self._save(‘updated_parsed’, parsed_value, overwrite=True) _end_modified = _end_updated _end_dcterms_modified = _end_updated _end_dc_date = _end_updated _end_lastbuilddate = _end_updated def _start_created(self, attrsD): self.push(‘created’, 1) _start_dcterms_created = _start_created def _end_created(self): value = self.pop(‘created’) self._save(‘created_parsed’, _parse_date(value), overwrite=True) _end_dcterms_created = _end_created def _start_expirationdate(self, attrsD): self.push(‘expired’, 1) def _end_expirationdate(self): self._save(‘expired_parsed’, _parse_date(self.pop(‘expired’)), overwrite=True) # geospatial location, or “where”, from georss.org def _start_georssgeom(self, attrsD): self.push(‘geometry’, 0) context = self._getContext() context[‘where’] = FeedParserDict() _start_georss_point = _start_georssgeom _start_georss_line = _start_georssgeom _start_georss_polygon = _start_georssgeom _start_georss_box = _start_georssgeom def _save_where(self, geometry): context = self._getContext() context[‘where’].update(geometry) def _end_georss_point(self): geometry = _parse_georss_point(self.pop(‘geometry’)) if geometry: self._save_where(geometry) def _end_georss_line(self): geometry = _parse_georss_line(self.pop(‘geometry’)) if geometry: self._save_where(geometry) def _end_georss_polygon(self): this = self.pop(‘geometry’) geometry = _parse_georss_polygon(this) if geometry: self._save_where(geometry) def _end_georss_box(self): geometry = _parse_georss_box(self.pop(‘geometry’)) if geometry: self._save_where(geometry) def _start_where(self, attrsD): self.push(‘where’, 0) context = self._getContext() context[‘where’] = FeedParserDict() _start_georss_where = _start_where def _parse_srs_attrs(self, attrsD): srsName = attrsD.get(‘srsname’) try: srsDimension = int(attrsD.get(‘srsdimension’, ‘2’)) except ValueError: srsDimension = 2 context = self._getContext() context[‘where’][‘srsName’] = srsName context[‘where’][‘srsDimension’] = srsDimension def _start_gml_point(self, attrsD): self._parse_srs_attrs(attrsD) self.ingeometry = 1 self.push(‘geometry’, 0) def _start_gml_linestring(self, attrsD): self._parse_srs_attrs(attrsD) self.ingeometry = ‘linestring’ self.push(‘geometry’, 0) def _start_gml_polygon(self, attrsD): self._parse_srs_attrs(attrsD) self.push(‘geometry’, 0) def _start_gml_exterior(self, attrsD): self.push(‘geometry’, 0) def _start_gml_linearring(self, attrsD): self.ingeometry = ‘polygon’ self.push(‘geometry’, 0) def _start_gml_pos(self, attrsD): self.push(‘pos’, 0) def _end_gml_pos(self): this = self.pop(‘pos’) context = self._getContext() srsName = context[‘where’].get(‘srsName’) srsDimension = context[‘where’].get(‘srsDimension’, 2) swap = True if srsName and “EPSG” in srsName: epsg = int(srsName.split(“:”)[-1]) swap = bool(epsg in _geogCS) geometry = _parse_georss_point(this, swap=swap, dims=srsDimension) if geometry: self._save_where(geometry) def _start_gml_poslist(self, attrsD): self.push(‘pos’, 0) def _end_gml_poslist(self): this = self.pop(‘pos’) context = self._getContext() srsName = context[‘where’].get(‘srsName’) srsDimension = context[‘where’].get(‘srsDimension’, 2) swap = True if srsName and “EPSG” in srsName: epsg = int(srsName.split(“:”)[-1]) swap = bool(epsg in _geogCS) geometry = _parse_poslist( this, self.ingeometry, swap=swap, dims=srsDimension) if geometry: self._save_where(geometry) def _end_geom(self): self.ingeometry = 0 self.pop(‘geometry’) _end_gml_point = _end_geom _end_gml_linestring = _end_geom _end_gml_linearring = _end_geom _end_gml_exterior = _end_geom _end_gml_polygon = _end_geom def _end_where(self): self.pop(‘where’) _end_georss_where = _end_where # end geospatial def _start_cc_license(self, attrsD): context = self._getContext() value = self._getAttribute(attrsD, ‘rdf:resource’) attrsD = FeedParserDict() attrsD[‘rel’] = ‘license’ if value: attrsD[‘href’]=value context.setdefault(‘links’, []).append(attrsD) def _start_creativecommons_license(self, attrsD): self.push(‘license’, 1) _start_creativeCommons_license = _start_creativecommons_license def _end_creativecommons_license(self): value = self.pop(‘license’) context = self._getContext() attrsD = FeedParserDict() attrsD[‘rel’] = ‘license’ if value: attrsD[‘href’] = value context.setdefault(‘links’, []).append(attrsD) del context[‘license’] _end_creativeCommons_license = _end_creativecommons_license def _addTag(self, term, scheme, label): context = self._getContext() tags = context.setdefault(‘tags’, []) if (not term) and (not scheme) and (not label): return value = FeedParserDict(term=term, scheme=scheme, label=label) if value not in tags: tags.append(value) def _start_tags(self, attrsD): # This is a completely-made up element. Its semantics are determined # only by a single feed that precipitated bug report 392 on Google Code. # In short, this is junk code. self.push(‘tags’, 1) def _end_tags(self): for term in self.pop(‘tags’).split(‘,’): self._addTag(term.strip(), None, None) def _start_category(self, attrsD): term = attrsD.get(‘term’) scheme = attrsD.get(‘scheme’, attrsD.get(‘domain’)) label = attrsD.get(‘label’) self._addTag(term, scheme, label) self.push(‘category’, 1) _start_dc_subject = _start_category _start_keywords = _start_category def _start_media_category(self, attrsD): attrsD.setdefault(‘scheme’, ‘http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/category_schema’) self._start_category(attrsD) def _end_itunes_keywords(self): for term in self.pop(‘itunes_keywords’).split(‘,’): if term.strip(): self._addTag(term.strip(), ‘http://www.itunes.com/’, None) def _end_media_keywords(self): for term in self.pop(‘media_keywords’).split(‘,’): if term.strip(): self._addTag(term.strip(), None, None) def _start_itunes_category(self, attrsD): self._addTag(attrsD.get(‘text’), ‘http://www.itunes.com/’, None) self.push(‘category’, 1) def _end_category(self): value = self.pop(‘category’) if not value: return context = self._getContext() tags = context[‘tags’] if value and len(tags) and not tags[-1][‘term’]: tags[-1][‘term’] = value else: self._addTag(value, None, None) _end_dc_subject = _end_category _end_keywords = _end_category _end_itunes_category = _end_category _end_media_category = _end_category def _start_cloud(self, attrsD): self._getContext()[‘cloud’] = FeedParserDict(attrsD) def _start_link(self, attrsD): attrsD.setdefault(‘rel’, ‘alternate’) if attrsD[‘rel’] == ‘self’: attrsD.setdefault(‘type’, ‘application/atom+xml’) else: attrsD.setdefault(‘type’, ‘text/html’) context = self._getContext() attrsD = self._itsAnHrefDamnIt(attrsD) if ‘href’ in attrsD: attrsD[‘href’] = self.resolveURI(attrsD[‘href’]) expectingText = self.infeed or self.inentry or self.insource context.setdefault(‘links’, []) if not (self.inentry and self.inimage): context[‘links’].append(FeedParserDict(attrsD)) if ‘href’ in attrsD: expectingText = 0 if (attrsD.get(‘rel’) == ‘alternate’) and (self.mapContentType(attrsD.get(‘type’)) in self.html_types): context[‘link’] = attrsD[‘href’] else: self.push(‘link’, expectingText) def _end_link(self): value = self.pop(‘link’) def _start_guid(self, attrsD): self.guidislink = (attrsD.get(‘ispermalink’, ‘true’) == ‘true’) self.push(‘id’, 1) _start_id = _start_guid def _end_guid(self): value = self.pop(‘id’) self._save(‘guidislink’, self.guidislink and ‘link’ not in self._getContext()) if self.guidislink: # guid acts as link, but only if ‘ispermalink’ is not present or is ‘true’, # and only if the item doesn’t already have a link element self._save(‘link’, value) _end_id = _end_guid def _start_title(self, attrsD): if self.svgOK: return self.unknown_starttag(‘title’, list(attrsD.items())) self.pushContent(‘title’, attrsD, ‘text/plain’, self.infeed or self.inentry or self.insource) _start_dc_title = _start_title _start_media_title = _start_title def _end_title(self): if self.svgOK: return value = self.popContent(‘title’) if not value: return self.title_depth = self.depth _end_dc_title = _end_title def _end_media_title(self): title_depth = self.title_depth self._end_title() self.title_depth = title_depth def _start_description(self, attrsD): context = self._getContext() if ‘summary’ in context: self._summaryKey = ‘content’ self._start_content(attrsD) else: self.pushContent(‘description’, attrsD, ‘text/html’, self.infeed or self.inentry or self.insource) _start_dc_description = _start_description _start_media_description = _start_description def _start_abstract(self, attrsD): self.pushContent(‘description’, attrsD, ‘text/plain’, self.infeed or self.inentry or self.insource) def _end_description(self): if self._summaryKey == ‘content’: self._end_content() else: value = self.popContent(‘description’) self._summaryKey = None _end_abstract = _end_description _end_dc_description = _end_description _end_media_description = _end_description def _start_info(self, attrsD): self.pushContent(‘info’, attrsD, ‘text/plain’, 1) _start_feedburner_browserfriendly = _start_info def _end_info(self): self.popContent(‘info’) _end_feedburner_browserfriendly = _end_info def _start_generator(self, attrsD): if attrsD: attrsD = self._itsAnHrefDamnIt(attrsD) if ‘href’ in attrsD: attrsD[‘href’] = self.resolveURI(attrsD[‘href’]) self._getContext()[‘generator_detail’] = FeedParserDict(attrsD) self.push(‘generator’, 1) def _end_generator(self): value = self.pop(‘generator’) context = self._getContext() if ‘generator_detail’ in context: context[‘generator_detail’][‘name’] = value def _start_admin_generatoragent(self, attrsD): self.push(‘generator’, 1) value = self._getAttribute(attrsD, ‘rdf:resource’) if value: self.elementstack[-1][2].append(value) self.pop(‘generator’) self._getContext()[‘generator_detail’] = FeedParserDict({‘href’: value}) def _start_admin_errorreportsto(self, attrsD): self.push(‘errorreportsto’, 1) value = self._getAttribute(attrsD, ‘rdf:resource’) if value: self.elementstack[-1][2].append(value) self.pop(‘errorreportsto’) def _start_summary(self, attrsD): context = self._getContext() if ‘summary’ in context: self._summaryKey = ‘content’ self._start_content(attrsD) else: self._summaryKey = ‘summary’ self.pushContent(self._summaryKey, attrsD, ‘text/plain’, 1) _start_itunes_summary = _start_summary def _end_summary(self): if self._summaryKey == ‘content’: self._end_content() else: self.popContent(self._summaryKey or ‘summary’) self._summaryKey = None _end_itunes_summary = _end_summary def _start_enclosure(self, attrsD): attrsD = self._itsAnHrefDamnIt(attrsD) context = self._getContext() attrsD[‘rel’] = ‘enclosure’ context.setdefault(‘links’, []).append(FeedParserDict(attrsD)) def _start_source(self, attrsD): if ‘url’ in attrsD: # This means that we’re processing a source element from an RSS 2.0 feed self.sourcedata[‘href’] = attrsD[‘url’] self.push(‘source’, 1) self.insource = 1 self.title_depth = -1 def _end_source(self): self.insource = 0 value = self.pop(‘source’) if value: self.sourcedata[‘title’] = value self._getContext()[‘source’] = copy.deepcopy(self.sourcedata) self.sourcedata.clear() def _start_content(self, attrsD): self.pushContent(‘content’, attrsD, ‘text/plain’, 1) src = attrsD.get(‘src’) if src: self.contentparams[‘src’] = src self.push(‘content’, 1) def _start_body(self, attrsD): self.pushContent(‘content’, attrsD, ‘application/xhtml+xml’, 1) _start_xhtml_body = _start_body def _start_content_encoded(self, attrsD): self.pushContent(‘content’, attrsD, ‘text/html’, 1) _start_fullitem = _start_content_encoded def _end_content(self): copyToSummary = self.mapContentType(self.contentparams.get(‘type’)) in ([‘text/plain’] + self.html_types) value = self.popContent(‘content’) if copyToSummary: self._save(‘summary’, value) _end_body = _end_content _end_xhtml_body = _end_content _end_content_encoded = _end_content _end_fullitem = _end_content def _start_itunes_image(self, attrsD): self.push(‘itunes_image’, 0) if attrsD.get(‘href’): self._getContext()[‘image’] = FeedParserDict({‘href’: attrsD.get(‘href’)}) elif attrsD.get(‘url’): self._getContext()[‘image’] = FeedParserDict({‘href’: attrsD.get(‘url’)}) _start_itunes_link = _start_itunes_image def _end_itunes_block(self): value = self.pop(‘itunes_block’, 0) self._getContext()[‘itunes_block’] = (value == ‘yes’) and 1 or 0 def _end_itunes_explicit(self): value = self.pop(‘itunes_explicit’, 0) # Convert ‘yes’ -> True, ‘clean’ to False, and any other value to None # False and None both evaluate as False, so the difference can be ignored # by applications that only need to know if the content is explicit. self._getContext()[‘itunes_explicit’] = (None, False, True)[(value == ‘yes’ and 2) or value == ‘clean’ or 0] def _start_media_group(self, attrsD): # don’t do anything, but don’t break the enclosed tags either pass def _start_media_rating(self, attrsD): context = self._getContext() context.setdefault(‘media_rating’, attrsD) self.push(‘rating’, 1) def _end_media_rating(self): rating = self.pop(‘rating’) if rating is not None and rating.strip(): context = self._getContext() context[‘media_rating’][‘content’] = rating def _start_media_credit(self, attrsD): context = self._getContext() context.setdefault(‘media_credit’, []) context[‘media_credit’].append(attrsD) self.push(‘credit’, 1) def _end_media_credit(self): credit = self.pop(‘credit’) if credit != None and len(credit.strip()) != 0: context = self._getContext() context[‘media_credit’][-1][‘content’] = credit def _start_media_restriction(self, attrsD): context = self._getContext() context.setdefault(‘media_restriction’, attrsD) self.push(‘restriction’, 1) def _end_media_restriction(self): restriction = self.pop(‘restriction’) if restriction != None and len(restriction.strip()) != 0: context = self._getContext() context[‘media_restriction’][‘content’] = [cc.strip().lower() for cc in restriction.split(‘ ‘)] def _start_media_license(self, attrsD): context = self._getContext() context.setdefault(‘media_license’, attrsD) self.push(‘license’, 1) def _end_media_license(self): license = self.pop(‘license’) if license != None and len(license.strip()) != 0: context = self._getContext() context[‘media_license’][‘content’] = license def _start_media_content(self, attrsD): context = self._getContext() context.setdefault(‘media_content’, []) context[‘media_content’].append(attrsD) def _start_media_thumbnail(self, attrsD): context = self._getContext() context.setdefault(‘media_thumbnail’, []) self.push(‘url’, 1) # new context[‘media_thumbnail’].append(attrsD) def _end_media_thumbnail(self): url = self.pop(‘url’) context = self._getContext() if url != None and len(url.strip()) != 0: if ‘url’ not in context[‘media_thumbnail’][-1]: context[‘media_thumbnail’][-1][‘url’] = url def _start_media_player(self, attrsD): self.push(‘media_player’, 0) self._getContext()[‘media_player’] = FeedParserDict(attrsD) def _end_media_player(self): value = self.pop(‘media_player’) context = self._getContext() context[‘media_player’][‘content’] = value def _start_newlocation(self, attrsD): self.push(‘newlocation’, 1) def _end_newlocation(self): url = self.pop(‘newlocation’) context = self._getContext() # don’t set newlocation if the context isn’t right if context is not self.feeddata: return context[‘newlocation’] = _makeSafeAbsoluteURI(self.baseuri, url.strip()) def _start_psc_chapters(self, attrsD): if self.psc_chapters_flag is None: # Transition from None -> True self.psc_chapters_flag = True attrsD[‘chapters’] = [] self._getContext()[‘psc_chapters’] = FeedParserDict(attrsD) def _end_psc_chapters(self): # Transition from True -> False self.psc_chapters_flag = False def _start_psc_chapter(self, attrsD): if self.psc_chapters_flag: start = self._getAttribute(attrsD, ‘start’) attrsD[‘start_parsed’] = _parse_psc_chapter_start(start) context = self._getContext()[‘psc_chapters’] context[‘chapters’].append(FeedParserDict(attrsD)) if _XML_AVAILABLE: class _StrictFeedParser(_FeedParserMixin, xml.sax.handler.ContentHandler): def __init__(self, baseuri, baselang, encoding): xml.sax.handler.ContentHandler.__init__(self) _FeedParserMixin.__init__(self, baseuri, baselang, encoding) self.bozo = 0 self.exc = None self.decls = {} def startPrefixMapping(self, prefix, uri): if not uri: return # Jython uses ” instead of None; standardize on None prefix = prefix or None self.trackNamespace(prefix, uri) if prefix and uri == ‘http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink’: self.decls[‘xmlns:’ + prefix] = uri def startElementNS(self, name, qname, attrs): namespace, localname = name lowernamespace = str(namespace or ”).lower() if lowernamespace.find(‘backend.userland.com/rss’) != -1: # match any backend.userland.com namespace namespace = ‘http://backend.userland.com/rss’ lowernamespace = namespace if qname and qname.find(‘:’) > 0: givenprefix = qname.split(‘:’)[0] else: givenprefix = None prefix = self._matchnamespaces.get(lowernamespace, givenprefix) if givenprefix and (prefix == None or (prefix == ” and lowernamespace == ”)) and givenprefix not in self.namespacesInUse: raise UndeclaredNamespace(“‘%s’ is not associated with a namespace” % givenprefix) localname = str(localname).lower() # qname implementation is horribly broken in Python 2.1 (it # doesn’t report any), and slightly broken in Python 2.2 (it # doesn’t report the xml: namespace). So we match up namespaces # with a known list first, and then possibly override them with # the qnames the SAX parser gives us (if indeed it gives us any # at all). Thanks to MatejC for helping me test this and # tirelessly telling me that it didn’t work yet. attrsD, self.decls = self.decls, {} if localname==’math’ and namespace==’http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML’: attrsD[‘xmlns’]=namespace if localname==’svg’ and namespace==’http://www.w3.org/2000/svg’: attrsD[‘xmlns’]=namespace if prefix: localname = prefix.lower() + ‘:’ + localname elif namespace and not qname: #Expat for name,value in list(self.namespacesInUse.items()): if name and value == namespace: localname = name + ‘:’ + localname break for (namespace, attrlocalname), attrvalue in list(attrs.items()): lowernamespace = (namespace or ”).lower() prefix = self._matchnamespaces.get(lowernamespace, ”) if prefix: attrlocalname = prefix + ‘:’ + attrlocalname attrsD[str(attrlocalname).lower()] = attrvalue for qname in attrs.getQNames(): attrsD[str(qname).lower()] = attrs.getValueByQName(qname) localname = str(localname).lower() self.unknown_starttag(localname, list(attrsD.items())) def characters(self, text): self.handle_data(text) def endElementNS(self, name, qname): namespace, localname = name lowernamespace = str(namespace or ”).lower() if qname and qname.find(‘:’) > 0: givenprefix = qname.split(‘:’)[0] else: givenprefix = ” prefix = self._matchnamespaces.get(lowernamespace, givenprefix) if prefix: localname = prefix + ‘:’ + localname elif namespace and not qname: #Expat for name,value in list(self.namespacesInUse.items()): if name and value == namespace: localname = name + ‘:’ + localname break localname = str(localname).lower() self.unknown_endtag(localname) def error(self, exc): self.bozo = 1 self.exc = exc # drv_libxml2 calls warning() in some cases warning = error def fatalError(self, exc): self.error(exc) raise exc class _BaseHTMLProcessor(sgmllib.SGMLParser): special = re.compile(”'[<>'”]”’) bare_ampersand = re.compile(“&(?!#\d+;|#x[0-9a-fA-F]+;|\w+;)”) elements_no_end_tag = set([ ‘area’, ‘base’, ‘basefont’, ‘br’, ‘col’, ‘command’, ’embed’, ‘frame’, ‘hr’, ‘img’, ‘input’, ‘isindex’, ‘keygen’, ‘link’, ‘meta’, ‘param’, ‘source’, ‘track’, ‘wbr’ ]) def __init__(self, encoding, _type): self.encoding = encoding self._type = _type sgmllib.SGMLParser.__init__(self) def reset(self): self.pieces = [] sgmllib.SGMLParser.reset(self) def _shorttag_replace(self, match): tag = match.group(1) if tag in self.elements_no_end_tag: return ‘<‘ + tag + ‘ />’ else: return ‘<‘ + tag + ‘></’ + tag + ‘>’ # By declaring these methods and overriding their compiled code # with the code from sgmllib, the original code will execute in # feedparser’s scope instead of sgmllib’s. This means that the # `tagfind` and `charref` regular expressions will be found as # they’re declared above, not as they’re declared in sgmllib. def goahead(self, i): pass goahead.__code__ = sgmllib.SGMLParser.goahead.__code__ def __parse_starttag(self, i): pass __parse_starttag.__code__ = sgmllib.SGMLParser.parse_starttag.__code__ def parse_starttag(self,i): j = self.__parse_starttag(i) if self._type == ‘application/xhtml+xml’: if j>2 and self.rawdata[j-2:j]==’/>’: self.unknown_endtag(self.lasttag) return j def feed(self, data): data = re.compile(r'<!((?!DOCTYPE|–|\[))’, re.IGNORECASE).sub(r’&lt;!\1′, data) data = re.sub(r'<([^<>\s]+?)\s*/>’, self._shorttag_replace, data) data = data.replace(‘'’, “‘”) data = data.replace(‘"’, ‘”‘) try: bytes if bytes is str: raise NameError self.encoding = self.encoding + ‘_INVALID_PYTHON_3’ except NameError: if self.encoding and isinstance(data, str): data = data.encode(self.encoding) sgmllib.SGMLParser.feed(self, data) sgmllib.SGMLParser.close(self) def normalize_attrs(self, attrs): if not attrs: return attrs # utility method to be called by descendants attrs = list(dict([(k.lower(), v) for k, v in attrs]).items()) attrs = [(k, k in (‘rel’, ‘type’) and v.lower() or v) for k, v in attrs] attrs.sort() return attrs def unknown_starttag(self, tag, attrs): # called for each start tag # attrs is a list of (attr, value) tuples # e.g. for <pre class=’screen’>, tag=’pre’, attrs=[(‘class’, ‘screen’)] uattrs = [] strattrs=” if attrs: for key, value in attrs: value=value.replace(‘>’,’&gt;’).replace(‘<‘,’&lt;’).replace(‘”‘,’&quot;’) value = self.bare_ampersand.sub(“&amp;”, value) # thanks to Kevin Marks for this breathtaking hack to deal with (valid) high-bit attribute values in UTF-8 feeds if not isinstance(value, str): value = value.decode(self.encoding, ‘ignore’) try: # Currently, in Python 3 the key is already a str, and cannot be decoded again uattrs.append((str(key, self.encoding), value)) except TypeError: uattrs.append((key, value)) strattrs = ”.join([‘ %s=”%s”‘ % (key, value) for key, value in uattrs]) if self.encoding: try: strattrs = strattrs.encode(self.encoding) except (UnicodeEncodeError, LookupError): pass if tag in self.elements_no_end_tag: self.pieces.append(‘<%s%s />’ % (tag, strattrs)) else: self.pieces.append(‘<%s%s>’ % (tag, strattrs)) def unknown_endtag(self, tag): # called for each end tag, e.g. for </pre>, tag will be ‘pre’ # Reconstruct the original end tag. if tag not in self.elements_no_end_tag: self.pieces.append(“</%s>” % tag) def handle_charref(self, ref): # called for each character reference, e.g. for ‘ ’, ref will be ‘160’ # Reconstruct the original character reference. ref = ref.lower() if ref.startswith(‘x’): value = int(ref[1:], 16) else: value = int(ref) if value in _cp1252: self.pieces.append(‘&#%s;’ % hex(ord(_cp1252[value]))[1:]) else: self.pieces.append(‘&#%s;’ % ref) def handle_entityref(self, ref): # called for each entity reference, e.g. for ‘&copy;’, ref will be ‘copy’ # Reconstruct the original entity reference. if ref in name2codepoint or ref == ‘apos’: self.pieces.append(‘&%s;’ % ref) else: self.pieces.append(‘&amp;%s’ % ref) def handle_data(self, text): # called for each block of plain text, i.e. outside of any tag and # not containing any character or entity references # Store the original text verbatim. self.pieces.append(text) def handle_comment(self, text): # called for each HTML comment, e.g. <!– insert Javascript code here –> # Reconstruct the original comment. self.pieces.append(‘<!–%s–>’ % text) def handle_pi(self, text): # called for each processing instruction, e.g. <?instruction> # Reconstruct original processing instruction. self.pieces.append(‘<?%s>’ % text) def handle_decl(self, text): # called for the DOCTYPE, if present, e.g. # <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN” # “http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd”> # Reconstruct original DOCTYPE self.pieces.append(‘<!%s>’ % text) _new_declname_match = re.compile(r'[a-zA-Z][-_.a-zA-Z0-9:]*\s*’).match def _scan_name(self, i, declstartpos): rawdata = self.rawdata n = len(rawdata) if i == n: return None, -1 m = self._new_declname_match(rawdata, i) if m: s = m.group() name = s.strip() if (i + len(s)) == n: return None, -1 # end of buffer return name.lower(), m.end() else: self.handle_data(rawdata) # self.updatepos(declstartpos, i) return None, -1 def convert_charref(self, name): return ‘&#%s;’ % name def convert_entityref(self, name): return ‘&%s;’ % name def output(self): ”’Return processed HTML as a single string”’ return ”.join([str(p) for p in self.pieces]) def parse_declaration(self, i): try: return sgmllib.SGMLParser.parse_declaration(self, i) except sgmllib.SGMLParseError: # escape the doctype declaration and continue parsing self.handle_data(‘&lt;’) return i+1 class _LooseFeedParser(_FeedParserMixin, _BaseHTMLProcessor): def __init__(self, baseuri, baselang, encoding, entities): sgmllib.SGMLParser.__init__(self) _FeedParserMixin.__init__(self, baseuri, baselang, encoding) _BaseHTMLProcessor.__init__(self, encoding, ‘application/xhtml+xml’) self.entities=entities def decodeEntities(self, element, data): data = data.replace(‘<’, ‘&lt;’) data = data.replace(‘<’, ‘&lt;’) data = data.replace(‘<’, ‘&lt;’) data = data.replace(‘>’, ‘&gt;’) data = data.replace(‘>’, ‘&gt;’) data = data.replace(‘>’, ‘&gt;’) data = data.replace(‘&’, ‘&amp;’) data = data.replace(‘&’, ‘&amp;’) data = data.replace(‘"’, ‘&quot;’) data = data.replace(‘"’, ‘&quot;’) data = data.replace(‘'’, ‘&apos;’) data = data.replace(‘'’, ‘&apos;’) if not self.contentparams.get(‘type’, ‘xml’).endswith(‘xml’): data = data.replace(‘&lt;’, ‘<‘) data = data.replace(‘&gt;’, ‘>’) data = data.replace(‘&amp;’, ‘&’) data = data.replace(‘&quot;’, ‘”‘) data = data.replace(‘&apos;’, “‘”) data = data.replace(‘/’, ‘/’) data = data.replace(‘/’, ‘/’) return data def strattrs(self, attrs): return ”.join([‘ %s=”%s”‘ % (n,v.replace(‘”‘,’&quot;’)) for n,v in attrs]) class _RelativeURIResolver(_BaseHTMLProcessor): relative_uris = set([(‘a’, ‘href’), (‘applet’, ‘codebase’), (‘area’, ‘href’), (‘audio’, ‘src’), (‘blockquote’, ‘cite’), (‘body’, ‘background’), (‘del’, ‘cite’), (‘form’, ‘action’), (‘frame’, ‘longdesc’), (‘frame’, ‘src’), (‘iframe’, ‘longdesc’), (‘iframe’, ‘src’), (‘head’, ‘profile’), (‘img’, ‘longdesc’), (‘img’, ‘src’), (‘img’, ‘usemap’), (‘input’, ‘src’), (‘input’, ‘usemap’), (‘ins’, ‘cite’), (‘link’, ‘href’), (‘object’, ‘classid’), (‘object’, ‘codebase’), (‘object’, ‘data’), (‘object’, ‘usemap’), (‘q’, ‘cite’), (‘script’, ‘src’), (‘source’, ‘src’), (‘video’, ‘poster’), (‘video’, ‘src’)]) def __init__(self, baseuri, encoding, _type): _BaseHTMLProcessor.__init__(self, encoding, _type) self.baseuri = baseuri def resolveURI(self, uri): return _makeSafeAbsoluteURI(self.baseuri, uri.strip()) def unknown_starttag(self, tag, attrs): attrs = self.normalize_attrs(attrs) attrs = [(key, ((tag, key) in self.relative_uris) and self.resolveURI(value) or value) for key, value in attrs] _BaseHTMLProcessor.unknown_starttag(self, tag, attrs) def _resolveRelativeURIs(htmlSource, baseURI, encoding, _type): if not _SGML_AVAILABLE: return htmlSource p = _RelativeURIResolver(baseURI, encoding, _type) p.feed(htmlSource) return p.output() def _makeSafeAbsoluteURI(base, rel=None): # bail if ACCEPTABLE_URI_SCHEMES is empty if not ACCEPTABLE_URI_SCHEMES: return _urljoin(base, rel or ”) if not base: return rel or ” if not rel: try: scheme = urllib.parse.urlparse(base)[0] except ValueError: return ” if not scheme or scheme in ACCEPTABLE_URI_SCHEMES: return base return ” uri = _urljoin(base, rel) if uri.strip().split(‘:’, 1)[0] not in ACCEPTABLE_URI_SCHEMES: return ” return uri class _HTMLSanitizer(_BaseHTMLProcessor): acceptable_elements = set([‘a’, ‘abbr’, ‘acronym’, ‘address’, ‘area’, ‘article’, ‘aside’, ‘audio’, ‘b’, ‘big’, ‘blockquote’, ‘br’, ‘button’, ‘canvas’, ‘caption’, ‘center’, ‘cite’, ‘code’, ‘col’, ‘colgroup’, ‘command’, ‘datagrid’, ‘datalist’, ‘dd’, ‘del’, ‘details’, ‘dfn’, ‘dialog’, ‘dir’, ‘div’, ‘dl’, ‘dt’, ’em’, ‘event-source’, ‘fieldset’, ‘figcaption’, ‘figure’, ‘footer’, ‘font’, ‘form’, ‘header’, ‘h1’, ‘h2’, ‘h3’, ‘h4’, ‘h5’, ‘h6’, ‘hr’, ‘i’, ‘img’, ‘input’, ‘ins’, ‘keygen’, ‘kbd’, ‘label’, ‘legend’, ‘li’, ‘m’, ‘map’, ‘menu’, ‘meter’, ‘multicol’, ‘nav’, ‘nextid’, ‘ol’, ‘output’, ‘optgroup’, ‘option’, ‘p’, ‘pre’, ‘progress’, ‘q’, ‘s’, ‘samp’, ‘section’, ‘select’, ‘small’, ‘sound’, ‘source’, ‘spacer’, ‘span’, ‘strike’, ‘strong’, ‘sub’, ‘sup’, ‘table’, ‘tbody’, ‘td’, ‘textarea’, ‘time’, ‘tfoot’, ‘th’, ‘thead’, ‘tr’, ‘tt’, ‘u’, ‘ul’, ‘var’, ‘video’, ‘noscript’]) acceptable_attributes = set([‘abbr’, ‘accept’, ‘accept-charset’, ‘accesskey’, ‘action’, ‘align’, ‘alt’, ‘autocomplete’, ‘autofocus’, ‘axis’, ‘background’, ‘balance’, ‘bgcolor’, ‘bgproperties’, ‘border’, ‘bordercolor’, ‘bordercolordark’, ‘bordercolorlight’, ‘bottompadding’, ‘cellpadding’, ‘cellspacing’, ‘ch’, ‘challenge’, ‘char’, ‘charoff’, ‘choff’, ‘charset’, ‘checked’, ‘cite’, ‘class’, ‘clear’, ‘color’, ‘cols’, ‘colspan’, ‘compact’, ‘contenteditable’, ‘controls’, ‘coords’, ‘data’, ‘datafld’, ‘datapagesize’, ‘datasrc’, ‘datetime’, ‘default’, ‘delay’, ‘dir’, ‘disabled’, ‘draggable’, ‘dynsrc’, ‘enctype’, ‘end’, ‘face’, ‘for’, ‘form’, ‘frame’, ‘galleryimg’, ‘gutter’, ‘headers’, ‘height’, ‘hidefocus’, ‘hidden’, ‘high’, ‘href’, ‘hreflang’, ‘hspace’, ‘icon’, ‘id’, ‘inputmode’, ‘ismap’, ‘keytype’, ‘label’, ‘leftspacing’, ‘lang’, ‘list’, ‘longdesc’, ‘loop’, ‘loopcount’, ‘loopend’, ‘loopstart’, ‘low’, ‘lowsrc’, ‘max’, ‘maxlength’, ‘media’, ‘method’, ‘min’, ‘multiple’, ‘name’, ‘nohref’, ‘noshade’, ‘nowrap’, ‘open’, ‘optimum’, ‘pattern’, ‘ping’, ‘point-size’, ‘poster’, ‘pqg’, ‘preload’, ‘prompt’, ‘radiogroup’, ‘readonly’, ‘rel’, ‘repeat-max’, ‘repeat-min’, ‘replace’, ‘required’, ‘rev’, ‘rightspacing’, ‘rows’, ‘rowspan’, ‘rules’, ‘scope’, ‘selected’, ‘shape’, ‘size’, ‘span’, ‘src’, ‘start’, ‘step’, ‘summary’, ‘suppress’, ‘tabindex’, ‘target’, ‘template’, ‘title’, ‘toppadding’, ‘type’, ‘unselectable’, ‘usemap’, ‘urn’, ‘valign’, ‘value’, ‘variable’, ‘volume’, ‘vspace’, ‘vrml’, ‘width’, ‘wrap’, ‘xml:lang’]) unacceptable_elements_with_end_tag = set([‘script’, ‘applet’, ‘style’]) acceptable_css_properties = set([‘azimuth’, ‘background-color’, ‘border-bottom-color’, ‘border-collapse’, ‘border-color’, ‘border-left-color’, ‘border-right-color’, ‘border-top-color’, ‘clear’, ‘color’, ‘cursor’, ‘direction’, ‘display’, ‘elevation’, ‘float’, ‘font’, ‘font-family’, ‘font-size’, ‘font-style’, ‘font-variant’, ‘font-weight’, ‘height’, ‘letter-spacing’, ‘line-height’, ‘overflow’, ‘pause’, ‘pause-after’, ‘pause-before’, ‘pitch’, ‘pitch-range’, ‘richness’, ‘speak’, ‘speak-header’, ‘speak-numeral’, ‘speak-punctuation’, ‘speech-rate’, ‘stress’, ‘text-align’, ‘text-decoration’, ‘text-indent’, ‘unicode-bidi’, ‘vertical-align’, ‘voice-family’, ‘volume’, ‘white-space’, ‘width’]) # survey of common keywords found in feeds acceptable_css_keywords = set([‘auto’, ‘aqua’, ‘black’, ‘block’, ‘blue’, ‘bold’, ‘both’, ‘bottom’, ‘brown’, ‘center’, ‘collapse’, ‘dashed’, ‘dotted’, ‘fuchsia’, ‘gray’, ‘green’, ‘!important’, ‘italic’, ‘left’, ‘lime’, ‘maroon’, ‘medium’, ‘none’, ‘navy’, ‘normal’, ‘nowrap’, ‘olive’, ‘pointer’, ‘purple’, ‘red’, ‘right’, ‘solid’, ‘silver’, ‘teal’, ‘top’, ‘transparent’, ‘underline’, ‘white’, ‘yellow’]) valid_css_values = re.compile(‘^(#[0-9a-f]+|rgb\(\d+%?,\d*%?,?\d*%?\)?|’ + ‘\d{0,2}\.?\d{0,2}(cm|em|ex|in|mm|pc|pt|px|%|,|\))?)$’) mathml_elements = set([ ‘annotation’, ‘annotation-xml’, ‘maction’, ‘maligngroup’, ‘malignmark’, ‘math’, ‘menclose’, ‘merror’, ‘mfenced’, ‘mfrac’, ‘mglyph’, ‘mi’, ‘mlabeledtr’, ‘mlongdiv’, ‘mmultiscripts’, ‘mn’, ‘mo’, ‘mover’, ‘mpadded’, ‘mphantom’, ‘mprescripts’, ‘mroot’, ‘mrow’, ‘ms’, ‘mscarries’, ‘mscarry’, ‘msgroup’, ‘msline’, ‘mspace’, ‘msqrt’, ‘msrow’, ‘mstack’, ‘mstyle’, ‘msub’, ‘msubsup’, ‘msup’, ‘mtable’, ‘mtd’, ‘mtext’, ‘mtr’, ‘munder’, ‘munderover’, ‘none’, ‘semantics’, ]) mathml_attributes = set([ ‘accent’, ‘accentunder’, ‘actiontype’, ‘align’, ‘alignmentscope’, ‘altimg’, ‘altimg-height’, ‘altimg-valign’, ‘altimg-width’, ‘alttext’, ‘bevelled’, ‘charalign’, ‘close’, ‘columnalign’, ‘columnlines’, ‘columnspacing’, ‘columnspan’, ‘columnwidth’, ‘crossout’, ‘decimalpoint’, ‘denomalign’, ‘depth’, ‘dir’, ‘display’, ‘displaystyle’, ‘edge’, ‘encoding’, ‘equalcolumns’, ‘equalrows’, ‘fence’, ‘fontstyle’, ‘fontweight’, ‘form’, ‘frame’, ‘framespacing’, ‘groupalign’, ‘height’, ‘href’, ‘id’, ‘indentalign’, ‘indentalignfirst’, ‘indentalignlast’, ‘indentshift’, ‘indentshiftfirst’, ‘indentshiftlast’, ‘indenttarget’, ‘infixlinebreakstyle’, ‘largeop’, ‘length’, ‘linebreak’, ‘linebreakmultchar’, ‘linebreakstyle’, ‘lineleading’, ‘linethickness’, ‘location’, ‘longdivstyle’, ‘lquote’, ‘lspace’, ‘mathbackground’, ‘mathcolor’, ‘mathsize’, ‘mathvariant’, ‘maxsize’, ‘minlabelspacing’, ‘minsize’, ‘movablelimits’, ‘notation’, ‘numalign’, ‘open’, ‘other’, ‘overflow’, ‘position’, ‘rowalign’, ‘rowlines’, ‘rowspacing’, ‘rowspan’, ‘rquote’, ‘rspace’, ‘scriptlevel’, ‘scriptminsize’, ‘scriptsizemultiplier’, ‘selection’, ‘separator’, ‘separators’, ‘shift’, ‘side’, ‘src’, ‘stackalign’, ‘stretchy’, ‘subscriptshift’, ‘superscriptshift’, ‘symmetric’, ‘voffset’, ‘width’, ‘xlink:href’, ‘xlink:show’, ‘xlink:type’, ‘xmlns’, ‘xmlns:xlink’, ]) # svgtiny – foreignObject + linearGradient + radialGradient + stop svg_elements = set([‘a’, ‘animate’, ‘animateColor’, ‘animateMotion’, ‘animateTransform’, ‘circle’, ‘defs’, ‘desc’, ‘ellipse’, ‘foreignObject’, ‘font-face’, ‘font-face-name’, ‘font-face-src’, ‘g’, ‘glyph’, ‘hkern’, ‘linearGradient’, ‘line’, ‘marker’, ‘metadata’, ‘missing-glyph’, ‘mpath’, ‘path’, ‘polygon’, ‘polyline’, ‘radialGradient’, ‘rect’, ‘set’, ‘stop’, ‘svg’, ‘switch’, ‘text’, ‘title’, ‘tspan’, ‘use’]) # svgtiny + class + opacity + offset + xmlns + xmlns:xlink svg_attributes = set([‘accent-height’, ‘accumulate’, ‘additive’, ‘alphabetic’, ‘arabic-form’, ‘ascent’, ‘attributeName’, ‘attributeType’, ‘baseProfile’, ‘bbox’, ‘begin’, ‘by’, ‘calcMode’, ‘cap-height’, ‘class’, ‘color’, ‘color-rendering’, ‘content’, ‘cx’, ‘cy’, ‘d’, ‘dx’, ‘dy’, ‘descent’, ‘display’, ‘dur’, ‘end’, ‘fill’, ‘fill-opacity’, ‘fill-rule’, ‘font-family’, ‘font-size’, ‘font-stretch’, ‘font-style’, ‘font-variant’, ‘font-weight’, ‘from’, ‘fx’, ‘fy’, ‘g1’, ‘g2’, ‘glyph-name’, ‘gradientUnits’, ‘hanging’, ‘height’, ‘horiz-adv-x’, ‘horiz-origin-x’, ‘id’, ‘ideographic’, ‘k’, ‘keyPoints’, ‘keySplines’, ‘keyTimes’, ‘lang’, ‘mathematical’, ‘marker-end’, ‘marker-mid’, ‘marker-start’, ‘markerHeight’, ‘markerUnits’, ‘markerWidth’, ‘max’, ‘min’, ‘name’, ‘offset’, ‘opacity’, ‘orient’, ‘origin’, ‘overline-position’, ‘overline-thickness’, ‘panose-1’, ‘path’, ‘pathLength’, ‘points’, ‘preserveAspectRatio’, ‘r’, ‘refX’, ‘refY’, ‘repeatCount’, ‘repeatDur’, ‘requiredExtensions’, ‘requiredFeatures’, ‘restart’, ‘rotate’, ‘rx’, ‘ry’, ‘slope’, ‘stemh’, ‘stemv’, ‘stop-color’, ‘stop-opacity’, ‘strikethrough-position’, ‘strikethrough-thickness’, ‘stroke’, ‘stroke-dasharray’, ‘stroke-dashoffset’, ‘stroke-linecap’, ‘stroke-linejoin’, ‘stroke-miterlimit’, ‘stroke-opacity’, ‘stroke-width’, ‘systemLanguage’, ‘target’, ‘text-anchor’, ‘to’, ‘transform’, ‘type’, ‘u1’, ‘u2’, ‘underline-position’, ‘underline-thickness’, ‘unicode’, ‘unicode-range’, ‘units-per-em’, ‘values’, ‘version’, ‘viewBox’, ‘visibility’, ‘width’, ‘widths’, ‘x’, ‘x-height’, ‘x1’, ‘x2’, ‘xlink:actuate’, ‘xlink:arcrole’, ‘xlink:href’, ‘xlink:role’, ‘xlink:show’, ‘xlink:title’, ‘xlink:type’, ‘xml:base’, ‘xml:lang’, ‘xml:space’, ‘xmlns’, ‘xmlns:xlink’, ‘y’, ‘y1’, ‘y2’, ‘zoomAndPan’]) svg_attr_map = None svg_elem_map = None acceptable_svg_properties = set([ ‘fill’, ‘fill-opacity’, ‘fill-rule’, ‘stroke’, ‘stroke-width’, ‘stroke-linecap’, ‘stroke-linejoin’, ‘stroke-opacity’]) def reset(self): _BaseHTMLProcessor.reset(self) self.unacceptablestack = 0 self.mathmlOK = 0 self.svgOK = 0 def unknown_starttag(self, tag, attrs): acceptable_attributes = self.acceptable_attributes keymap = {} if not tag in self.acceptable_elements or self.svgOK: if tag in self.unacceptable_elements_with_end_tag: self.unacceptablestack += 1 # add implicit namespaces to html5 inline svg/mathml if self._type.endswith(‘html’): if not dict(attrs).get(‘xmlns’): if tag==’svg’: attrs.append( (‘xmlns’,’http://www.w3.org/2000/svg’) ) if tag==’math’: attrs.append( (‘xmlns’,’http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML’) ) # not otherwise acceptable, perhaps it is MathML or SVG? if tag==’math’ and (‘xmlns’,’http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML’) in attrs: self.mathmlOK += 1 if tag==’svg’ and (‘xmlns’,’http://www.w3.org/2000/svg’) in attrs: self.svgOK += 1 # chose acceptable attributes based on tag class, else bail if self.mathmlOK and tag in self.mathml_elements: acceptable_attributes = self.mathml_attributes elif self.svgOK and tag in self.svg_elements: # for most vocabularies, lowercasing is a good idea. Many # svg elements, however, are camel case if not self.svg_attr_map: lower=[attr.lower() for attr in self.svg_attributes] mix=[a for a in self.svg_attributes if a not in lower] self.svg_attributes = lower self.svg_attr_map = dict([(a.lower(),a) for a in mix]) lower=[attr.lower() for attr in self.svg_elements] mix=[a for a in self.svg_elements if a not in lower] self.svg_elements = lower self.svg_elem_map = dict([(a.lower(),a) for a in mix]) acceptable_attributes = self.svg_attributes tag = self.svg_elem_map.get(tag,tag) keymap = self.svg_attr_map elif not tag in self.acceptable_elements: return # declare xlink namespace, if needed if self.mathmlOK or self.svgOK: if [n_v for n_v in attrs if n_v[0].startswith(‘xlink:’)]: if not (‘xmlns:xlink’,’http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink’) in attrs: attrs.append((‘xmlns:xlink’,’http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink’)) clean_attrs = [] for key, value in self.normalize_attrs(attrs): if key in acceptable_attributes: key=keymap.get(key,key) # make sure the uri uses an acceptable uri scheme if key == ‘href’: value = _makeSafeAbsoluteURI(value) clean_attrs.append((key,value)) elif key==’style’: clean_value = self.sanitize_style(value) if clean_value: clean_attrs.append((key,clean_value)) _BaseHTMLProcessor.unknown_starttag(self, tag, clean_attrs) def unknown_endtag(self, tag): if not tag in self.acceptable_elements: if tag in self.unacceptable_elements_with_end_tag: self.unacceptablestack -= 1 if self.mathmlOK and tag in self.mathml_elements: if tag == ‘math’ and self.mathmlOK: self.mathmlOK -= 1 elif self.svgOK and tag in self.svg_elements: tag = self.svg_elem_map.get(tag,tag) if tag == ‘svg’ and self.svgOK: self.svgOK -= 1 else: return _BaseHTMLProcessor.unknown_endtag(self, tag) def handle_pi(self, text): pass def handle_decl(self, text): pass def handle_data(self, text): if not self.unacceptablestack: _BaseHTMLProcessor.handle_data(self, text) def sanitize_style(self, style): # disallow urls style=re.compile(‘url\s*\(\s*[^\s)]+?\s*\)\s*’).sub(‘ ‘,style) # gauntlet if not re.match(“””^([:,;#%.\sa-zA-Z0-9!]|\w-\w|'[\s\w]+’|”[\s\w]+”|\([\d,\s]+\))*$”””, style): return ” # This replaced a regexp that used re.match and was prone to pathological back-tracking. if re.sub(“\s*[-\w]+\s*:\s*[^:;]*;?”, ”, style).strip(): return ” clean = [] for prop,value in re.findall(“([-\w]+)\s*:\s*([^:;]*)”,style): if not value: continue if prop.lower() in self.acceptable_css_properties: clean.append(prop + ‘: ‘ + value + ‘;’) elif prop.split(‘-‘)[0].lower() in [‘background’,’border’,’margin’,’padding’]: for keyword in value.split(): if not keyword in self.acceptable_css_keywords and \ not self.valid_css_values.match(keyword): break else: clean.append(prop + ‘: ‘ + value + ‘;’) elif self.svgOK and prop.lower() in self.acceptable_svg_properties: clean.append(prop + ‘: ‘ + value + ‘;’) return ‘ ‘.join(clean) def parse_comment(self, i, report=1): ret = _BaseHTMLProcessor.parse_comment(self, i, report) if ret >= 0: return ret # if ret == -1, this may be a malicious attempt to circumvent # sanitization, or a page-destroying unclosed comment match = re.compile(r’–[^>]*>’).search(self.rawdata, i+4) if match: return match.end() # unclosed comment; deliberately fail to handle_data() return len(self.rawdata) def _sanitizeHTML(htmlSource, encoding, _type): if not _SGML_AVAILABLE: return htmlSource p = _HTMLSanitizer(encoding, _type) htmlSource = htmlSource.replace(‘<![CDATA[‘, ‘&lt;![CDATA[‘) p.feed(htmlSource) data = p.output() data = data.strip().replace(‘\r\n’, ‘\n’) return data class _FeedURLHandler(urllib.request.HTTPDigestAuthHandler, urllib.request.HTTPRedirectHandler, urllib.request.HTTPDefaultErrorHandler): def http_error_default(self, req, fp, code, msg, headers): # The default implementation just raises HTTPError. # Forget that. fp.status = code return fp def http_error_301(self, req, fp, code, msg, hdrs): result = urllib.request.HTTPRedirectHandler.http_error_301(self, req, fp, code, msg, hdrs) result.status = code result.newurl = result.geturl() return result # The default implementations in urllib2.HTTPRedirectHandler # are identical, so hardcoding a http_error_301 call above # won’t affect anything http_error_300 = http_error_301 http_error_302 = http_error_301 http_error_303 = http_error_301 http_error_307 = http_error_301 def http_error_401(self, req, fp, code, msg, headers): # Check if # – server requires digest auth, AND # – we tried (unsuccessfully) with basic auth, AND # If all conditions hold, parse authentication information # out of the Authorization header we sent the first time # (for the username and password) and the WWW-Authenticate # header the server sent back (for the realm) and retry # the request with the appropriate digest auth headers instead. # This evil genius hack has been brought to you by Aaron Swartz. host = urllib.parse.urlparse(req.get_full_url())[1] if base64 is None or ‘Authorization’ not in req.headers \ or ‘WWW-Authenticate’ not in headers: return self.http_error_default(req, fp, code, msg, headers) auth = _base64decode(req.headers[‘Authorization’].split(‘ ‘)[1]) user, passw = auth.split(‘:’) realm = re.findall(‘realm=”([^”]*)”‘, headers[‘WWW-Authenticate’])[0] self.add_password(realm, host, user, passw) retry = self.http_error_auth_reqed(‘www-authenticate’, host, req, headers) self.reset_retry_count() return retry def _open_resource(url_file_stream_or_string, etag, modified, agent, referrer, handlers, request_headers): “””URL, filename, or string –> stream This function lets you define parsers that take any input source (URL, pathname to local or network file, or actual data as a string) and deal with it in a uniform manner. Returned object is guaranteed to have all the basic stdio read methods (read, readline, readlines). Just .close() the object when you’re done with it. If the etag argument is supplied, it will be used as the value of an If-None-Match request header. If the modified argument is supplied, it can be a tuple of 9 integers (as returned by gmtime() in the standard Python time module) or a date string in any format supported by feedparser. Regardless, it MUST be in GMT (Greenwich Mean Time). It will be reformatted into an RFC 1123-compliant date and used as the value of an If-Modified-Since request header. If the agent argument is supplied, it will be used as the value of a User-Agent request header. If the referrer argument is supplied, it will be used as the value of a Referer[sic] request header. If handlers is supplied, it is a list of handlers used to build a urllib2 opener. if request_headers is supplied it is a dictionary of HTTP request headers that will override the values generated by FeedParser. :return: A :class:`StringIO.StringIO` or :class:`io.BytesIO`. “”” if hasattr(url_file_stream_or_string, ‘read’): return url_file_stream_or_string if isinstance(url_file_stream_or_string, str) \ and urllib.parse.urlparse(url_file_stream_or_string)[0] in (‘http’, ‘https’, ‘ftp’, ‘file’, ‘feed’): # Deal with the feed URI scheme if url_file_stream_or_string.startswith(‘feed:http’): url_file_stream_or_string = url_file_stream_or_string[5:] elif url_file_stream_or_string.startswith(‘feed:’): url_file_stream_or_string = ‘http:’ + url_file_stream_or_string[5:] if not agent: agent = USER_AGENT # Test for inline user:password credentials for HTTP basic auth auth = None if base64 and not url_file_stream_or_string.startswith(‘ftp:’): urltype, rest = urllib.parse.splittype(url_file_stream_or_string) realhost, rest = urllib.parse.splithost(rest) if realhost: user_passwd, realhost = urllib.parse.splituser(realhost) if user_passwd: url_file_stream_or_string = ‘%s://%s%s’ % (urltype, realhost, rest) auth = base64.standard_b64encode(user_passwd).strip() # iri support if isinstance(url_file_stream_or_string, str): url_file_stream_or_string = _convert_to_idn(url_file_stream_or_string) # try to open with urllib2 (to use optional headers) request = _build_urllib2_request(url_file_stream_or_string, agent, etag, modified, referrer, auth, request_headers) opener = urllib.request.build_opener(*tuple(handlers + [_FeedURLHandler()])) opener.addheaders = [] # RMK – must clear so we only send our custom User-Agent try: return opener.open(request) finally: opener.close() # JohnD # try to open with native open function (if url_file_stream_or_string is a filename) try: return open(url_file_stream_or_string, ‘rb’) except (IOError, UnicodeEncodeError, TypeError): # if url_file_stream_or_string is a unicode object that # cannot be converted to the encoding returned by # sys.getfilesystemencoding(), a UnicodeEncodeError # will be thrown # If url_file_stream_or_string is a string that contains NULL # (such as an XML document encoded in UTF-32), TypeError will # be thrown. pass # treat url_file_stream_or_string as string if isinstance(url_file_stream_or_string, str): return _StringIO(url_file_stream_or_string.encode(‘utf-8’)) return _StringIO(url_file_stream_or_string) def _convert_to_idn(url): “””Convert a URL to IDN notation””” # this function should only be called with a unicode string # strategy: if the host cannot be encoded in ascii, then # it’ll be necessary to encode it in idn form parts = list(urllib.parse.urlsplit(url)) try: parts[1].encode(‘ascii’) except UnicodeEncodeError: # the url needs to be converted to idn notation host = parts[1].rsplit(‘:’, 1) newhost = [] port = ” if len(host) == 2: port = host.pop() for h in host[0].split(‘.’): newhost.append(h.encode(‘idna’).decode(‘utf-8’)) parts[1] = ‘.’.join(newhost) if port: parts[1] += ‘:’ + port return urllib.parse.urlunsplit(parts) else: return url def _build_urllib2_request(url, agent, etag, modified, referrer, auth, request_headers): request = urllib.request.Request(url) request.add_header(‘User-Agent’, agent) if etag: request.add_header(‘If-None-Match’, etag) if isinstance(modified, str): modified = _parse_date(modified) elif isinstance(modified, datetime.datetime): modified = modified.utctimetuple() if modified: # format into an RFC 1123-compliant timestamp. We can’t use # time.strftime() since the %a and %b directives can be affected # by the current locale, but RFC 2616 states that dates must be # in English. short_weekdays = [‘Mon’, ‘Tue’, ‘Wed’, ‘Thu’, ‘Fri’, ‘Sat’, ‘Sun’] months = [‘Jan’, ‘Feb’, ‘Mar’, ‘Apr’, ‘May’, ‘Jun’, ‘Jul’, ‘Aug’, ‘Sep’, ‘Oct’, ‘Nov’, ‘Dec’] request.add_header(‘If-Modified-Since’, ‘%s, %02d %s %04d %02d:%02d:%02d GMT’ % (short_weekdays[modified[6]], modified[2], months[modified[1] – 1], modified[0], modified[3], modified[4], modified[5])) if referrer: request.add_header(‘Referer’, referrer) if gzip and zlib: request.add_header(‘Accept-encoding’, ‘gzip, deflate’) elif gzip: request.add_header(‘Accept-encoding’, ‘gzip’) elif zlib: request.add_header(‘Accept-encoding’, ‘deflate’) else: request.add_header(‘Accept-encoding’, ”) if auth: request.add_header(‘Authorization’, ‘Basic %s’ % auth) if ACCEPT_HEADER: request.add_header(‘Accept’, ACCEPT_HEADER) # use this for whatever — cookies, special headers, etc # [(‘Cookie’,’Something’),(‘x-special-header’,’Another Value’)] for header_name, header_value in list(request_headers.items()): request.add_header(header_name, header_value) request.add_header(‘A-IM’, ‘feed’) # RFC 3229 support return request def _parse_psc_chapter_start(start): FORMAT = r’^((\d{2}):)?(\d{2}):(\d{2})(\.(\d{3}))?$’ m = re.compile(FORMAT).match(start) if m is None: return None _, h, m, s, _, ms = m.groups() h, m, s, ms = (int(h or 0), int(m), int(s), int(ms or 0)) return datetime.timedelta(0, h*60*60 + m*60 + s, ms*1000) _date_handlers = [] def registerDateHandler(func): ”’Register a date handler function (takes string, returns 9-tuple date in GMT)”’ _date_handlers.insert(0, func) # ISO-8601 date parsing routines written by Fazal Majid. # The ISO 8601 standard is very convoluted and irregular – a full ISO 8601 # parser is beyond the scope of feedparser and would be a worthwhile addition # to the Python library. # A single regular expression cannot parse ISO 8601 date formats into groups # as the standard is highly irregular (for instance is 030104 2003-01-04 or # 0301-04-01), so we use templates instead. # Please note the order in templates is significant because we need a # greedy match. _iso8601_tmpl = [‘YYYY-?MM-?DD’, ‘YYYY-0MM?-?DD’, ‘YYYY-MM’, ‘YYYY-?OOO’, ‘YY-?MM-?DD’, ‘YY-?OOO’, ‘YYYY’, ‘-YY-?MM’, ‘-OOO’, ‘-YY’, ‘–MM-?DD’, ‘–MM’, ‘—DD’, ‘CC’, ”] _iso8601_re = [ tmpl.replace( ‘YYYY’, r'(?P<year>\d{4})’).replace( ‘YY’, r'(?P<year>\d\d)’).replace( ‘MM’, r'(?P<month>[01]\d)’).replace( ‘DD’, r'(?P<day>[0123]\d)’).replace( ‘OOO’, r'(?P<ordinal>[0123]\d\d)’).replace( ‘CC’, r'(?P<century>\d\d$)’) + r'(T?(?P<hour>\d{2}):(?P<minute>\d{2})’ + r'(:(?P<second>\d{2}))?’ + r'(\.(?P<fracsecond>\d+))?’ + r'(?P<tz>[+-](?P<tzhour>\d{2})(:(?P<tzmin>\d{2}))?|Z)?)?’ for tmpl in _iso8601_tmpl] try: del tmpl except NameError: pass _iso8601_matches = [re.compile(regex).match for regex in _iso8601_re] try: del regex except NameError: pass def _parse_date_iso8601(dateString): ”’Parse a variety of ISO-8601-compatible formats like 20040105”’ m = None for _iso8601_match in _iso8601_matches: m = _iso8601_match(dateString) if m: break if not m: return if m.span() == (0, 0): return params = m.groupdict() ordinal = params.get(‘ordinal’, 0) if ordinal: ordinal = int(ordinal) else: ordinal = 0 year = params.get(‘year’, ‘–‘) if not year or year == ‘–‘: year = time.gmtime()[0] elif len(year) == 2: # ISO 8601 assumes current century, i.e. 93 -> 2093, NOT 1993 year = 100 * int(time.gmtime()[0] / 100) + int(year) else: year = int(year) month = params.get(‘month’, ‘-‘) if not month or month == ‘-‘: # ordinals are NOT normalized by mktime, we simulate them # by setting month=1, day=ordinal if ordinal: month = 1 else: month = time.gmtime()[1] month = int(month) day = params.get(‘day’, 0) if not day: # see above if ordinal: day = ordinal elif params.get(‘century’, 0) or \ params.get(‘year’, 0) or params.get(‘month’, 0): day = 1 else: day = time.gmtime()[2] else: day = int(day) # special case of the century – is the first year of the 21st century # 2000 or 2001 ? The debate goes on… if ‘century’ in params: year = (int(params[‘century’]) – 1) * 100 + 1 # in ISO 8601 most fields are optional for field in [‘hour’, ‘minute’, ‘second’, ‘tzhour’, ‘tzmin’]: if not params.get(field, None): params[field] = 0 hour = int(params.get(‘hour’, 0)) minute = int(params.get(‘minute’, 0)) second = int(float(params.get(‘second’, 0))) # weekday is normalized by mktime(), we can ignore it weekday = 0 daylight_savings_flag = -1 tm = [year, month, day, hour, minute, second, weekday, ordinal, daylight_savings_flag] # ISO 8601 time zone adjustments tz = params.get(‘tz’) if tz and tz != ‘Z’: if tz[0] == ‘-‘: tm[3] += int(params.get(‘tzhour’, 0)) tm[4] += int(params.get(‘tzmin’, 0)) elif tz[0] == ‘+’: tm[3] -= int(params.get(‘tzhour’, 0)) tm[4] -= int(params.get(‘tzmin’, 0)) else: return None # Python’s time.mktime() is a wrapper around the ANSI C mktime(3c) # which is guaranteed to normalize d/m/y/h/m/s. # Many implementations have bugs, but we’ll pretend they don’t. return time.localtime(time.mktime(tuple(tm))) registerDateHandler(_parse_date_iso8601) # 8-bit date handling routines written by ytrewq1. _korean_year = ‘\ub144’ # b3e2 in euc-kr _korean_month = ‘\uc6d4’ # bff9 in euc-kr _korean_day = ‘\uc77c’ # c0cf in euc-kr _korean_am = ‘\uc624\uc804’ # bfc0 c0fc in euc-kr _korean_pm = ‘\uc624\ud6c4’ # bfc0 c8c4 in euc-kr _korean_onblog_date_re = \ re.compile(‘(\d{4})%s\s+(\d{2})%s\s+(\d{2})%s\s+(\d{2}):(\d{2}):(\d{2})’ % \ (_korean_year, _korean_month, _korean_day)) _korean_nate_date_re = \ re.compile(‘(\d{4})-(\d{2})-(\d{2})\s+(%s|%s)\s+(\d{,2}):(\d{,2}):(\d{,2})’ % \ (_korean_am, _korean_pm)) def _parse_date_onblog(dateString): ”’Parse a string according to the OnBlog 8-bit date format”’ m = _korean_onblog_date_re.match(dateString) if not m: return w3dtfdate = ‘%(year)s-%(month)s-%(day)sT%(hour)s:%(minute)s:%(second)s%(zonediff)s’ % \ {‘year’: m.group(1), ‘month’: m.group(2), ‘day’: m.group(3),\ ‘hour’: m.group(4), ‘minute’: m.group(5), ‘second’: m.group(6),\ ‘zonediff’: ‘+09:00′} return _parse_date_w3dtf(w3dtfdate) registerDateHandler(_parse_date_onblog) def _parse_date_nate(dateString): ”’Parse a string according to the Nate 8-bit date format”’ m = _korean_nate_date_re.match(dateString) if not m: return hour = int(m.group(5)) ampm = m.group(4) if (ampm == _korean_pm): hour += 12 hour = str(hour) if len(hour) == 1: hour = ‘0’ + hour w3dtfdate = ‘%(year)s-%(month)s-%(day)sT%(hour)s:%(minute)s:%(second)s%(zonediff)s’ % \ {‘year’: m.group(1), ‘month’: m.group(2), ‘day’: m.group(3),\ ‘hour’: hour, ‘minute’: m.group(6), ‘second’: m.group(7),\ ‘zonediff’: ‘+09:00’} return _parse_date_w3dtf(w3dtfdate) registerDateHandler(_parse_date_nate) # Unicode strings for Greek date strings _greek_months = \ { \ ‘\u0399\u03b1\u03bd’: ‘Jan’, # c9e1ed in iso-8859-7 ‘\u03a6\u03b5\u03b2’: ‘Feb’, # d6e5e2 in iso-8859-7 ‘\u039c\u03ac\u03ce’: ‘Mar’, # ccdcfe in iso-8859-7 ‘\u039c\u03b1\u03ce’: ‘Mar’, # cce1fe in iso-8859-7 ‘\u0391\u03c0\u03c1’: ‘Apr’, # c1f0f1 in iso-8859-7 ‘\u039c\u03ac\u03b9’: ‘May’, # ccdce9 in iso-8859-7 ‘\u039c\u03b1\u03ca’: ‘May’, # cce1fa in iso-8859-7 ‘\u039c\u03b1\u03b9’: ‘May’, # cce1e9 in iso-8859-7 ‘\u0399\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd’: ‘Jun’, # c9effded in iso-8859-7 ‘\u0399\u03bf\u03bd’: ‘Jun’, # c9efed in iso-8859-7 ‘\u0399\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb’: ‘Jul’, # c9effdeb in iso-8859-7 ‘\u0399\u03bf\u03bb’: ‘Jul’, # c9f9eb in iso-8859-7 ‘\u0391\u03cd\u03b3’: ‘Aug’, # c1fde3 in iso-8859-7 ‘\u0391\u03c5\u03b3’: ‘Aug’, # c1f5e3 in iso-8859-7 ‘\u03a3\u03b5\u03c0’: ‘Sep’, # d3e5f0 in iso-8859-7 ‘\u039f\u03ba\u03c4’: ‘Oct’, # cfeaf4 in iso-8859-7 ‘\u039d\u03bf\u03ad’: ‘Nov’, # cdefdd in iso-8859-7 ‘\u039d\u03bf\u03b5’: ‘Nov’, # cdefe5 in iso-8859-7 ‘\u0394\u03b5\u03ba’: ‘Dec’, # c4e5ea in iso-8859-7 } _greek_wdays = \ { \ ‘\u039a\u03c5\u03c1’: ‘Sun’, # caf5f1 in iso-8859-7 ‘\u0394\u03b5\u03c5’: ‘Mon’, # c4e5f5 in iso-8859-7 ‘\u03a4\u03c1\u03b9’: ‘Tue’, # d4f1e9 in iso-8859-7 ‘\u03a4\u03b5\u03c4’: ‘Wed’, # d4e5f4 in iso-8859-7 ‘\u03a0\u03b5\u03bc’: ‘Thu’, # d0e5ec in iso-8859-7 ‘\u03a0\u03b1\u03c1’: ‘Fri’, # d0e1f1 in iso-8859-7 ‘\u03a3\u03b1\u03b2’: ‘Sat’, # d3e1e2 in iso-8859-7 } _greek_date_format_re = \ re.compile(‘([^,]+),\s+(\d{2})\s+([^\s]+)\s+(\d{4})\s+(\d{2}):(\d{2}):(\d{2})\s+([^\s]+)’) def _parse_date_greek(dateString): ”’Parse a string according to a Greek 8-bit date format.”’ m = _greek_date_format_re.match(dateString) if not m: return wday = _greek_wdays[m.group(1)] month = _greek_months[m.group(3)] rfc822date = ‘%(wday)s, %(day)s %(month)s %(year)s %(hour)s:%(minute)s:%(second)s %(zonediff)s’ % \ {‘wday’: wday, ‘day’: m.group(2), ‘month’: month, ‘year’: m.group(4),\ ‘hour’: m.group(5), ‘minute’: m.group(6), ‘second’: m.group(7),\ ‘zonediff’: m.group(8)} return _parse_date_rfc822(rfc822date) registerDateHandler(_parse_date_greek) # Unicode strings for Hungarian date strings _hungarian_months = \ { \ ‘janu\u00e1r’: ’01’, # e1 in iso-8859-2 ‘febru\u00e1ri’: ’02’, # e1 in iso-8859-2 ‘m\u00e1rcius’: ’03’, # e1 in iso-8859-2 ‘\u00e1prilis’: ’04’, # e1 in iso-8859-2 ‘m\u00e1ujus’: ’05’, # e1 in iso-8859-2 ‘j\u00fanius’: ’06’, # fa in iso-8859-2 ‘j\u00falius’: ’07’, # fa in iso-8859-2 ‘augusztus’: ’08’, ‘szeptember’: ’09’, ‘okt\u00f3ber’: ’10’, # f3 in iso-8859-2 ‘november’: ’11’, ‘december’: ’12’, } _hungarian_date_format_re = \ re.compile(‘(\d{4})-([^-]+)-(\d{,2})T(\d{,2}):(\d{2})((\+|-)(\d{,2}:\d{2}))’) def _parse_date_hungarian(dateString): ”’Parse a string according to a Hungarian 8-bit date format.”’ m = _hungarian_date_format_re.match(dateString) if not m or m.group(2) not in _hungarian_months: return None month = _hungarian_months[m.group(2)] day = m.group(3) if len(day) == 1: day = ‘0’ + day hour = m.group(4) if len(hour) == 1: hour = ‘0’ + hour w3dtfdate = ‘%(year)s-%(month)s-%(day)sT%(hour)s:%(minute)s%(zonediff)s’ % \ {‘year’: m.group(1), ‘month’: month, ‘day’: day,\ ‘hour’: hour, ‘minute’: m.group(5),\ ‘zonediff’: m.group(6)} return _parse_date_w3dtf(w3dtfdate) registerDateHandler(_parse_date_hungarian) timezonenames = { ‘ut’: 0, ‘gmt’: 0, ‘z’: 0, ‘adt’: -3, ‘ast’: -4, ‘at’: -4, ‘edt’: -4, ‘est’: -5, ‘et’: -5, ‘cdt’: -5, ‘cst’: -6, ‘ct’: -6, ‘mdt’: -6, ‘mst’: -7, ‘mt’: -7, ‘pdt’: -7, ‘pst’: -8, ‘pt’: -8, ‘a’: -1, ‘n’: 1, ‘m’: -12, ‘y’: 12, } # W3 date and time format parser # http://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-datetime # Also supports MSSQL-style datetimes as defined at: # http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms186724.aspx # (basically, allow a space as a date/time/timezone separator) def _parse_date_w3dtf(datestr): if not datestr.strip(): return None parts = datestr.lower().split(‘t’) if len(parts) == 1: # This may be a date only, or may be an MSSQL-style date parts = parts[0].split() if len(parts) == 1: # Treat this as a date only parts.append(’00:00:00z’) elif len(parts) > 2: return None date = parts[0].split(‘-‘, 2) if not date or len(date[0]) != 4: return None # Ensure that `date` has 3 elements. Using ‘1’ sets the default # month to January and the default day to the 1st of the month. date.extend([‘1’] * (3 – len(date))) try: year, month, day = [int(i) for i in date] except ValueError: # `date` may have more than 3 elements or may contain # non-integer strings. return None if parts[1].endswith(‘z’): parts[1] = parts[1][:-1] parts.append(‘z’) # Append the numeric timezone offset, if any, to parts. # If this is an MSSQL-style date then parts[2] already contains # the timezone information, so `append()` will not affect it. # Add 1 to each value so that if `find()` returns -1 it will be # treated as False. loc = parts[1].find(‘-‘) + 1 or parts[1].find(‘+’) + 1 or len(parts[1]) + 1 loc = loc – 1 parts.append(parts[1][loc:]) parts[1] = parts[1][:loc] time = parts[1].split(‘:’, 2) # Ensure that time has 3 elements. Using ‘0’ means that the # minutes and seconds, if missing, will default to 0. time.extend([‘0’] * (3 – len(time))) tzhour = 0 tzmin = 0 if parts[2][:1] in (‘-‘, ‘+’): try: tzhour = int(parts[2][1:3]) tzmin = int(parts[2][4:]) except ValueError: return None if parts[2].startswith(‘-‘): tzhour = tzhour * -1 tzmin = tzmin * -1 else: tzhour = timezonenames.get(parts[2], 0) try: hour, minute, second = [int(float(i)) for i in time] except ValueError: return None # Create the datetime object and timezone delta objects try: stamp = datetime.datetime(year, month, day, hour, minute, second) except ValueError: return None delta = datetime.timedelta(0, 0, 0, 0, tzmin, tzhour) # Return the date and timestamp in a UTC 9-tuple try: return (stamp – delta).utctimetuple() except (OverflowError, ValueError): # IronPython throws ValueErrors instead of OverflowErrors return None registerDateHandler(_parse_date_w3dtf) def _parse_date_rfc822(date): “””Parse RFC 822 dates and times http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc822#section-5 There are some formatting differences that are accounted for: 1. Years may be two or four digits. 2. The month and day can be swapped. 3. Additional timezone names are supported. 4. A default time and timezone are assumed if only a date is present. “”” daynames = set([‘mon’, ‘tue’, ‘wed’, ‘thu’, ‘fri’, ‘sat’, ‘sun’]) months = { ‘jan’: 1, ‘feb’: 2, ‘mar’: 3, ‘apr’: 4, ‘may’: 5, ‘jun’: 6, ‘jul’: 7, ‘aug’: 8, ‘sep’: 9, ‘oct’: 10, ‘nov’: 11, ‘dec’: 12, } parts = date.lower().split() if len(parts) < 5: # Assume that the time and timezone are missing parts.extend((’00:00:00′, ‘0000’)) # Remove the day name if parts[0][:3] in daynames: parts = parts[1:] if len(parts) < 5: # If there are still fewer than five parts, there’s not enough # information to interpret this return None try: day = int(parts[0]) except ValueError: # Check if the day and month are swapped if months.get(parts[0][:3]): try: day = int(parts[1]) except ValueError: return None else: parts[1] = parts[0] else: return None month = months.get(parts[1][:3]) if not month: return None try: year = int(parts[2]) except ValueError: return None # Normalize two-digit years: # Anything in the 90’s is interpreted as 1990 and on # Anything 89 or less is interpreted as 2089 or before if len(parts[2]) <= 2: year += (1900, 2000)[year < 90] timeparts = parts[3].split(‘:’) timeparts = timeparts + ([0] * (3 – len(timeparts))) try: (hour, minute, second) = list(map(int, timeparts)) except ValueError: return None tzhour = 0 tzmin = 0 # Strip ‘Etc/’ from the timezone if parts[4].startswith(‘etc/’): parts[4] = parts[4][4:] # Normalize timezones that start with ‘gmt’: # GMT-05:00 => -0500 # GMT => GMT if parts[4].startswith(‘gmt’): parts[4] = ”.join(parts[4][3:].split(‘:’)) or ‘gmt’ # Handle timezones like ‘-0500’, ‘+0500’, and ‘EST’ if parts[4] and parts[4][0] in (‘-‘, ‘+’): try: tzhour = int(parts[4][1:3]) tzmin = int(parts[4][3:]) except ValueError: return None if parts[4].startswith(‘-‘): tzhour = tzhour * -1 tzmin = tzmin * -1 else: tzhour = timezonenames.get(parts[4], 0) # Create the datetime object and timezone delta objects try: stamp = datetime.datetime(year, month, day, hour, minute, second) except ValueError: return None delta = datetime.timedelta(0, 0, 0, 0, tzmin, tzhour) # Return the date and timestamp in a UTC 9-tuple try: return (stamp – delta).utctimetuple() except (OverflowError, ValueError): # IronPython throws ValueErrors instead of OverflowErrors return None registerDateHandler(_parse_date_rfc822) _months = [‘jan’, ‘feb’, ‘mar’, ‘apr’, ‘may’, ‘jun’, ‘jul’, ‘aug’, ‘sep’, ‘oct’, ‘nov’, ‘dec’] def _parse_date_asctime(dt): “””Parse asctime-style dates. Converts asctime to RFC822-compatible dates and uses the RFC822 parser to do the actual parsing. Supported formats (format is standardized to the first one listed): * {weekday name} {month name} dd hh:mm:ss {+-tz} yyyy * {weekday name} {month name} dd hh:mm:ss yyyy “”” parts = dt.split() # Insert a GMT timezone, if needed. if len(parts) == 5: parts.insert(4, ‘+0000’) # Exit if there are not six parts. if len(parts) != 6: return None # Reassemble the parts in an RFC822-compatible order and parse them. return _parse_date_rfc822(‘ ‘.join([ parts[0], parts[2], parts[1], parts[5], parts[3], parts[4], ])) registerDateHandler(_parse_date_asctime) def _parse_date_perforce(aDateString): “””parse a date in yyyy/mm/dd hh:mm:ss TTT format””” # Fri, 2006/09/15 08:19:53 EDT _my_date_pattern = re.compile( \ r'(\w{,3}), (\d{,4})/(\d{,2})/(\d{2}) (\d{,2}):(\d{2}):(\d{2}) (\w{,3})’) m = _my_date_pattern.search(aDateString) if m is None: return None dow, year, month, day, hour, minute, second, tz = m.groups() months = [‘Jan’, ‘Feb’, ‘Mar’, ‘Apr’, ‘May’, ‘Jun’, ‘Jul’, ‘Aug’, ‘Sep’, ‘Oct’, ‘Nov’, ‘Dec’] dateString = “%s, %s %s %s %s:%s:%s %s” % (dow, day, months[int(month) – 1], year, hour, minute, second, tz) tm = rfc822.parsedate_tz(dateString) if tm: return time.gmtime(rfc822.mktime_tz(tm)) registerDateHandler(_parse_date_perforce) def _parse_date(dateString): ”’Parses a variety of date formats into a 9-tuple in GMT”’ if not dateString: return None for handler in _date_handlers: try: date9tuple = handler(dateString) except (KeyError, OverflowError, ValueError): continue if not date9tuple: continue if len(date9tuple) != 9: continue return date9tuple return None # Each marker represents some of the characters of the opening XML # processing instruction (‘<?xm’) in the specified encoding. EBCDIC_MARKER = _l2bytes([0x4C, 0x6F, 0xA7, 0x94]) UTF16BE_MARKER = _l2bytes([0x00, 0x3C, 0x00, 0x3F]) UTF16LE_MARKER = _l2bytes([0x3C, 0x00, 0x3F, 0x00]) UTF32BE_MARKER = _l2bytes([0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3C]) UTF32LE_MARKER = _l2bytes([0x3C, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00]) ZERO_BYTES = _l2bytes([0x00, 0x00]) # Match the opening XML declaration. # Example: <?xml version=”1.0″ encoding=”utf-8″?> RE_XML_DECLARATION = re.compile(‘^<\?xml[^>]*?>’) # Capture the value of the XML processing instruction’s encoding attribute. # Example: <?xml version=”1.0″ encoding=”utf-8″?> RE_XML_PI_ENCODING = re.compile(_s2bytes(‘^<\?.*encoding=[\'”](.*?)[\'”].*\?>’)) def convert_to_utf8(http_headers, data): ”’Detect and convert the character encoding to UTF-8. http_headers is a dictionary data is a raw string (not Unicode)”’ # This is so much trickier than it sounds, it’s not even funny. # According to RFC 3023 (‘XML Media Types’), if the HTTP Content-Type # is application/xml, application/*+xml, # application/xml-external-parsed-entity, or application/xml-dtd, # the encoding given in the charset parameter of the HTTP Content-Type # takes precedence over the encoding given in the XML prefix within the # document, and defaults to ‘utf-8’ if neither are specified. But, if # the HTTP Content-Type is text/xml, text/*+xml, or # text/xml-external-parsed-entity, the encoding given in the XML prefix # within the document is ALWAYS IGNORED and only the encoding given in # the charset parameter of the HTTP Content-Type header should be # respected, and it defaults to ‘us-ascii’ if not specified. # Furthermore, discussion on the atom-syntax mailing list with the # author of RFC 3023 leads me to the conclusion that any document # served with a Content-Type of text/* and no charset parameter # must be treated as us-ascii. (We now do this.) And also that it # must always be flagged as non-well-formed. (We now do this too.) # If Content-Type is unspecified (input was local file or non-HTTP source) # or unrecognized (server just got it totally wrong), then go by the # encoding given in the XML prefix of the document and default to # ‘iso-8859-1’ as per the HTTP specification (RFC 2616). # Then, assuming we didn’t find a character encoding in the HTTP headers # (and the HTTP Content-type allowed us to look in the body), we need # to sniff the first few bytes of the XML data and try to determine # whether the encoding is ASCII-compatible. Section F of the XML # specification shows the way here: # http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml/#sec-guessing-no-ext-info # If the sniffed encoding is not ASCII-compatible, we need to make it # ASCII compatible so that we can sniff further into the XML declaration # to find the encoding attribute, which will tell us the true encoding. # Of course, none of this guarantees that we will be able to parse the # feed in the declared character encoding (assuming it was declared # correctly, which many are not). iconv_codec can help a lot; # you should definitely install it if you can. # http://cjkpython.i18n.org/ bom_encoding = ” xml_encoding = ” rfc3023_encoding = ” # Look at the first few bytes of the document to guess what # its encoding may be. We only need to decode enough of the # document that we can use an ASCII-compatible regular # expression to search for an XML encoding declaration. # The heuristic follows the XML specification, section F: # http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml/#sec-guessing-no-ext-info # Check for BOMs first. if data[:4] == codecs.BOM_UTF32_BE: bom_encoding = ‘utf-32be’ data = data[4:] elif data[:4] == codecs.BOM_UTF32_LE: bom_encoding = ‘utf-32le’ data = data[4:] elif data[:2] == codecs.BOM_UTF16_BE and data[2:4] != ZERO_BYTES: bom_encoding = ‘utf-16be’ data = data[2:] elif data[:2] == codecs.BOM_UTF16_LE and data[2:4] != ZERO_BYTES: bom_encoding = ‘utf-16le’ data = data[2:] elif data[:3] == codecs.BOM_UTF8: bom_encoding = ‘utf-8’ data = data[3:] # Check for the characters ‘<?xm’ in several encodings. elif data[:4] == EBCDIC_MARKER: bom_encoding = ‘cp037’ elif data[:4] == UTF16BE_MARKER: bom_encoding = ‘utf-16be’ elif data[:4] == UTF16LE_MARKER: bom_encoding = ‘utf-16le’ elif data[:4] == UTF32BE_MARKER: bom_encoding = ‘utf-32be’ elif data[:4] == UTF32LE_MARKER: bom_encoding = ‘utf-32le’ tempdata = data try: if bom_encoding: tempdata = data.decode(bom_encoding).encode(‘utf-8’) except (UnicodeDecodeError, LookupError): # feedparser recognizes UTF-32 encodings that aren’t # available in Python 2.4 and 2.5, so it’s possible to # encounter a LookupError during decoding. xml_encoding_match = None else: xml_encoding_match = RE_XML_PI_ENCODING.match(tempdata) if xml_encoding_match: xml_encoding = xml_encoding_match.groups()[0].decode(‘utf-8’).lower() # Normalize the xml_encoding if necessary. if bom_encoding and (xml_encoding in ( ‘u16’, ‘utf-16’, ‘utf16’, ‘utf_16’, ‘u32’, ‘utf-32’, ‘utf32’, ‘utf_32’, ‘iso-10646-ucs-2’, ‘iso-10646-ucs-4’, ‘csucs4’, ‘csunicode’, ‘ucs-2’, ‘ucs-4’ )): xml_encoding = bom_encoding # Find the HTTP Content-Type and, hopefully, a character # encoding provided by the server. The Content-Type is used # to choose the “correct” encoding among the BOM encoding, # XML declaration encoding, and HTTP encoding, following the # heuristic defined in RFC 3023. http_content_type = http_headers.get(‘content-type’) or ” http_content_type, params = cgi.parse_header(http_content_type) http_encoding = params.get(‘charset’, ”).replace(“‘”, “”) if not isinstance(http_encoding, str): http_encoding = http_encoding.decode(‘utf-8’, ‘ignore’) acceptable_content_type = 0 application_content_types = (‘application/xml’, ‘application/xml-dtd’, ‘application/xml-external-parsed-entity’) text_content_types = (‘text/xml’, ‘text/xml-external-parsed-entity’) if (http_content_type in application_content_types) or \ (http_content_type.startswith(‘application/’) and http_content_type.endswith(‘+xml’)): acceptable_content_type = 1 rfc3023_encoding = http_encoding or xml_encoding or ‘utf-8’ elif (http_content_type in text_content_types) or \ (http_content_type.startswith(‘text/’) and http_content_type.endswith(‘+xml’)): acceptable_content_type = 1 rfc3023_encoding = http_encoding or ‘us-ascii’ elif http_content_type.startswith(‘text/’): rfc3023_encoding = http_encoding or ‘us-ascii’ elif http_headers and ‘content-type’ not in http_headers: rfc3023_encoding = xml_encoding or ‘iso-8859-1’ else: rfc3023_encoding = xml_encoding or ‘utf-8’ # gb18030 is a superset of gb2312, so always replace gb2312 # with gb18030 for greater compatibility. if rfc3023_encoding.lower() == ‘gb2312’: rfc3023_encoding = ‘gb18030’ if xml_encoding.lower() == ‘gb2312’: xml_encoding = ‘gb18030’ # there are four encodings to keep track of: # – http_encoding is the encoding declared in the Content-Type HTTP header # – xml_encoding is the encoding declared in the <?xml declaration # – bom_encoding is the encoding sniffed from the first 4 bytes of the XML data # – rfc3023_encoding is the actual encoding, as per RFC 3023 and a variety of other conflicting specifications error = None if http_headers and (not acceptable_content_type): if ‘content-type’ in http_headers: msg = ‘%s is not an XML media type’ % http_headers[‘content-type’] else: msg = ‘no Content-type specified’ error = NonXMLContentType(msg) # determine character encoding known_encoding = 0 lazy_chardet_encoding = None tried_encodings = [] if chardet: def lazy_chardet_encoding(): chardet_encoding = chardet.detect(data)[‘encoding’] if not chardet_encoding: chardet_encoding = ” if not isinstance(chardet_encoding, str): chardet_encoding = str(chardet_encoding, ‘ascii’, ‘ignore’) return chardet_encoding # try: HTTP encoding, declared XML encoding, encoding sniffed from BOM for proposed_encoding in (rfc3023_encoding, xml_encoding, bom_encoding, lazy_chardet_encoding, ‘utf-8’, ‘windows-1252’, ‘iso-8859-2′): if isinstance(proposed_encoding, collections.Callable): proposed_encoding = proposed_encoding() if not proposed_encoding: continue if proposed_encoding in tried_encodings: continue tried_encodings.append(proposed_encoding) try: data = data.decode(proposed_encoding) except (UnicodeDecodeError, LookupError): pass else: known_encoding = 1 # Update the encoding in the opening XML processing instruction. new_declaration = ”'<?xml version=’1.0′ encoding=’utf-8′?>”’ if RE_XML_DECLARATION.search(data): data = RE_XML_DECLARATION.sub(new_declaration, data) else: data = new_declaration + ‘\n’ + data data = data.encode(‘utf-8’) break # if still no luck, give up if not known_encoding: error = CharacterEncodingUnknown( ‘document encoding unknown, I tried ‘ + ‘%s, %s, utf-8, windows-1252, and iso-8859-2 but nothing worked’ % (rfc3023_encoding, xml_encoding)) rfc3023_encoding = ” elif proposed_encoding != rfc3023_encoding: error = CharacterEncodingOverride( ‘document declared as %s, but parsed as %s’ % (rfc3023_encoding, proposed_encoding)) rfc3023_encoding = proposed_encoding return data, rfc3023_encoding, error # Match XML entity declarations. # Example: <!ENTITY copyright “(C)”> RE_ENTITY_PATTERN = re.compile(_s2bytes(r’^\s*<!ENTITY([^>]*?)>’), re.MULTILINE) # Match XML DOCTYPE declarations. # Example: <!DOCTYPE feed [ ]> RE_DOCTYPE_PATTERN = re.compile(_s2bytes(r’^\s*<!DOCTYPE([^>]*?)>’), re.MULTILINE) # Match safe entity declarations. # This will allow hexadecimal character references through, # as well as text, but not arbitrary nested entities. # Example: cubed “³” # Example: copyright “(C)” # Forbidden: explode1 “&explode2;&explode2;” RE_SAFE_ENTITY_PATTERN = re.compile(_s2bytes(‘\s+(\w+)\s+”(&#\w+;|[^&”]*)”‘)) def replace_doctype(data): ”’Strips and replaces the DOCTYPE, returns (rss_version, stripped_data) rss_version may be ‘rss091n’ or None stripped_data is the same XML document with a replaced DOCTYPE ”’ # Divide the document into two groups by finding the location # of the first element that doesn’t begin with ‘<?’ or ‘<!’. start = re.search(_s2bytes(‘<\w’), data) start = start and start.start() or -1 head, data = data[:start+1], data[start+1:] # Save and then remove all of the ENTITY declarations. entity_results = RE_ENTITY_PATTERN.findall(head) head = RE_ENTITY_PATTERN.sub(_s2bytes(”), head) # Find the DOCTYPE declaration and check the feed type. doctype_results = RE_DOCTYPE_PATTERN.findall(head) doctype = doctype_results and doctype_results[0] or _s2bytes(”) if _s2bytes(‘netscape’) in doctype.lower(): version = ‘rss091n’ else: version = None # Re-insert the safe ENTITY declarations if a DOCTYPE was found. replacement = _s2bytes(”) if len(doctype_results) == 1 and entity_results: match_safe_entities = lambda e: RE_SAFE_ENTITY_PATTERN.match(e) safe_entities = list(filter(match_safe_entities, entity_results)) if safe_entities: replacement = _s2bytes(‘<!DOCTYPE feed [\n<!ENTITY’) \ + _s2bytes(‘>\n<!ENTITY ‘).join(safe_entities) \ + _s2bytes(‘>\n]>’) data = RE_DOCTYPE_PATTERN.sub(replacement, head) + data # Precompute the safe entities for the loose parser. safe_entities = dict((k.decode(‘utf-8’), v.decode(‘utf-8’)) for k, v in RE_SAFE_ENTITY_PATTERN.findall(replacement)) return version, data, safe_entities # GeoRSS geometry parsers. Each return a dict with ‘type’ and ‘coordinates’ # items, or None in the case of a parsing error. def _parse_poslist(value, geom_type, swap=True, dims=2): if geom_type == ‘linestring’: return _parse_georss_line(value, swap, dims) elif geom_type == ‘polygon’: ring = _parse_georss_line(value, swap, dims) return {‘type’: ‘Polygon’, ‘coordinates’: (ring[‘coordinates’],)} else: return None def _gen_georss_coords(value, swap=True, dims=2): # A generator of (lon, lat) pairs from a string of encoded GeoRSS # coordinates. Converts to floats and swaps order. latlons = map(float, value.strip().replace(‘,’, ‘ ‘).split()) nxt = latlons.__next__ while True: t = [nxt(), nxt()][::swap and -1 or 1] if dims == 3: t.append(nxt()) yield tuple(t) def _parse_georss_point(value, swap=True, dims=2): # A point contains a single latitude-longitude pair, separated by # whitespace. We’ll also handle comma separators. try: coords = list(_gen_georss_coords(value, swap, dims)) return {‘type’: ‘Point’, ‘coordinates’: coords[0]} except (IndexError, ValueError): return None def _parse_georss_line(value, swap=True, dims=2): # A line contains a space separated list of latitude-longitude pairs in # WGS84 coordinate reference system, with each pair separated by # whitespace. There must be at least two pairs. try: coords = list(_gen_georss_coords(value, swap, dims)) return {‘type’: ‘LineString’, ‘coordinates’: coords} except (IndexError, ValueError): return None def _parse_georss_polygon(value, swap=True, dims=2): # A polygon contains a space separated list of latitude-longitude pairs, # with each pair separated by whitespace. There must be at least four # pairs, with the last being identical to the first (so a polygon has a # minimum of three actual points). try: ring = list(_gen_georss_coords(value, swap, dims)) except (IndexError, ValueError): return None if len(ring) < 4: return None return {‘type’: ‘Polygon’, ‘coordinates’: (ring,)} def _parse_georss_box(value, swap=True, dims=2): # A bounding box is a rectangular region, often used to define the extents # of a map or a rough area of interest. A box contains two space seperate # latitude-longitude pairs, with each pair separated by whitespace. The # first pair is the lower corner, the second is the upper corner. try: coords = list(_gen_georss_coords(value, swap, dims)) return {‘type’: ‘Box’, ‘coordinates’: tuple(coords)} except (IndexError, ValueError): return None # end geospatial parsers def parse(url_file_stream_or_string, etag=None, modified=None, agent=None, referrer=None, handlers=None, request_headers=None, response_headers=None): ”’Parse a feed from a URL, file, stream, or string. request_headers, if given, is a dict from http header name to value to add to the request; this overrides internally generated values. :return: A :class:`FeedParserDict`. ”’ if handlers is None: handlers = [] if request_headers is None: request_headers = {} if response_headers is None: response_headers = {} result = FeedParserDict() result[‘feed’] = FeedParserDict() result[‘entries’] = [] result[‘bozo’] = 0 if not isinstance(handlers, list): handlers = [handlers] try: f = _open_resource(url_file_stream_or_string, etag, modified, agent, referrer, handlers, request_headers) data = f.read() except Exception as e: result[‘bozo’] = 1 result[‘bozo_exception’] = e data = None f = None if hasattr(f, ‘headers’): result[‘headers’] = dict(f.headers) # overwrite existing headers using response_headers if ‘headers’ in result: result[‘headers’].update(response_headers) elif response_headers: result[‘headers’] = copy.deepcopy(response_headers) # lowercase all of the HTTP headers for comparisons per RFC 2616 if ‘headers’ in result: http_headers = dict((k.lower(), v) for k, v in list(result[‘headers’].items())) else: http_headers = {} # if feed is gzip-compressed, decompress it if f and data and http_headers: if gzip and ‘gzip’ in http_headers.get(‘content-encoding’, ”): try: data = gzip.GzipFile(fileobj=_StringIO(data)).read() except (IOError, struct.error) as e: # IOError can occur if the gzip header is bad. # struct.error can occur if the data is damaged. result[‘bozo’] = 1 result[‘bozo_exception’] = e if isinstance(e, struct.error): # A gzip header was found but the data is corrupt. # Ideally, we should re-request the feed without the # ‘Accept-encoding: gzip’ header, but we don’t. data = None elif zlib and ‘deflate’ in http_headers.get(‘content-encoding’, ”): try: data = zlib.decompress(data) except zlib.error as e: try: # The data may have no headers and no checksum. data = zlib.decompress(data, -15) except zlib.error as e: result[‘bozo’] = 1 result[‘bozo_exception’] = e # save HTTP headers if http_headers: if ‘etag’ in http_headers: etag = http_headers.get(‘etag’, ”) if not isinstance(etag, str): etag = etag.decode(‘utf-8’, ‘ignore’) if etag: result[‘etag’] = etag if ‘last-modified’ in http_headers: modified = http_headers.get(‘last-modified’, ”) if modified: result[‘modified’] = modified result[‘modified_parsed’] = _parse_date(modified) if hasattr(f, ‘url’): if not isinstance(f.url, str): result[‘href’] = f.url.decode(‘utf-8’, ‘ignore’) else: result[‘href’] = f.url result[‘status’] = 200 if hasattr(f, ‘status’): result[‘status’] = f.status if hasattr(f, ‘close’): f.close() if data is None: return result # Stop processing if the server sent HTTP 304 Not Modified. if getattr(f, ‘code’, 0) == 304: result[‘version’] = ” result[‘debug_message’] = ‘The feed has not changed since you last checked, ‘ + \ ‘so the server sent no data. This is a feature, not a bug!’ return result data, result[‘encoding’], error = convert_to_utf8(http_headers, data) use_strict_parser = result[‘encoding’] and True or False if error is not None: result[‘bozo’] = 1 result[‘bozo_exception’] = error result[‘version’], data, entities = replace_doctype(data) # Ensure that baseuri is an absolute URI using an acceptable URI scheme. contentloc = http_headers.get(‘content-location’, ”) href = result.get(‘href’, ”) baseuri = _makeSafeAbsoluteURI(href, contentloc) or _makeSafeAbsoluteURI(contentloc) or href baselang = http_headers.get(‘content-language’, None) if not isinstance(baselang, str) and baselang is not None: baselang = baselang.decode(‘utf-8’, ‘ignore’) if not _XML_AVAILABLE: use_strict_parser = 0 if use_strict_parser: # initialize the SAX parser feedparser = _StrictFeedParser(baseuri, baselang, ‘utf-8’) saxparser = xml.sax.make_parser(PREFERRED_XML_PARSERS) saxparser.setFeature(xml.sax.handler.feature_namespaces, 1) try: # disable downloading external doctype references, if possible saxparser.setFeature(xml.sax.handler.feature_external_ges, 0) except xml.sax.SAXNotSupportedException: pass saxparser.setContentHandler(feedparser) saxparser.setErrorHandler(feedparser) source = xml.sax.xmlreader.InputSource() source.setByteStream(_StringIO(data)) try: saxparser.parse(source) except xml.sax.SAXException as e: result[‘bozo’] = 1 result[‘bozo_exception’] = feedparser.exc or e use_strict_parser = 0 if not use_strict_parser and _SGML_AVAILABLE: feedparser = _LooseFeedParser(baseuri, baselang, ‘utf-8’, entities) feedparser.feed(data.decode(‘utf-8’, ‘replace’)) result[‘feed’] = feedparser.feeddata result[‘entries’] = feedparser.entries result[‘version’] = result[‘version’] or feedparser.version result[‘namespaces’] = feedparser.namespacesInUse return result # The list of EPSG codes for geographic (latitude/longitude) coordinate # systems to support decoding of GeoRSS GML profiles. _geogCS = [ 3819, 3821, 3824, 3889, 3906, 4001, 4002, 4003, 4004, 4005, 4006, 4007, 4008, 4009, 4010, 4011, 4012, 4013, 4014, 4015, 4016, 4018, 4019, 4020, 4021, 4022, 4023, 4024, 4025, 4027, 4028, 4029, 4030, 4031, 4032, 4033, 4034, 4035, 4036, 4041, 4042, 4043, 4044, 4045, 4046, 4047, 4052, 4053, 4054, 4055, 4075, 4081, 4120, 4121, 4122, 4123, 4124, 4125, 4126, 4127, 4128, 4129, 4130, 4131, 4132, 4133, 4134, 4135, 4136, 4137, 4138, 4139, 4140, 4141, 4142, 4143, 4144, 4145, 4146, 4147, 4148, 4149, 4150, 4151, 4152, 4153, 4154, 4155, 4156, 4157, 4158, 4159, 4160, 4161, 4162, 4163, 4164, 4165, 4166, 4167, 4168, 4169, 4170, 4171, 4172, 4173, 4174, 4175, 4176, 4178, 4179, 4180, 4181, 4182, 4183, 4184, 4185, 4188, 4189, 4190, 4191, 4192, 4193, 4194, 4195, 4196, 4197, 4198, 4199, 4200, 4201, 4202, 4203, 4204, 4205, 4206, 4207, 4208, 4209, 4210, 4211, 4212, 4213, 4214, 4215, 4216, 4218, 4219, 4220, 4221, 4222, 4223, 4224, 4225, 4226, 4227, 4228, 4229, 4230, 4231, 4232, 4233, 4234, 4235, 4236, 4237, 4238, 4239, 4240, 4241, 4242, 4243, 4244, 4245, 4246, 4247, 4248, 4249, 4250, 4251, 4252, 4253, 4254, 4255, 4256, 4257, 4258, 4259, 4260, 4261, 4262, 4263, 4264, 4265, 4266, 4267, 4268, 4269, 4270, 4271, 4272, 4273, 4274, 4275, 4276, 4277, 4278, 4279, 4280, 4281, 4282, 4283, 4284, 4285, 4286, 4287, 4288, 4289, 4291, 4292, 4293, 4294, 4295, 4296, 4297, 4298, 4299, 4300, 4301, 4302, 4303, 4304, 4306, 4307, 4308, 4309, 4310, 4311, 4312, 4313, 4314, 4315, 4316, 4317, 4318, 4319, 4322, 4324, 4326, 4463, 4470, 4475, 4483, 4490, 4555, 4558, 4600, 4601, 4602, 4603, 4604, 4605, 4606, 4607, 4608, 4609, 4610, 4611, 4612, 4613, 4614, 4615, 4616, 4617, 4618, 4619, 4620, 4621, 4622, 4623, 4624, 4625, 4626, 4627, 4628, 4629, 4630, 4631, 4632, 4633, 4634, 4635, 4636, 4637, 4638, 4639, 4640, 4641, 4642, 4643, 4644, 4645, 4646, 4657, 4658, 4659, 4660, 4661, 4662, 4663, 4664, 4665, 4666, 4667, 4668, 4669, 4670, 4671, 4672, 4673, 4674, 4675, 4676, 4677, 4678, 4679, 4680, 4681, 4682, 4683, 4684, 4685, 4686, 4687, 4688, 4689, 4690, 4691, 4692, 4693, 4694, 4695, 4696, 4697, 4698, 4699, 4700, 4701, 4702, 4703, 4704, 4705, 4706, 4707, 4708, 4709, 4710, 4711, 4712, 4713, 4714, 4715, 4716, 4717, 4718, 4719, 4720, 4721, 4722, 4723, 4724, 4725, 4726, 4727, 4728, 4729, 4730, 4731, 4732, 4733, 4734, 4735, 4736, 4737, 4738, 4739, 4740, 4741, 4742, 4743, 4744, 4745, 4746, 4747, 4748, 4749, 4750, 4751, 4752, 4753, 4754, 4755, 4756, 4757, 4758, 4759, 4760, 4761, 4762, 4763, 4764, 4765, 4801, 4802, 4803, 4804, 4805, 4806, 4807, 4808, 4809, 4810, 4811, 4813, 4814, 4815, 4816, 4817, 4818, 4819, 4820, 4821, 4823, 4824, 4901, 4902, 4903, 4904, 4979 ]

pset5/MIT6_0001F16_ps5.pdf

 

Problem Set 5 Handed out: Wednesday, October 12, 2016.

Due: 11:59pm, Wednesday, October 19, 2016.

Introduction You will use object-oriented programming (classes and inheritance) to build a program to monitor news feeds over the Internet. Your program will filter the news, alerting the user when it notices a news story that matches that user’s interests (for example, the user may be interested in a notification whenever a story related to the Red Sox is posted).

This problem set does not require many lines of code! ​ ​ We recommend that the solutions you write for each problem stay under about 15-20 lines of code (the solutions for some

​problems will be ​ much shorter than that). If you find yourself writing way more code than that, you should come visit us at office hours to see how you can simplify things.

Here is the ​official Python tutorial ​ on classes, sections 9.1-9.7 (except for 9.5.1) will be useful for this pset. Chapter 8 in the textbook is also useful.

Getting Started Download and save

pset5.zip: A zip file of all the files you need, including:

● ps5.py, a skeleton for you to fill in ● ps5_test.py, a test suite that will help you check your answers ● triggers.txt, a trigger configuration file ● feedparser.py, a module that will retrieve and parse feeds for you

​ ​

 

 

feed, using an ​RSS feed reader​ instead of a web browser. An RSS reader (e.g. ​Sage​) will periodically collect and draw your attention to updated content.

​ RSS stands for “​Really Simple Syndication.” An RSS feed consists of (periodically changing) data stored in an XML-format file residing on a web-server. For this problem set, the details are unimportant. You don’t need to know what XML is, nor do you need to know how to access these files over the network. We have taken care of retrieving and parsing the XML file for you.

Data Structure Design RSS Feed Structure: Google News

First, let’s talk about one specific RSS feed: Google News. The URL for the Google News feed is: ​http://news.google.com/?output=rss

If you try to load this URL in your browser, you’ll probably see your browser’s interpretation of the XML code generated by the feed. You can view the XML source with your browser’s “View Page Source” function, though it probably will not make much sense to you. Abstractly, whenever you connect to the Google News RSS feed, you receive a ​list of items​. Each ​entry in this list represents a single news ​item​. In a Google News feed, every entry has the following fields:

● guid ​ : A globally unique identifier for this news story. ● title ​ : The news story’s headline. ● description ​ : A paragraph or so summarizing the news story. ● link ​ : A link to a website with the entire story. ● pubDate ​: Date the news was published ● category ​: News category, such as “Top Stories”

Generalizing the Problem

This is a little trickier than we’d like it to be, because each of these RSS feeds is structured a little bit differently than the others. So, our goal is to come up with a unified, standard representation that we’ll use to store a news story.

We want to do this because we want an application that aggregates several RSS feeds from various sources and can act on all of them in the exact same way. We should be able to read news stories from various RSS feeds all in one place.

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Problem 1

​ Parsing (see below for a definition) all of this information from the feeds that Google/Yahoo/etc. gives us is no small feat. So, let’s tackle an easy part of the problem first. Pretend that someone has already done the specific parsing, and has left you with variables that contain the following information for a news story:

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● globally unique identifier (GUID) – a string ● title – a string ● description – a string ● link to more content – a string ● pubdate – a ​datetime

​ We want to store this information in an ​object that we can then pass around in the rest of our program. Your task, in this problem, is to write a class, ​NewsStory ​, ​starting with a constructor​ that takes (​guid, title, description, link, pubdate ​) as arguments and stores them appropriately. ​NewsStory ​ also needs to contain the following methods:

● get_guid(self) ● get_title(self) ● get_description(self) ● get_link(self) ● get_pubdate(self)

The solution to this problem should be relatively short and very straightforward (please review what get methods should do if you find yourself writing multiple lines of code for each). Once you have implemented ​NewsStory ​ all the ​NewsStory ​ test cases should work.

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Parsing the Feed

Parsing is the process of turning a data stream into a structured format that is more convenient to work with. We have provided you with code that will retrieve and parse the Google and Yahoo news feeds.

Triggers Given a set of news stories, your program will generate ​alerts​ for a subset of those stories. Stories with alerts will be displayed to the user, and the other stories will be silently discarded. We will represent alerting rules as ​triggers​. A trigger is a rule that is evaluated over a single news story and may fire to generate an alert. For example, a simple trigger could fire for every news story whose title contained the phrase “Microsoft Office”. Another trigger may be set up to fire for all news stories where the description contained the phrase “Boston”. Finally, a more specific trigger could be set up to fire only when a news story contained both the phrases “Microsoft Office” and “Boston” in the description.

In order to simplify our code, we will use object polymorphism. We will define a trigger interface and then implement a number of different classes that implement that trigger interface in different ways.

Trigger Interface

Each trigger class you define should implement the following interface, either directly or transitively. It must implement the ​evaluate​ method that takes a news item (​NewsStory ​ object) as an input and returns ​True ​ if an alert should be generated for that item. We will not directly

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use the implementation of the ​Trigger ​ class, which is why it raises an exception should anyone attempt to use it.

The class below implements the Trigger interface (you will not modify this). Any subclass that inherits from it will have an evaluate method. By default, they will use the evaluate method in Trigger , the superclass, unless they define their own evaluate function, which would then be used instead. If some subclass neglects to define its own ​evaluate() ​ method, calls to it will go to Trigger.evaluate() , which fails (albeit cleanly) with the NotImplementedError :

class Trigger(object): def evaluate(self, story):

“”” Returns True if an alert should be generated for the given news item, or False otherwise. “”” raise NotImplementedError

We will define a number of classes that inherit from Trigger . In the figure below, Trigger is a superclass, from which all other classes inherit. The arrow from ​PhraseTrigger ​ to Trigger means that PhraseTrigger inherits from Trigger – a PhraseTrigger is a Trigger . Note that other classes inherit from ​PhraseTrigger ​.

Phrase Triggers

Having a trigger that always fires isn’t interesting; let’s write some that are interesting! A user may want to be alerted about news items that contain specific phrases. For instance, a simple

​ trigger could fire for every news item whose ​title contains the phrase “Microsoft Office”. In the​ following problems, you will create a phrase trigger ​abstract class and implement two classes

that implement this phrase trigger.

A ​phrase​ is one or more words separated by a single space between the words. You may

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assume that a phrase does not contain any punctuation. Here are some examples of valid phrases:

● ‘purple cow’ ● ‘PURPLE COW’ ● ‘mOoOoOoO’ ● ‘this is a phrase’

But these are ​NOT​ valid phrases: ● ‘purple cow???’ ​ (contains punctuation) ● ‘purple cow’ ​ (contains multiple spaces between words)

Given some text, the trigger should fire only when each word in the phrase is present in its entirety and appears consecutively in the text, separated only by spaces or punctuation. The trigger should not be case sensitive. For example, a phrase trigger with the phrase “purple cow” should fire on the following text snippets:

● ‘PURPLE COW’ ● ‘The purple cow is soft and cuddly.’ ● ‘The farmer owns a really PURPLE cow.’ ● ‘Purple!!! Cow!!!’ ● ‘purple@#$%cow’ ● ‘Did you see a purple cow?’

But it should not fire on these text snippets: ● ‘Purple cows are cool!’ ● ‘The purple blob over there is a cow.’ ● ‘How now brown cow.’ ● ‘Cow!!! Purple!!!’ ● ‘purplecowpurplecowpurplecow’

Dealing with exclamation marks and other punctuation that appear in the middle of the phrase is a little tricky. For the purpose of your parsing, pretend that a space or any character in string.punctuation ​ is a word separator. If you’ve never seen ​string.punctuation before, go to the Python shell and type: >>> import string >>> print string.punctuation

Play around with this a bit to get comfortable with what it is. The ​split ​, ​replace ​, ​join ​, methods of strings will almost certainly be helpful as you tackle this part.

You may also find the string methods ​lower ​ and/or ​upper ​ useful for this problem.

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Problem 2

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Implement a phrase trigger abstract class, ​PhraseTrigger ​. It should take in a string phrase as an argument to the class’s constructor. This trigger should not be case-sensitive (it should treat ​”Intel” ​ and ​”intel” ​ as being equal).

PhraseTrigger ​ should be a subclass of ​Trigger ​. It has one new method, is_phrase_in ​, which takes in one string argument text. It returns ​True ​ if the whole phrase phrase ​ is present in text, ​False ​ otherwise, as described in the above examples. This method should not be case-sensitive. Implement this method.

Because this is an abstract class, we will not be directly instantiating any ​PhraseTriggers ​. PhraseTrigger ​ should inherit its evaluate method from ​Trigger ​. We do this because now we can create subclasses of ​PhraseTrigger ​ that use its ​is_phrase_in ​ function.

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You are now ready to implement ​PhraseTrigger ​’s two subclasses: ​TitleTrigger ​ and DescriptionTrigger ​.

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Problem 3

Implement a phrase trigger subclass, ​TitleTrigger ​ that fires when a news item’s ​title contains a given phrase. For example, an instance of this type of trigger could be used to generate an alert whenever the phrase ​”Intel processors” ​ occurred in the title of a news item.

As it was in ​PhaseTrigger ​, the phrase should be an argument to the class’s constructor, and the trigger should not be case-sensitive.

Think carefully about what methods should be defined in ​TitleTrigger​ and what methods should be inherited from the superclass. ​Once you’ve implemented TitleTrigger ​, the ​TitleTrigger ​ unit tests in our test suite should pass. Remember that all subclasses that inherit from the ​Trigger ​ interface should include a working ​evaluate method.

If you find that you’re not passing the unit tests, keep in mind that FAIL means your code runs but produces the wrong answer, whereas ERROR means that your code crashes due to some error.

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Problem 4

Implement a phrase trigger subclass, ​DescriptionTrigger ​, that fires when a news item’s description​ contains a given phrase. As it was in ​PhaseTrigger ​, the phrase should be an argument to the class’s constructor, and the trigger should not be case-sensitive.

Once you’ve implemented ​DescriptionTrigger ​, the ​DescriptionTrigger ​ unit tests in our test suite should pass.

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Time Triggers

Let’s move on from ​PhraseTrigger. ​Now we want to have triggers that is based on when the ​NewsStory ​was published, not on its news content. Please check the earlier diagram if you’re confused about the inheritance structure of the Triggers in this problem set.

Problem 5

Implement a time trigger abstract class, ​TimeTrigger ​, that is a subclass of ​Trigger ​. The​ class’s constructor should take in time in EST as a ​string in the format of “3 Oct 2016

17:00:10 “. ​Make sure to convert time from string to a datetime before saving it as an attribute.​ Some of ​datetime ​’s methods, ​strptime ​ and ​replace ​, ​ along with an explanation of the string format for time​, might come in handy. You can also look at the provided code in ​process ​ to check. You do not have to implement any other methods.

Because this is an abstract class, we will not be directly instantiating any ​TimeTrigger ​.

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Problem 6

Implement ​BeforeTrigger ​ and ​AfterTrigger ​, two subclasses of ​TimeTrigger ​. BeforeTrigger ​fires when a story is published strictly before the trigger’s time, and AfterTrigger ​fires when a story is published strictly after the trigger’s time. Their evaluate ​ should not take more than a couple of lines of code.

Once you’ve implemented ​BeforeTrigger ​and ​AfterTrigger ​, the BeforeAndAfterTrigger ​unit tests in our test suite should pass.

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Composite Triggers

So the triggers above are mildly interesting, but we want to do better: we want to ‘compose’ the earlier triggers to set up more powerful alert rules. For instance, we may want to raise an alert only when both ​”google glass” ​ and ​”stock” ​ were present in the news item (an idea we can’t express with just phrase triggers).

​ Note that these triggers are ​not phrase triggers and should not be subclasses of PhraseTrigger ​. Again, please refer back to the earlier diagram if you’re confused about the inheritance structure of Trigger.

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Problem 7

Implement a NOT trigger (​NotTrigger ​).

This trigger should produce its output by inverting the output of another trigger. The NOT

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trigger should take this other trigger as an argument to its constructor (why its constructor? Because we can’t change what parameters evaluate takes in…that’d break our polymorphism). So, given a trigger ​T ​ and a news item ​x ​, the output of the NOT trigger’s evaluate method should be equivalent to ​not T.evaluate(x) ​.

When this is done, the ​NotTrigger ​ unit tests should pass.

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Problem 8

Implement an AND trigger (​AndTrigger ​).

This trigger should take two triggers as arguments to its constructor, and should fire on a​ news story only if ​both of the inputted triggers would fire on that item.

When this is done, the ​AndTrigger ​ unit tests should pass.

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Problem 9

Implement an OR trigger (​OrTrigger ​).

This trigger should take two triggers as arguments to its constructor, and should fire if either one (or both) of its inputted triggers would fire on that item.

When this is done, the ​OrTrigger ​ unit tests should pass.

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Filtering At this point, you can run ps5.py, and it will fetch and display Google and Yahoo news items for

​ in a pop-up window. How many news items? ​All of them.

Right now, the code we’ve given you in ps5.py gets the news from both feeds every minute and displays the result. This is nice, but, remember, the goal here was to filter out only the the stories we wanted.

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Problem 10

Write a function, ​filter_stories(stories, triggerlis t) ​ that takes in a list of news stories and a list of triggers, and returns a list of only the stories for which a trigger fires.

After completing Problem 10, you can try running ps5.py, and various RSS news items should pop up, filtered by some hard-coded triggers defined for you in code near the bottom. You may need to change these triggers to reflect what is currently in the news. The code runs an infinite loop, checking the RSS feeds for new stories every 120 seconds.

 
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Disaster -Assignment 3

Disaster -Assignment 3

Graded Assignments may be found at the end of each chapter of the required textbook under the title “Real-World Exercises”. Each assignment is due between Monday to Sunday evening by 11:59 p.m. EST. of the respective week. Each student is to select one exercise (per module exercise) from the grouping as identified below. Provide documented evidence, in Moodle, of completion of the chosen exercise (i.e. provide answers to each of the stated questions). Detailed and significant scholarly answers will be allotted full point value. Incomplete, inaccurate, or inadequate answers will receive less than full credit depending on the answers provided. All submissions need to directed to the appropriate area within Moodle. Late submissions, hardcopy, or email submissions will not be accepted.350 words 2 references

 
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Computer Science homework help

Computer Science homework help

You will write a flowchart, and C code for a program that does the following:

1. Uses a “for” loop.

2. Asks the user for their age.

3. Prints “Happy Birthday” for every year of the user’s age, along with the year.

Here is what the output of the program looks like.

File Submission

Upload your Flowgorithm file, your .c file, and a screen shot of your code output saved in a Word document including the path name directory at the top of the screen into the dropbox for grading.

 
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User Experience

User Experience

Our Product Name(everyday handheld device): Apple watch

In this textbook you will find in end of chapter1, that is assignment page 66.

Use APA formatting for in-text citations and the bibliography (if any). Use size 12 Times New Roman font with 1″ inch margins. There is not page or word count limits to this assignment. Be sure to answer the questions fully. Save your work in a Word docx file. Any other format will not be accepted.

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This assignment is intended for you to put into practice what you have
read about in this chapter. Specifically, the objective is to enable you to
define usability and user experience goals and to transform these and
other design principles into specific questions to help evaluate an
interactive product.
Find an everyday handheld device, e.g. remote control, digital camera,
smartphone, Apple watch and examine how it has been designed, paying particular
attention to how the user is meant to interact with it.
a. From your first impressions, write down what first comes to mind as
to what is good and bad about the way the device works.
b. Give a description of the user experience resulting from interacting
with it.
c. Based on your reading of this chapter and any other material you
have come across, compile a set of usability and user experience
goals that you think will be most relevant in evaluating the device.
Decide which are the most important ones and explain why.
d. Translate each of your sets of usability and user experience goals
into two or three specific questions. Then use them to assess how
well your device fares.
e. Repeat (c) and (d) but this time using the design principles outlined in
the chapter.
f. Finally, discuss possible improvements to the interface based on the
answers obtained for (d) and (e).

 
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Assignment Help Example on Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Understanding a Common Gastrointestinal Disorder

Assignment Help Example on Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Understanding a Common Gastrointestinal Disorder

Introduction

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a prevalent gastrointestinal disorder that affects millions of individuals globally. It is characterized by recurrent abdominal pain or discomfort, often accompanied by changes in bowel habits such as diarrhea, constipation, or both. Despite being a non-life-threatening condition, IBS significantly impacts the quality of life of those affected, leading to missed work or school days and limitations in daily activities. The exact cause of IBS remains elusive, although it is believed to stem from a complex interplay of factors including abnormal gut motility, visceral hypersensitivity, altered gut microbiota, and psychosocial factors. Diagnosis of IBS is primarily based on symptomatology and exclusion of other gastrointestinal conditions. Management of IBS involves a multidisciplinary approach, including dietary modifications, stress management techniques, medications, and behavioral therapies. This paper aims to explore the causes, signs and symptoms, etiology, pathophysiology, DSM-5 diagnosis, treatment regimens, patient education, and conclusions regarding Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Understanding these aspects is crucial for effective management and improved outcomes for individuals living with IBS. (Assignment Help Example on Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Understanding a Common Gastrointestinal Disorder)

Assignment Help Example on Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Understanding a Common Gastrointestinal Disorder

Causes

Abnormal Gastrointestinal Motility: One of the primary factors contributing to Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is abnormal gastrointestinal motility. This refers to irregular contractions of the muscles in the digestive tract, leading to altered bowel habits such as diarrhea, constipation, or a combination of both. These abnormal motility patterns can result in discomfort and pain for individuals with IBS.

Visceral Hypersensitivity: Another significant cause of IBS is visceral hypersensitivity. This condition involves heightened sensitivity to pain and discomfort in the internal organs, particularly the intestines. Even normal contractions or stimuli that would not typically cause discomfort can trigger pain in individuals with visceral hypersensitivity, contributing to the symptoms of IBS.

Altered Gut Microbiota: The gut microbiota, consisting of trillions of microorganisms residing in the gastrointestinal tract, play a crucial role in digestion, immunity, and overall health. Alterations in the composition and balance of these microorganisms can contribute to the development of IBS. Imbalances in gut bacteria may lead to increased inflammation, abnormal fermentation of food, and altered signaling between the gut and the brain, exacerbating symptoms of IBS.

Psychosocial Factors: Psychosocial factors, including stress, anxiety, depression, and traumatic life events, can significantly impact the development and exacerbation of IBS symptoms. Stress, in particular, has been shown to influence gut motility, visceral sensitivity, and the perception of pain in individuals with IBS. Additionally, psychological distress can lead to changes in eating habits, sleep patterns, and coping mechanisms, all of which can contribute to the severity of IBS symptoms.

Genetics: Although the exact genetic mechanisms underlying IBS are not fully understood, there is evidence to suggest that genetics play a role in predisposing individuals to the disorder. Studies have shown that individuals with a family history of IBS are at an increased risk of developing the condition themselves. Genetic variations related to gut motility, visceral sensitivity, and immune function may contribute to the susceptibility to IBS.

Environmental Factors: Environmental factors such as diet, lifestyle, and exposure to toxins or infections can also influence the development and severity of IBS symptoms. Certain foods and beverages, such as spicy foods, caffeine, alcohol, and high-fat foods, may exacerbate symptoms in some individuals. Additionally, gastrointestinal infections, particularly those caused by bacteria or parasites, can trigger the onset of IBS symptoms in susceptible individuals. (Assignment Help Example on Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Understanding a Common Gastrointestinal Disorder)

Signs and Symptoms

Abdominal Pain or Discomfort: The hallmark symptom of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is recurrent abdominal pain or discomfort. This pain is often described as cramping, bloating, or aching and can vary in intensity and duration. The location of the pain may also vary, typically occurring in the lower abdomen but sometimes radiating to other areas. The discomfort is often relieved or improved after a bowel movement.

Assignment Help Example on Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Understanding a Common Gastrointestinal Disorder

Bloating and Gas: Individuals with IBS frequently experience bloating and excessive gas. Bloating is characterized by a sensation of fullness or tightness in the abdomen, often accompanied by visible distention or swelling. Excessive gas production, leading to flatulence or belching, is also common in IBS and can contribute to discomfort and embarrassment for affected individuals.

Diarrhea: Diarrhea is a common symptom of IBS, particularly in individuals with the diarrhea-predominant subtype (IBS-D). It is characterized by loose or watery stools, increased frequency of bowel movements, and urgency to defecate. Diarrhea in IBS can be unpredictable and may occur in response to certain foods, stress, or hormonal changes.

Constipation: Constipation is another prevalent symptom of IBS, especially in individuals with the constipation-predominant subtype (IBS-C). It is characterized by infrequent bowel movements, difficulty passing stools, and a sensation of incomplete evacuation. Individuals with IBS-C may also experience straining during bowel movements and the passage of hard or lumpy stools.

Altered Bowel Habits: Many individuals with IBS experience alterations in their bowel habits, including changes in stool consistency and frequency. Some may alternate between episodes of diarrhea and constipation, while others may have a mix of both types of bowel movements. These fluctuations in bowel habits can be unpredictable and may impact daily activities and quality of life.

Mucus in Stool: The presence of mucus in the stool is a common symptom of IBS. Mucus is a gel-like substance produced by the intestines to lubricate and protect the gastrointestinal tract. In individuals with IBS, increased mucus production may occur due to inflammation or irritation of the intestines, leading to its presence in the stool. (Assignment Help Example on Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Understanding a Common Gastrointestinal Disorder)

Etiology

The etiology of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is multifactorial, involving a complex interplay of various factors including physiological, psychological, genetic, and environmental influences.

Abnormal Gut Motility: One key factor in the etiology of IBS is abnormal gut motility. Dysregulation of the muscular contractions in the gastrointestinal tract can lead to alterations in bowel habits, including diarrhea, constipation, or a combination of both. Abnormal motility patterns may result from disruptions in the coordination of smooth muscle contractions, leading to symptoms of IBS.

Visceral Hypersensitivity: Visceral hypersensitivity, or heightened sensitivity to pain and discomfort in the internal organs, is another significant component of IBS etiology. Individuals with IBS may have a lower threshold for perceiving visceral sensations, leading to increased pain and discomfort in response to normal gut stimuli. This heightened sensitivity can contribute to the severity and frequency of symptoms experienced by individuals with IBS.

Altered Gut Microbiota: Alterations in the composition and balance of the gut microbiota have also been implicated in the etiology of IBS. The gut microbiota play a crucial role in maintaining gut health and function, influencing processes such as digestion, immune regulation, and gut-brain communication. Disruptions in the gut microbiota, such as dysbiosis or imbalances in specific bacterial species, can lead to inflammation, increased intestinal permeability, and abnormal fermentation of food, contributing to the development of IBS symptoms.

Psychosocial Factors: Psychosocial factors, including stress, anxiety, depression, and early-life trauma, are known to influence the development and exacerbation of IBS symptoms. Stress, in particular, has been shown to affect gut motility, visceral sensitivity, and the perception of pain in individuals with IBS. Additionally, psychological distress can lead to maladaptive coping behaviors, changes in eating habits, and alterations in gut function, all of which can contribute to the etiology of IBS.

Genetic Predisposition: While the specific genetic factors contributing to IBS remain unclear, there is evidence to suggest a genetic predisposition to the disorder. Family and twin studies have demonstrated an increased risk of IBS among relatives of affected individuals, suggesting a hereditary component to the etiology of IBS. Genetic variations related to gut motility, visceral sensitivity, immune function, and neurotransmitter pathways may contribute to the susceptibility to IBS.

Environmental Triggers: Environmental factors such as diet, lifestyle, and exposure to infections or toxins can also play a role in the etiology of IBS. Certain dietary factors, including high-fat foods, spicy foods, caffeine, and alcohol, have been implicated in triggering or exacerbating IBS symptoms. Gastrointestinal infections, particularly those caused by bacteria or parasites, can also lead to the development of IBS symptoms in susceptible individuals, potentially through alterations in gut microbiota and immune function. Additionally, stressful life events or changes in routine can trigger symptom flares in individuals with IBS, highlighting the role of environmental triggers in the etiology of the disorder. (Assignment Help Example on Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Understanding a Common Gastrointestinal Disorder)

Assignment Help Example on Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Understanding a Common Gastrointestinal Disorder

Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) involves a complex interplay of physiological, psychological, and environmental factors, leading to alterations in gut function and the perception of pain.

Dysregulated Brain-Gut Axis: Central to the pathophysiology of IBS is the dysregulation of the brain-gut axis, a bidirectional communication network between the central nervous system (CNS) and the gastrointestinal tract. Abnormalities in this axis can lead to alterations in gut motility, visceral sensitivity, and the modulation of pain signals, contributing to the symptoms of IBS. Dysregulated neurotransmitter signaling, including alterations in serotonin, dopamine, and opioid pathways, may play a role in the dysregulation of the brain-gut axis in IBS.

Abnormal Gut Motility: Alterations in gut motility are a hallmark feature of IBS pathophysiology. Dysregulated smooth muscle contractions in the gastrointestinal tract can lead to abnormal motility patterns, including increased or decreased transit times, irregular bowel movements, and altered stool consistency. These abnormal motility patterns contribute to symptoms such as diarrhea, constipation, and abdominal pain in individuals with IBS.

Visceral Hypersensitivity: Visceral hypersensitivity, or heightened sensitivity to pain and discomfort in the internal organs, is another key aspect of IBS pathophysiology. Individuals with IBS may have a lower threshold for perceiving visceral sensations, leading to increased pain and discomfort in response to normal gut stimuli. This visceral hypersensitivity can amplify the perception of pain and discomfort associated with gastrointestinal symptoms, contributing to the severity and frequency of symptoms experienced by individuals with IBS.

Altered Gut Microbiota: Changes in the composition and balance of the gut microbiota have emerged as a significant factor in the pathophysiology of IBS. Disruptions in the gut microbiota, such as dysbiosis or imbalances in specific bacterial species, can lead to increased inflammation, abnormal fermentation of food, and alterations in gut-brain communication. These changes in gut microbiota composition and function contribute to the development of gastrointestinal symptoms and systemic inflammation observed in individuals with IBS.

Low-Grade Inflammation: While IBS is traditionally considered a functional gastrointestinal disorder, emerging evidence suggests the presence of low-grade inflammation in a subset of individuals with IBS. Increased immune activation and elevated levels of inflammatory mediators have been observed in the gut mucosa of some individuals with IBS, particularly those with post-infectious IBS. This low-grade inflammation may contribute to altered gut function, visceral hypersensitivity, and symptom exacerbation in individuals with IBS.

Alterations in Gut-Brain Communication: Abnormalities in gut-brain communication pathways contribute to the pathophysiology of IBS. Dysregulated signaling between the gut and the brain, mediated by neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and immune mediators, can lead to alterations in gut motility, visceral sensitivity, and the perception of pain. These alterations in gut-brain communication pathways contribute to the development and maintenance of gastrointestinal symptoms in individuals with IBS. (Assignment Help Example on Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Understanding a Common Gastrointestinal Disorder)

DSM-5 Diagnosis

The diagnosis of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is primarily based on clinical criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). The DSM-5 provides a standardized framework for diagnosing mental and behavioral disorders, including functional gastrointestinal disorders like IBS.

Recurrent Abdominal Pain or Discomfort: The DSM-5 criteria for diagnosing IBS require the presence of recurrent abdominal pain or discomfort for at least three days per month in the last three months. This pain or discomfort is characterized by its association with bowel movements and is often relieved or improved after defecation.

Associated Symptoms: In addition to recurrent abdominal pain or discomfort, the DSM-5 criteria specify the presence of two or more associated symptoms to support the diagnosis of IBS. These associated symptoms include:

  • Improvement with Defecation: Symptoms are relieved or improved after bowel movements.
  • Onset Associated with a Change in Frequency of Stool: Symptoms are associated with changes in bowel habits, such as diarrhea, constipation, or alternating bowel movements.
  • Onset Associated with a Change in Form (Appearance) of Stool: Symptoms are associated with changes in stool consistency, such as loose or hard stools.

Duration and Exclusion Criteria: To meet the DSM-5 criteria for IBS diagnosis, symptoms must be present for at least three months, with symptom onset occurring at least six months prior to diagnosis. Additionally, the diagnosis of IBS requires the exclusion of other gastrointestinal conditions that could account for the symptoms, such as inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, or colorectal cancer.

Subtypes of IBS: The DSM-5 recognizes different subtypes of IBS based on predominant bowel habits:

  • Diarrhea-Predominant IBS (IBS-D): Characterized by recurrent abdominal pain or discomfort associated with diarrhea.
  • Constipation-Predominant IBS (IBS-C): Characterized by recurrent abdominal pain or discomfort associated with constipation.
  • Mixed-Type IBS (IBS-M): Characterized by recurrent abdominal pain or discomfort associated with both diarrhea and constipation.

Psychological Factors: While the DSM-5 primarily focuses on the gastrointestinal symptoms of IBS, it also acknowledges the role of psychological factors in the disorder. Psychological distress, including anxiety and depression, commonly co-occur with IBS and may influence symptom severity and treatment outcomes. However, the DSM-5 criteria for IBS diagnosis do not require the presence of specific psychological symptoms.

Overall, the DSM-5 provides a standardized framework for diagnosing IBS based on the presence of recurrent abdominal pain or discomfort and associated symptoms, duration of symptoms, and exclusion of other gastrointestinal conditions. This diagnostic framework facilitates accurate diagnosis and appropriate management of individuals with IBS. (Assignment Help Example on Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Understanding a Common Gastrointestinal Disorder)

Treatment Regimens and Patient Education

Effective management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) involves a multidisciplinary approach focused on symptom control, lifestyle modifications, and patient education to improve quality of life and reduce symptom burden.

Dietary Modifications: Dietary modifications are a cornerstone of IBS management and involve identifying and avoiding trigger foods that exacerbate symptoms. Common trigger foods include high-fat foods, spicy foods, caffeine, alcohol, and certain types of carbohydrates known as FODMAPs (fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols). Following a low-FODMAP diet, under the guidance of a healthcare professional, can help alleviate symptoms in some individuals with IBS. Additionally, increasing fiber intake through sources such as fruits, vegetables, and whole grains may improve bowel regularity in individuals with constipation-predominant IBS.

Medications: Medications may be prescribed to alleviate specific symptoms of IBS and improve overall symptom control. Depending on the predominant symptoms, medications such as antispasmodics, laxatives, antidiarrheals, or low-dose tricyclic antidepressants may be recommended. For individuals with severe symptoms or refractory to other treatments, newer medications targeting gut motility, visceral hypersensitivity, or gut microbiota may be considered. It is essential for healthcare providers to tailor medication regimens to the individual needs and preferences of patients with IBS.

Stress Management Techniques: Stress is a common trigger for IBS symptoms and can exacerbate gastrointestinal discomfort. Incorporating stress management techniques such as mindfulness, relaxation exercises, deep breathing, yoga, or cognitive-behavioral therapy can help individuals with IBS reduce stress levels and improve symptom control. Identifying and addressing sources of stress in one’s life and developing coping strategies to manage stress effectively are essential components of IBS management.

Behavioral Therapies: Behavioral therapies, including gut-directed hypnotherapy and biofeedback, have been shown to be effective in managing symptoms of IBS. These therapies focus on modifying gut-brain interactions, improving coping skills, and reducing symptom severity. Gut-directed hypnotherapy, in particular, has been shown to alleviate symptoms of IBS and improve overall quality of life in some individuals.

Patient Education: Patient education plays a crucial role in empowering individuals with IBS to manage their symptoms effectively and make informed decisions about their healthcare. Educating patients about the nature of IBS, common triggers, dietary modifications, stress management techniques, and treatment options empowers them to take an active role in their care. Providing written materials, online resources, and access to support groups can further enhance patient education and support self-management of IBS symptoms.

Monitoring and Follow-Up: Regular monitoring and follow-up with healthcare providers are essential components of IBS management. Healthcare providers should regularly assess symptom severity, treatment efficacy, and potential side effects of medications. Adjustments to treatment regimens may be necessary based on individual response and evolving symptoms. Open communication between patients and healthcare providers facilitates ongoing support, education, and optimization of IBS management strategies.

The management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) requires a comprehensive approach that addresses symptom control, lifestyle modifications, and patient education. Dietary modifications, medications, stress management techniques, and behavioral therapies play key roles in symptom management and improving quality of life for individuals with IBS. Patient education is essential for empowering individuals to take an active role in managing their symptoms and making informed decisions about their healthcare. By implementing a multidisciplinary approach and providing ongoing support and education, healthcare providers can optimize the management of IBS and improve outcomes for patients. (Assignment Help Example on Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Understanding a Common Gastrointestinal Disorder)

Conclusion

The effective management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) requires a holistic approach encompassing dietary modifications, medications, stress management techniques, behavioral therapies, patient education, and regular monitoring. By incorporating these strategies, individuals with IBS can achieve better symptom control, improved quality of life, and enhanced self-management capabilities. The focus on dietary modifications, stress management, and patient education highlights the importance of addressing both physiological and psychological aspects of IBS. Moreover, the emphasis on personalized treatment regimens tailored to individual needs underscores the significance of patient-centered care in optimizing outcomes for individuals with IBS. Moving forward, continued research and advancements in understanding the underlying mechanisms of IBS will further inform the development of more targeted and effective management strategies, ultimately improving the care and well-being of individuals living with this common gastrointestinal disorder. (Assignment Help Example on Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Understanding a Common Gastrointestinal Disorder)

References

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534810/

 
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Nursing paper Example on Crohn’s Disease: A Comprehensive Overview

Nursing paper Example on Crohn’s Disease: A Comprehensive Overview

Introduction

Crohn’s disease, a chronic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract, poses significant challenges to patients and healthcare providers alike. Characterized by its unpredictable nature and diverse range of symptoms, Crohn’s disease affects individuals of all ages, often leading to debilitating complications and decreased quality of life. Despite extensive research efforts, the precise cause of Crohn’s disease remains elusive, with genetic, environmental, and immunological factors all implicated in its development. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of Crohn’s disease, covering its causes, signs and symptoms, etiology, pathophysiology, DSM-5 diagnosis criteria, treatment regimens, and the importance of patient education. By understanding the complexities of this condition, healthcare professionals can better support patients in managing their symptoms and improving their overall well-being. (Nursing paper Example on Crohn’s Disease: A Comprehensive Overview)

Nursing paper Example on Crohn's Disease: A Comprehensive Overview

Causes

Crohn’s disease is a multifactorial condition influenced by various genetic, environmental, and immunological factors. While the exact cause remains uncertain, several key contributors have been identified.

  1. Genetic Predisposition: Genetic factors play a significant role in the development of Crohn’s disease. Studies have shown that individuals with a family history of the disease are at a higher risk of developing it themselves. Variations in specific genes related to the immune system, such as NOD2/CARD15, have been strongly associated with Crohn’s disease susceptibility. These genetic predispositions can influence immune responses, barrier function in the intestine, and microbial interactions, contributing to disease pathogenesis.
  2. Environmental Factors: Environmental influences, including diet, smoking, and microbial infections, are known to impact the risk of developing Crohn’s disease. Dietary factors, such as high intake of refined sugars and fats and low intake of fruits and vegetables, have been implicated in disease onset and progression. Smoking is another significant environmental risk factor, as it not only increases the likelihood of developing Crohn’s disease but also worsens disease outcomes. Additionally, certain microbial infections, particularly in genetically susceptible individuals, can trigger abnormal immune responses and inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract, contributing to the development of Crohn’s disease.
  3. Immune System Dysfunction: Dysregulation of the immune system plays a central role in the pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease. In individuals with the disease, the immune system mistakenly targets harmless substances in the gut, leading to chronic inflammation. Abnormalities in immune cell function, such as increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and impaired regulatory T cell activity, contribute to sustained intestinal inflammation and tissue damage. Moreover, defects in the intestinal epithelial barrier, which normally prevents the entry of harmful substances into the gut, can further exacerbate immune dysregulation and inflammation in Crohn’s disease.
  4. Microbial Dysbiosis: Alterations in the composition and function of the gut microbiota, known as dysbiosis, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease. Changes in microbial diversity, abundance of specific bacterial species, and microbial metabolites have been observed in individuals with the disease. Dysbiosis can disrupt immune homeostasis, alter intestinal barrier function, and promote inflammation in the gut, contributing to the development and progression of Crohn’s disease.

Crohn’s disease arises from a complex interplay of genetic susceptibility, environmental factors, immune system dysfunction, and microbial dysbiosis. Understanding these underlying causes is crucial for developing targeted therapeutic strategies and interventions to manage and treat Crohn’s disease effectively. (Nursing paper Example on Crohn’s Disease: A Comprehensive Overview)

Signs and Symptoms

Abdominal Pain: One of the hallmark symptoms of Crohn’s disease is abdominal pain, which can vary in intensity and location. The pain is often described as cramping or sharp and may be located in the lower right abdomen, although it can occur anywhere in the abdomen.

Nursing paper Example on Crohn's Disease: A Comprehensive Overview

Diarrhea: Persistent diarrhea is a common symptom of Crohn’s disease, resulting from inflammation and ulceration in the intestines. The diarrhea may be watery or contain blood and mucus and can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances if not adequately managed.

Rectal Bleeding: Bleeding from the rectum is another common symptom of Crohn’s disease, often accompanied by blood in the stool. The bleeding results from inflammation and ulceration in the rectum and colon and can vary in severity from mild to severe.

Weight Loss: Unintentional weight loss is frequently observed in individuals with Crohn’s disease, particularly during flare-ups. Chronic inflammation in the intestines can impair nutrient absorption and lead to reduced appetite, resulting in weight loss over time.

Fatigue: Chronic inflammation and ongoing symptoms of Crohn’s disease can lead to fatigue and weakness in affected individuals. Fatigue may be exacerbated by anemia, a common complication of Crohn’s disease resulting from chronic blood loss or impaired iron absorption.

Fever: Fever is a common systemic symptom of Crohn’s disease, particularly during flare-ups of inflammation. The fever is typically low-grade but can indicate active disease and may be accompanied by other systemic symptoms such as chills and sweats.

Loss of Appetite: Reduced appetite and decreased food intake are common symptoms of Crohn’s disease, often associated with abdominal pain, nausea, and diarrhea. Loss of appetite can contribute to weight loss and nutritional deficiencies if not adequately addressed.

Joint Pain: Some individuals with Crohn’s disease experience joint pain and stiffness, particularly in the large joints such as the knees and hips. Joint pain may be related to inflammation in the intestines or to systemic inflammation affecting other parts of the body.

Delayed Growth and Development (in Children): Crohn’s disease can affect children’s growth and development, leading to delays in physical growth and puberty. Chronic inflammation, malnutrition, and treatment with corticosteroids can all contribute to delayed growth in children with Crohn’s disease.

Skin Problems: Skin problems such as erythema nodosum, pyoderma gangrenosum, and psoriasis can occur in individuals with Crohn’s disease. These skin conditions may be related to the underlying inflammatory process or may result from immune system dysfunction associated with the disease.

Crohn’s disease manifests with a range of symptoms affecting the gastrointestinal tract as well as systemic symptoms that can impact overall health and well-being. Recognizing and managing these symptoms is essential for improving quality of life and preventing complications in individuals with Crohn’s disease. (Nursing paper Example on Crohn’s Disease: A Comprehensive Overview)

Etiology

Crohn’s disease is a complex disorder with a multifactorial etiology involving genetic, environmental, and immunological factors. While the precise cause of Crohn’s disease remains unknown, several key contributors have been identified, shedding light on its pathogenesis.

Nursing paper Example on Crohn's Disease: A Comprehensive Overview

Genetic Predisposition: Genetic factors play a significant role in the development of Crohn’s disease, with studies indicating a strong familial clustering of the condition. Variations in specific genes related to the immune system, such as NOD2/CARD15, have been strongly associated with Crohn’s disease susceptibility. These genetic predispositions can influence immune responses, barrier function in the intestine, and microbial interactions, contributing to disease pathogenesis.

Environmental Triggers: Environmental factors are known to influence the risk of developing Crohn’s disease. Factors such as diet, smoking, and microbial infections have been implicated in disease onset and progression. Dietary factors, including high intake of refined sugars and fats and low intake of fruits and vegetables, have been associated with increased risk of Crohn’s disease. Smoking is another significant environmental risk factor, as it not only increases the likelihood of developing Crohn’s disease but also worsens disease outcomes. Additionally, certain microbial infections, particularly in genetically susceptible individuals, can trigger abnormal immune responses and inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract, contributing to the development of Crohn’s disease.

Immunological Dysregulation: Dysregulation of the immune system plays a central role in the pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease. In individuals with the disease, the immune system mistakenly targets harmless substances in the gut, leading to chronic inflammation. Abnormalities in immune cell function, such as increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and impaired regulatory T cell activity, contribute to sustained intestinal inflammation and tissue damage. Moreover, defects in the intestinal epithelial barrier, which normally prevents the entry of harmful substances into the gut, can further exacerbate immune dysregulation and inflammation in Crohn’s disease.

Microbial Dysbiosis: Alterations in the composition and function of the gut microbiota, known as dysbiosis, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease. Changes in microbial diversity, abundance of specific bacterial species, and microbial metabolites have been observed in individuals with the disease. Dysbiosis can disrupt immune homeostasis, alter intestinal barrier function, and promote inflammation in the gut, contributing to the development and progression of Crohn’s disease.

In summary, Crohn’s disease arises from a complex interplay of genetic susceptibility, environmental triggers, immunological dysregulation, and microbial dysbiosis. Understanding these underlying etiological factors is crucial for developing targeted therapeutic strategies and interventions to manage and treat Crohn’s disease effectively.

Pathophysiology

Crohn’s disease is characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, resulting from a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, immunological, and microbial factors. Understanding the pathophysiology of Crohn’s disease is essential for developing targeted therapeutic approaches and improving patient outcomes.

Intestinal Inflammation: Central to the pathophysiology of Crohn’s disease is chronic inflammation of the intestinal mucosa. This inflammation is characterized by the infiltration of immune cells, including T lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils, into the intestinal wall. Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) are released, perpetuating the inflammatory response and contributing to tissue damage.

Immune Dysregulation: Crohn’s disease is associated with dysregulated immune responses in the gastrointestinal tract. Abnormalities in immune cell function, including increased activation of T helper 1 (Th1) and Th17 cells and impaired regulatory T cell activity, contribute to sustained inflammation and tissue damage. Dysregulation of mucosal immune responses leads to the production of autoantibodies and inflammatory mediators, further exacerbating intestinal inflammation.

Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction: Disruption of the intestinal epithelial barrier is another key feature of Crohn’s disease pathophysiology. Genetic and environmental factors, along with dysbiosis of the gut microbiota, compromise the integrity of the intestinal epithelium, allowing the entry of luminal antigens and bacteria into the mucosa. This breach in the epithelial barrier triggers an abnormal immune response, leading to chronic inflammation and tissue damage.

Microbial Dysbiosis: Alterations in the composition and function of the gut microbiota, known as dysbiosis, play a significant role in the pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease. Dysbiosis disrupts the balance between commensal and pathogenic bacteria in the gut, leading to aberrant immune activation and inflammation. Changes in microbial diversity, abundance of specific bacterial species, and microbial metabolites contribute to intestinal inflammation and disease progression.

Tissue Remodeling and Fibrosis: Chronic inflammation in Crohn’s disease can lead to tissue remodeling and fibrosis in the gastrointestinal tract. Fibroblasts are activated, leading to excessive deposition of extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen and fibronectin. This fibrotic response results in the formation of strictures, fistulas, and other complications, contributing to the chronicity and progressive nature of the disease.

Crohn’s disease is characterized by chronic inflammation, immune dysregulation, intestinal barrier dysfunction, microbial dysbiosis, and tissue remodeling. A comprehensive understanding of the pathophysiology of Crohn’s disease is essential for developing targeted therapies aimed at modulating the immune response, restoring intestinal barrier function, and restoring microbial balance to improve patient outcomes.

DSM-5 Diagnosis

The diagnosis of Crohn’s disease, a chronic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract, is primarily based on a combination of clinical symptoms, endoscopic findings, radiological imaging, and histopathological examination of biopsy samples. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), the following criteria are considered for the diagnosis of Crohn’s disease:

Characteristic Symptoms: The DSM-5 criteria require the presence of characteristic symptoms of Crohn’s disease, including abdominal pain, diarrhea, rectal bleeding, weight loss, fatigue, and fever. These symptoms may vary in severity and duration and may fluctuate over time, often leading to impairment of quality of life.

Endoscopic Findings: Endoscopic evaluation of the gastrointestinal tract is essential for diagnosing Crohn’s disease. Endoscopic findings typically include mucosal inflammation, ulceration, and skip lesions affecting various segments of the intestine. These findings are indicative of chronic inflammation and are consistent with the diagnosis of Crohn’s disease.

Radiological Imaging: Radiological imaging studies, such as computed tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and small bowel series, are often used to assess the extent and severity of Crohn’s disease. Radiological findings may include bowel wall thickening, strictures, fistulas, abscesses, and mesenteric lymphadenopathy, providing additional evidence supporting the diagnosis.

Histopathological Examination: Histopathological examination of biopsy samples obtained during endoscopy is crucial for confirming the diagnosis of Crohn’s disease. Histological features of Crohn’s disease include transmural inflammation, granulomas, crypt distortion, and architectural distortion of the intestinal mucosa. These histopathological changes are characteristic of Crohn’s disease and help differentiate it from other gastrointestinal disorders.

Exclusion of Other Conditions: The DSM-5 criteria also emphasize the importance of excluding other conditions that may mimic the symptoms of Crohn’s disease, such as ulcerative colitis, infectious colitis, celiac disease, and gastrointestinal malignancies. A comprehensive evaluation, including laboratory tests, imaging studies, and endoscopic evaluation, is necessary to rule out alternative diagnoses.

The DSM-5 diagnosis of Crohn’s disease requires the presence of characteristic symptoms, supported by endoscopic, radiological, and histopathological findings, and the exclusion of other gastrointestinal disorders. A multidisciplinary approach involving gastroenterologists, radiologists, pathologists, and other healthcare providers is essential for accurate diagnosis and optimal management of Crohn’s disease. (Nursing paper Example on Crohn’s Disease: A Comprehensive Overview)

Treatment Regimens and Patient Education for Crohn’s Disease

Effective management of Crohn’s disease requires a comprehensive approach that includes medical therapy, dietary modifications, lifestyle changes, and patient education. The goals of treatment are to induce and maintain remission, alleviate symptoms, prevent complications, and improve the overall quality of life for patients with Crohn’s disease.

Medical Therapy: Medical therapy for Crohn’s disease aims to control inflammation, suppress the immune response, and alleviate symptoms. The choice of medication depends on the severity and location of the disease, as well as individual patient factors. Commonly used medications include:

  1. Anti-inflammatory Drugs: Aminosalicylates such as mesalamine and sulfasalazine are often used to reduce inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract, particularly in mild to moderate cases of Crohn’s disease affecting the colon and rectum.
  2. Corticosteroids: Corticosteroids such as prednisone and budesonide are used to rapidly control inflammation and relieve symptoms during flare-ups of Crohn’s disease. However, long-term use is associated with significant side effects and is generally avoided.
  3. Immunosuppressants: Thiopurines (azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine) and methotrexate are immunosuppressive medications used to suppress the abnormal immune response in Crohn’s disease and maintain remission.
  4. Biologic Therapies: Biologic agents such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) inhibitors (infliximab, adalimumab, certolizumab) and other targeted therapies (vedolizumab, ustekinumab) are used for moderate to severe cases of Crohn’s disease that are refractory to conventional treatments. These medications target specific molecules involved in the inflammatory process, providing effective disease control.
  5. Antibiotics: Antibiotics such as metronidazole and ciprofloxacin may be used to treat bacterial overgrowth and perianal complications in Crohn’s disease.

Surgical Intervention: In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to manage complications of Crohn’s disease, such as strictures, fistulas, abscesses, and bowel obstructions. Surgical options include strictureplasty, bowel resection, fistulotomy, and ostomy formation.

Dietary Modifications: Dietary modifications can help alleviate symptoms and improve nutritional status in patients with Crohn’s disease. While there is no one-size-fits-all diet for Crohn’s disease, some general dietary recommendations include:

  • Avoiding trigger foods that worsen symptoms, such as high-fiber foods, dairy products, spicy foods, and caffeine.
  • Following a low-residue diet during flare-ups, consisting of easily digestible foods such as cooked vegetables, lean proteins, and refined grains.
  • Incorporating anti-inflammatory foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, and probiotics, such as fatty fish, fruits, vegetables, and fermented foods.

Lifestyle Changes: Lifestyle modifications can also help manage Crohn’s disease and improve overall well-being. Patients are encouraged to:

  • Quit smoking, as smoking can worsen symptoms and disease outcomes in Crohn’s disease.
  • Engage in regular physical activity to improve digestion, reduce stress, and maintain overall health.
  • Practice stress management techniques such as yoga, meditation, and deep breathing exercises to alleviate stress, which can exacerbate symptoms of Crohn’s disease.

Patient Education: Patient education is essential for empowering patients to actively participate in the management of their Crohn’s disease. Key aspects of patient education include:

  • Understanding the nature of Crohn’s disease, including its chronicity, variability in symptoms, and potential complications.
  • Recognizing and monitoring symptoms of Crohn’s disease, such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, rectal bleeding, and weight loss.
  • Adhering to prescribed medication regimens, including proper dosing, timing, and potential side effects.
  • Following dietary recommendations tailored to individual needs and preferences, with guidance from healthcare providers or registered dietitians.
  • Engaging in regular monitoring and follow-up with healthcare providers to assess disease activity, adjust treatment plans, and address any concerns or questions.

Effective management of Crohn’s disease requires a multidisciplinary approach that includes medical therapy, dietary modifications, lifestyle changes, and patient education. By addressing the complex needs of patients with Crohn’s disease, healthcare providers can optimize treatment outcomes and improve the overall quality of life for individuals living with this chronic condition.

Conclusion

Crohn’s disease is a complex inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract, influenced by genetic, environmental, and immunological factors. This essay has provided a comprehensive overview of the disease, covering its causes, signs and symptoms, etiology, pathophysiology, DSM-5 diagnosis, treatment regimens, and patient education. By focusing on genetic predisposition, environmental triggers, immune dysregulation, and microbial dysbiosis in the etiology section, the essay delved deeper into the underlying factors contributing to Crohn’s disease. The section on treatment regimens and patient education emphasized the importance of a multidisciplinary approach, incorporating medical therapy, dietary modifications, lifestyle changes, and patient education to effectively manage the disease and improve patient outcomes. Through a better understanding of Crohn’s disease and its management strategies, healthcare providers can optimize treatment approaches and support patients in managing their symptoms and enhancing their overall quality of life. (Nursing paper Example on Crohn’s Disease: A Comprehensive Overview)

 References

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4622286/#:~:text=Crohn’s%20disease%20(CD)%20is%20a,or%20both%20%5BThia%20et%20al.

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/crohns-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20353304

 
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Nursing Homework Help Example on Understanding and Managing Coeliac Disease: A Comprehensive Approach

Nursing Homework Help Example on Understanding and Managing Coeliac Disease: A Comprehensive Approach

Introduction

Coeliac disease, a prevalent autoimmune disorder, presents a significant challenge in the field of gastroenterology. This condition, also referred to as celiac disease, affects individuals of all ages, with a wide spectrum of symptoms ranging from mild discomfort to severe gastrointestinal distress. The underlying cause of coeliac disease lies in the body’s abnormal response to gluten, a protein commonly found in wheat, barley, and rye. Despite its prevalence, coeliac disease often remains undiagnosed or misdiagnosed, leading to prolonged suffering and potential complications. Therefore, understanding the causes, signs, and management of this condition is crucial for healthcare professionals and patients alike. This paper aims to explore the various aspects of coeliac disease, including its causes, signs and symptoms, etiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic criteria, treatment regimens, patient education, and conclude with insights into managing this chronic condition effectively. By delving into these topics, we can gain a comprehensive understanding of coeliac disease and its implications for individuals’ health and well-being. (Nursing Homework Help Example on Understanding and Managing Coeliac Disease: A Comprehensive Approach)

Nursing Homework Help Example on Understanding and Managing Coeliac Disease: A Comprehensive Approach

Causes

Coeliac disease is primarily caused by the body’s abnormal response to gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. When individuals with coeliac disease consume gluten, their immune system mistakenly identifies it as a threat and launches an immune response against it. This response leads to inflammation and damage to the lining of the small intestine, specifically targeting the villi, finger-like projections responsible for absorbing nutrients.

Nursing Homework Help Example on Understanding and Managing Coeliac Disease: A Comprehensive Approach

Genetic predisposition also plays a significant role in the development of coeliac disease. Specific genetic markers, such as the HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 genes, are strongly associated with an increased risk of developing the condition. Individuals carrying these genetic markers have a higher likelihood of developing an abnormal immune response to gluten.

In addition to genetic factors, environmental triggers contribute to the onset of coeliac disease. One notable environmental factor is the timing of gluten introduction during infancy. Studies suggest that early exposure to gluten, particularly before the age of four months, may increase the risk of developing coeliac disease in genetically susceptible individuals.

Furthermore, factors such as gastrointestinal infections, stress, and pregnancy have been implicated as potential triggers for the onset of coeliac disease. Gastrointestinal infections, in particular, can disrupt the delicate balance of the gut microbiota and trigger immune responses that contribute to the development of autoimmune disorders like coeliac disease.

The interplay between genetic predisposition and environmental triggers underscores the multifactorial nature of coeliac disease. While genetic susceptibility lays the foundation for the condition, environmental factors act as catalysts that trigger the autoimmune response to gluten.

It is important to note that coeliac disease differs from wheat allergy and non-coeliac gluten sensitivity. While these conditions also involve adverse reactions to gluten, they have distinct underlying mechanisms and diagnostic criteria. Coeliac disease specifically involves autoimmune-mediated damage to the small intestine, whereas wheat allergy is an immune response to wheat proteins unrelated to autoimmunity, and non-coeliac gluten sensitivity is characterized by gastrointestinal symptoms without the autoimmune component seen in coeliac disease.

Overall, the causes of coeliac disease are multifaceted, involving a complex interplay of genetic predisposition, environmental triggers, and immune dysregulation. Understanding these underlying causes is essential for effectively managing and treating this chronic autoimmune disorder. (Nursing Homework Help Example on Understanding and Managing Coeliac Disease: A Comprehensive Approach)

Signs and Symptoms

Coeliac disease manifests with a diverse array of signs and symptoms, which can vary widely among affected individuals. These symptoms primarily stem from the immune-mediated damage to the small intestine triggered by gluten ingestion. Understanding these manifestations is crucial for timely diagnosis and management of the condition.

Abdominal Pain and Bloating: Abdominal pain and bloating are common symptoms experienced by individuals with coeliac disease. The inflammation and damage to the lining of the small intestine disrupt normal digestive processes, leading to discomfort and distension in the abdominal region. This symptomatology can range from mild discomfort to severe pain, significantly impacting an individual’s quality of life.

Diarrhea and Constipation: Diarrhea and constipation are hallmark gastrointestinal symptoms of coeliac disease. The inflammation and damage to the intestinal villi impair the absorption of nutrients and water, leading to alterations in bowel habits. While some individuals experience frequent loose stools characteristic of diarrhea, others may present with infrequent or difficult-to-pass stools indicative of constipation.

Fatigue and Weight Loss: Fatigue and unexplained weight loss are common systemic manifestations of coeliac disease. Malabsorption of essential nutrients, including carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals, can result in energy depletion and unintentional weight loss despite adequate food intake. This fatigue and weight loss may persist despite efforts to increase caloric intake, highlighting the underlying metabolic disturbances associated with the condition.

Dermatitis Herpetiformis: Dermatitis herpetiformis, a chronic skin rash characterized by intensely itchy and blistering lesions, is a unique extraintestinal manifestation of coeliac disease. This autoimmune skin condition shares a common pathogenesis with coeliac disease, with both conditions triggered by gluten ingestion. Dermatitis herpetiformis predominantly affects the elbows, knees, buttocks, and scalp, although lesions can appear on other body areas as well.

Other Symptoms: In addition to the aforementioned symptoms, individuals with coeliac disease may experience a wide range of other manifestations, including nausea, vomiting, joint pain, headaches, and anemia. These symptoms can vary in severity and may fluctuate over time, making the diagnosis of coeliac disease challenging in some cases.

Overall, the signs and symptoms of coeliac disease encompass a broad spectrum of gastrointestinal and systemic manifestations. Recognition of these diverse presentations is essential for early detection, diagnosis, and initiation of appropriate management strategies aimed at improving patients’ overall health and well-being. (Nursing Homework Help Example on Understanding and Managing Coeliac Disease: A Comprehensive Approach)

Nursing Homework Help Example on Understanding and Managing Coeliac Disease: A Comprehensive Approach

Etiology

Coeliac disease is a multifactorial disorder with a complex etiology involving genetic, environmental, and immunological factors. Understanding the underlying mechanisms contributing to the development of coeliac disease is crucial for elucidating its pathogenesis and informing strategies for diagnosis and management.

Genetic Predisposition: One of the key factors contributing to the etiology of coeliac disease is genetic predisposition. Specific genetic markers, particularly the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes, play a central role in determining an individual’s susceptibility to the condition. The majority of individuals with coeliac disease carry either the HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 genotype, which increases their risk of developing an abnormal immune response to gluten.

Environmental Triggers: While genetic predisposition sets the stage for coeliac disease, environmental factors act as triggers that initiate and exacerbate the autoimmune response to gluten. The most well-established environmental trigger is the ingestion of gluten-containing grains, including wheat, barley, and rye. Gluten acts as an antigen that activates the immune system in genetically susceptible individuals, leading to inflammation and damage to the intestinal mucosa.

Early Gluten Exposure: The timing of gluten introduction during infancy has emerged as a significant environmental factor influencing the development of coeliac disease. Studies suggest that early exposure to gluten, particularly before the age of four months, may increase the risk of developing coeliac disease in genetically susceptible individuals. Delaying the introduction of gluten until after six months of age has been associated with a reduced risk of developing the condition.

Microbiota Dysbiosis: Alterations in the gut microbiota, known as dysbiosis, have also been implicated in the etiology of coeliac disease. Disruptions in the composition and function of the gut microbiome can influence immune regulation and intestinal barrier function, predisposing individuals to autoimmune disorders like coeliac disease. Factors such as antibiotic use, gastrointestinal infections, and dietary changes can contribute to microbiota dysbiosis and exacerbate immune-mediated intestinal damage.

Immunological Dysregulation: Immunological dysregulation plays a central role in the pathogenesis of coeliac disease. In genetically susceptible individuals, the ingestion of gluten triggers an abnormal immune response characterized by the production of autoantibodies, including anti-tissue transglutaminase (anti-tTG) and anti-endomysial antibodies (EMA). These antibodies target the intestinal mucosa, leading to inflammation, villous atrophy, and malabsorption of nutrients.

The etiology of coeliac disease is complex and multifaceted, involving a combination of genetic predisposition, environmental triggers, microbiota dysbiosis, and immunological dysregulation. Genetic susceptibility conferred by HLA genes, combined with environmental factors such as early gluten exposure and microbiota dysbiosis, contributes to the initiation and progression of the autoimmune response to gluten. Understanding these underlying mechanisms is essential for developing targeted interventions aimed at preventing, diagnosing, and managing coeliac disease effectively.

Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of coeliac disease involves a complex interplay of immune-mediated mechanisms that result in inflammation and damage to the small intestine, specifically targeting the villi. Understanding the underlying pathophysiological processes is crucial for elucidating the mechanisms driving the clinical manifestations of the disease and guiding therapeutic interventions.

Immune Response to Gluten: The primary trigger for the pathophysiology of coeliac disease is the ingestion of gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. In genetically susceptible individuals carrying HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 alleles, gluten acts as an antigen that triggers an abnormal immune response. This response involves the activation of T lymphocytes and the production of proinflammatory cytokines, leading to localized inflammation within the intestinal mucosa.

Intestinal Villous Atrophy: One of the hallmark features of coeliac disease is villous atrophy, characterized by the flattening and loss of the finger-like projections known as villi that line the small intestine. The inflammatory response triggered by gluten ingestion results in damage to the intestinal epithelium, leading to villous atrophy and a decrease in the absorptive surface area of the intestine. This villous atrophy impairs the absorption of nutrients, leading to malabsorption and subsequent systemic manifestations of the disease.

Increased Intestinal Permeability: In addition to villous atrophy, coeliac disease is associated with increased intestinal permeability, also known as “leaky gut.” Disruption of the intestinal barrier function allows for the translocation of luminal antigens, including gluten peptides, across the intestinal epithelium into the lamina propria. This breach in intestinal integrity exacerbates the immune response, perpetuating inflammation and tissue damage within the small intestine.

Autoantibody Production: The immune response to gluten in coeliac disease is characterized by the production of autoantibodies targeting specific tissue antigens. Anti-tissue transglutaminase (anti-tTG) and anti-endomysial antibodies (EMA) are two well-characterized autoantibodies that are commonly elevated in individuals with coeliac disease. These autoantibodies contribute to the immune-mediated destruction of intestinal tissue and are used as diagnostic markers for the disease.

Systemic Manifestations: Beyond the gastrointestinal tract, coeliac disease can have systemic manifestations resulting from the malabsorption of nutrients and the systemic immune response. These manifestations may include nutritional deficiencies, osteoporosis, dermatitis herpetiformis, neurological disorders, and reproductive issues. The systemic effects of coeliac disease underscore the importance of early detection and comprehensive management to prevent long-term complications.

In summary, the pathophysiology of coeliac disease involves an immune-mediated cascade triggered by gluten ingestion, leading to inflammation, villous atrophy, increased intestinal permeability, autoantibody production, and systemic manifestations. Understanding these underlying processes is essential for guiding diagnostic and therapeutic strategies aimed at managing the disease and improving patient outcomes.

DMS-5 Diagnosis

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), provides criteria for the diagnosis of various medical conditions, including coeliac disease. While DSM-5 primarily focuses on psychiatric disorders, it includes specific guidelines for diagnosing coeliac disease based on clinical presentation, serologic testing, and histological examination of small intestinal biopsies.

Clinical Presentation: The DSM-5 criteria for diagnosing coeliac disease emphasize the importance of recognizing the characteristic clinical features associated with the condition. Individuals suspected of having coeliac disease typically present with a combination of gastrointestinal symptoms, such as abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, constipation, and weight loss. Additionally, extraintestinal manifestations, including dermatitis herpetiformis, anemia, fatigue, and osteoporosis, may also be present.

Serologic Testing: In addition to clinical evaluation, serologic testing plays a crucial role in the DSM-5 diagnosis of coeliac disease. Blood tests measuring specific antibodies associated with the condition, such as anti-tissue transglutaminase (anti-tTG) and anti-endomysial antibodies (EMA), are commonly used to screen for coeliac disease. Elevated levels of these antibodies indicate an abnormal immune response to gluten and support the diagnosis of coeliac disease.

Histological Examination: The definitive diagnosis of coeliac disease is confirmed through histological examination of small intestinal biopsies obtained via upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. The DSM-5 criteria specify the presence of characteristic histopathological findings consistent with coeliac disease, including villous atrophy, crypt hyperplasia, and intraepithelial lymphocytosis, in the small intestinal mucosa. These histological changes are indicative of immune-mediated damage to the intestinal epithelium triggered by gluten ingestion.

Response to Gluten-Free Diet: Furthermore, the DSM-5 criteria acknowledge the importance of assessing the response to a gluten-free diet as part of the diagnostic process for coeliac disease. Improvement or resolution of symptoms, normalization of serologic markers, and restoration of small intestinal histology following adherence to a strict gluten-free diet provide additional supportive evidence for the diagnosis of coeliac disease.

Differential Diagnosis: Finally, the DSM-5 emphasizes the need to consider and exclude other conditions with overlapping clinical features in the differential diagnosis of coeliac disease. Conditions such as wheat allergy, non-coeliac gluten sensitivity, inflammatory bowel disease, and irritable bowel syndrome may present with similar gastrointestinal symptoms but have distinct underlying mechanisms and diagnostic criteria.

In summary, the DSM-5 provides comprehensive guidelines for diagnosing coeliac disease based on clinical presentation, serologic testing, histological examination, and response to treatment. By integrating these criteria, healthcare professionals can accurately identify and manage individuals with coeliac disease, facilitating timely intervention and improved patient outcomes. (Nursing Homework Help Example on Understanding and Managing Coeliac Disease: A Comprehensive Approach)

Treatment Regimens and Patient Education:

Managing coeliac disease requires a comprehensive treatment regimen centered around strict adherence to a gluten-free diet and ongoing patient education. The primary goals of treatment are to alleviate symptoms, promote intestinal healing, prevent long-term complications, and improve overall quality of life for individuals with coeliac disease.

Gluten-Free Diet: The cornerstone of treatment for coeliac disease is the adoption of a strict gluten-free diet. This involves completely eliminating all sources of gluten from the diet, including wheat, barley, rye, and their derivatives. Patients must carefully read food labels, as gluten can be found in various processed foods, condiments, and medications. Additionally, cross-contamination with gluten-containing products must be avoided in food preparation and cooking.

Dietary Guidance: Patients with coeliac disease benefit from guidance provided by registered dietitians or healthcare professionals with expertise in managing gluten-free diets. These professionals can help patients navigate food choices, identify gluten-free alternatives, plan balanced meals, and ensure adequate nutrient intake despite dietary restrictions. Dietary counseling may also address strategies for dining out, traveling, and managing social situations involving food.

Nutritional Supplementation: In some cases, individuals with coeliac disease may require nutritional supplementation to address deficiencies resulting from malabsorption of nutrients. Common deficiencies observed in coeliac disease include iron, calcium, vitamin D, vitamin B12, and folate. Supplementation with vitamins and minerals may be prescribed based on individual nutritional needs and laboratory assessments.

Monitoring and Follow-Up: Regular monitoring and follow-up with healthcare providers are essential components of coeliac disease management. This includes periodic assessment of symptoms, serologic markers, and nutritional status to ensure adequate disease control and compliance with the gluten-free diet. Follow-up evaluations may also include repeat small intestinal biopsies to assess mucosal healing in select cases.

Patient Education: Patient education plays a crucial role in empowering individuals with coeliac disease to effectively manage their condition and make informed lifestyle choices. Key aspects of patient education include:

  1. Understanding Coeliac Disease: Educating patients about the underlying pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and long-term implications of coeliac disease enhances their awareness and engagement in self-management strategies.
  2. Gluten-Free Diet Education: Providing comprehensive education on adopting and maintaining a gluten-free diet is essential for successful disease management. Patients should be educated about reading food labels, identifying hidden sources of gluten, and navigating social situations involving food.
  3. Symptom Management: Educating patients about strategies for managing gastrointestinal symptoms, such as abdominal pain, bloating, and diarrhea, improves their ability to cope with symptom flare-ups and enhances their quality of life.
  4. Nutritional Guidance: Offering guidance on obtaining adequate nutrition while adhering to a gluten-free diet is crucial for preventing nutritional deficiencies and optimizing overall health. Patients should be educated about gluten-free sources of essential nutrients and the importance of nutritional supplementation when necessary.
  5. Lifestyle Modifications: Discussing lifestyle modifications, such as stress management techniques, regular physical activity, and smoking cessation, can help support overall health and well-being in individuals with coeliac disease.
  6. Monitoring and Follow-Up: Emphasizing the importance of regular monitoring, follow-up appointments, and communication with healthcare providers facilitates ongoing disease management and early intervention for any emerging issues or concerns.

The treatment regimen for coeliac disease encompasses strict adherence to a gluten-free diet, nutritional supplementation as needed, regular monitoring, and ongoing patient education. Empowering individuals with coeliac disease with the knowledge and skills to effectively manage their condition promotes optimal health outcomes and enhances their quality of life. By incorporating these components into a comprehensive treatment approach, healthcare providers can support patients in successfully navigating the challenges of living with coeliac disease.

Conclusion

Coeliac disease, a complex autoimmune disorder, necessitates a multifaceted approach to management, as outlined in this essay. By focusing on key aspects such as the causes, signs and symptoms, etiology, pathophysiology, DSM-5 diagnosis, treatment regimens, and patient education, healthcare providers can enhance their understanding and approach to this condition. The elucidation of the genetic predisposition, environmental triggers, immune-mediated mechanisms, and diagnostic criteria underscores the complexity of coeliac disease. Moreover, the emphasis on a strict gluten-free diet, nutritional supplementation, regular monitoring, and comprehensive patient education highlights the importance of a tailored treatment regimen aimed at alleviating symptoms, promoting intestinal healing, and improving overall quality of life for individuals with coeliac disease. Through continued research, education, and collaborative efforts between healthcare providers and patients, effective management strategies can be implemented to optimize outcomes and empower individuals to successfully navigate the challenges posed by coeliac disease. (Nursing Homework Help Example on Understanding and Managing Coeliac Disease: A Comprehensive Approach)

References

 
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Solar Oven Final Report

Solar Oven Final Report

University  of  Arizona   Tucson,  AZ,  85716

S.A.C.R.A.W Solar Oven Prepared for: Dr. Stanley Pau

 

 

 

Jack Speelman Rebecca Nelson Paola “Andy” Lopez Lorin Greenwood Stephanie Gilboy October 21st 2012

Figure 1: Shows the team members of Team S.A.C.R.A.W standing alongside the final solar oven on Solar Oven Testing Day.

 

 

 

Team S.A.C.R.A.W Solar Oven 2

 

Table of Contents

 

 

Cover 1 Table of Contents 2 Executive Summary 3 Introduction – Motivation/Background/Key Terms 4-5 – Criteria and Constraints 5-6 Main Body – Functional and Design Requirements 6-7 – Design Theory and System Model 7-10 – Design Description – Conceptual Design 11-13 – Design Description – Final Design 14-17 – Design Justification 17-18 – Evaluation of Results 18-19 – Test Procedure 19-20 Design Critique and Summary 20-22 Appendix – First Oven Spreadsheet Data and Design/Drawing 22-24 – Final Oven Spreadsheet Data and Design/Drawing 25-27 – References 28

 

 

 

Team S.A.C.R.A.W Solar Oven 3

Executive Summary

The objective of the solar oven project was to design, build, and test a productive solar oven that

could reach an interior temperature of 100˚C. This was obtained through converting solar energy,

also known as electromagnetic energy, into thermal energy. The first law of thermodynamics

was utilized by understanding that energy cannot be created or destroyed but could be

transformed and used to heat the interior of the oven.

 

Two solar ovens were constructed in order to fully maximize the temperature inside the oven

chamber. The first oven was used as a prototype and research tool in order to build an oven that

could reach the optimum temperature calculated. The initial oven was predicted at 170.26˚C but

only reached an interior temperature of 85.6˚C. This produced a preforming index number of

1.02 and a cost index of 6.05˚C/dollar. The improved oven had a predicted temperature of

176.58˚C using the ambient air temperature and solar density provided. The oven reached an

interior temperature of 99.6˚C. The performing index for the second oven was calculated to be

1.28 and a cost index of 4.34˚C/dollar.

 

 

 

Team S.A.C.R.A.W Solar Oven 4

Introduction

Motivation:

• Learn the concept of team work and how to work together with other people to

achieve a common goal

• Gain proficiency in Excel, Solid Works, and basic solar oven knowledge.

• Acquire knowledge of the transformation of solar energy to heat.

• Learn the basics of the design and construction process

Background:

The main goal of the solar oven project was to find out the best way to change solar

energy into thermal energy. To do this, teams needed to know the first law of thermodynamics.

The first law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be changed from one

form to another. In the Solar Oven Theory, the energy that is put into the oven should equal the

energy that comes out (Ein=Eout). Therefore, the solar energy in joules should equal the thermal

energy in joules. The oven does this by taking the energy from the sunlight and transferring it

into heat. Since the energy in equals the energy out it allows the equation stated above to be

true. Knowing that the power is equal allows Team S.A.C.R.A.W. to find the temperature of the

oven chamber.

Mathematics for the Solar Oven with Key Terms:

Predicted Temperature:

 

 

 

Team S.A.C.R.A.W Solar Oven 5

Tio = Tambient + IoAw ⋅ G⋅ τ

n ⋅ a Usb ⋅ Asb +Uw ⋅ Aw( )

 

Variables:

Tio =the temperature inside the cooking chamber

Tambient= the outdoor temperature on the day tested

G= the gain from the reflectors

Uw= the heat transfer coefficient of the window

Aw= the area of the window

Usb= the heat transfer coefficient of the sides and bottom of the cooking chamber

Asb= the total area of the sides and bottom of the cooking chamber

Constants:

a= absorption coefficient of the cavity walls

τ= the optical transmission coefficient of the cavity walls

Io= the incident solar power density

Performing Index:

 

Variables:

Tio =the temperature inside the cooking chamber

Tambient= the outdoor temperature on the day tested

Tpredicted= the predicted temperature of the oven

Cost= the amount of money and labor for the solar oven in dollars

(Source: “Solar Oven Basics” Engineering 102)

 

 

 

Team S.A.C.R.A.W Solar Oven 6

Criteria and Constraints:

• Cooking oven must be equal to 1000 cm3

o Length (L) and height (h) need to be a minimum of 5cm

• The cooking oven window needs to be a square (W=L)

• The oven must have access for a digital thermometer and have a rack to support a biscuit

• There must be two calculated Performing Index’s calculated PISTOD and PIcost

• The maximum M/L ratio is 3

• The minimum final oven temperature is 100ᵒ C

• Optimal final temperature is over 200ᵒ C

• Focusing lenses and parabolic designs are not allowed

(Source: Solar Oven Design Project and Report Guidelines)

Main Body

Functional and Design Requirements The overall purpose of constructing the solar oven is to convert the absorbed solar energy into

heat. Different requirements of the oven were given in order to fulfill the purpose of constructing

and designing the solar oven. Functional requirements of the oven are needed in order for the

oven to actual work. Functional Requirements for the project include:

• The oven chamber must reach a minimum temperature of at least 100 degrees Celsius.

This is the minimum temperature that is needed to cook the biscuit inside the solar oven

chamber

 

 

 

Team S.A.C.R.A.W Solar Oven 7

• Using exactly four reflectors, sunlight needs to deflect into the Mylar windows at a

certain angle in order to achieve maximum temperature.

• Insulation is needed to surround the chamber to avoid loosing any form of heat.

• The four reflectors given need to be placed at a certain angle to not let any of the sunlight

be steered away from the Mylar window.

• An object or stand supporting the oven may be used in order to have the window be

exactly perpendicular to the sunlight. This way, all the sunlight can directly enter the

window.

Design requirements are given to avoid any advantage towards any oven. These requirements are

given in order for every oven to be at the same advantage. Design Requirements for the project

include:

• The oven chamber dimension should equal exactly 1000 cm3.

• Access to the inside of the solar oven should be fairly simple. Different methods to access

the oven include: lifting the top, door-opening mechanism, the sliding tray mechanism,

and many other methods.

• A hole or small opening for the thermometer to have access to the oven chamber

• The ratio of the reflectors and the width of the widow (M/L) should have a ratio of three

or less.

• The reflectors should be flat and straight; not parabolic. Having parabolic curves could

result in an explosion in the solar oven.

Design Theory and System Model

To conquer the solar oven, Team S.A.C.R.A.W. had to learn more about the theory

behind the solar oven. The knowledge learned can be implemented into constructing the most

 

 

 

Team S.A.C.R.A.W Solar Oven 8

efficient solar oven. The different dimensions of the oven are variables that affect how much

solar energy is converted heat inside the solar oven chamber. By knowing how these variables

affect the temperature allowed Team S.A.C.R.A.W. to reach optimum temperature inside the

oven. The equation predicting the temperature inside the chamber is:

Figure 2: Shows the equation to predict the temperature inside the solar oven chamber

 

 

In the equation above, the variables that have the most effect on the predicted temperature (Tio)

are the variables that are related to the dimensions of the solar oven chamber (Asb and Aw). Asb

represents the total surface areas of the side and bottoms of the solar oven chamber. Aw

represents the surface area of the window that heat is transferred through. Since a given

constraint of the oven is that the volume has to equal 1000 cm3, increasing the Aw would result in

decreasing the Asb. Since Aw appears in both the denominator and numerator in the equation,

increasing the value would have no affect in the Tio , but decreasing the Asb would result in a

higher Tio since the variable only appears in the denominator.

In the equation, G represents the gain of heat that the solar oven reflectors acquire. The

following equation is used to calculate the value of G:

Figure 3: Shows the equation to solve for G, and the variables that affect the value

 

As shown in Figure 3, the number of reflectors (represented by r) affects the overall gain.

Without any reflectors, the gain would equal just one. A higher M/L ratio for the oven would

also increase the gain value. The maximum value of M/L that is allowed is three, and as shown

Tio = Tambient + IoAw⋅ G⋅ τ

n⋅ a Usb⋅ Asb +Uw⋅ Aw( )

 

 

 

Team S.A.C.R.A.W Solar Oven 9

in Figure 3, the highest M/L would be most ideal. However, as shown in the table below, having

a higher M/L ratio results in a smaller alpha value.

Table 1: Shows the M/L ratio and the alpha and omega angle associated with each ratio

M/L α Ω 3 16.31° 106.31° 2 21.47° 111.47° 1 30° 120°

 

The alpha angle in the higher M/L ratio is smaller than the smallest M/L ratio, which is one.

However, when multiplying the M/L ratio by the sin (α), the highest value still comes out for the

M/L value that equals three. The highest M/L value is preferred for constructing the oven

because it will allow for the largest reflector gain for the oven.

Two values in the solar oven predicted temperature equation depend on the weather:

temperature (Tambient) and the solar irradiance of the sun (Io) at that time of day. If the

temperature outside is low, the Tambient will also be low, which would result in a lower Tio. If the

sky is cloudy and hardly any sunlight is penetrating through, the solar density will be low, which

would also result in a lower Tio. The weather is a major component in a higher Tio. Because

Arizona relatively tends to have high temperatures and large amounts of sunlight, both values

should be high.

Two other given constraints in the solar oven predicted temperature equation are τ

(optical transmission coefficient of window) and a (absorption coefficient of the cavity walls).

Team S.A.C.R.A.W wanted as much power to be absorbed into the solar oven chamber as

possible, which would result in a higher Tio To achieve such results, both τ and a have to be as

close to one as possible. The optical coefficient of the window depends on the type of window

material used. An ideal window material used for higher τ would have to be highly transparent

 

 

 

Team S.A.C.R.A.W Solar Oven 10

across the visible and near-infrared spectrum. The absorption coefficient of the cavity walls (a)

depends on the color used. The color black absorbs the highest amount of sunlight in comparison

with others colors, and thus has a higher absorption coefficient.

In the solar oven chamber predicted temperature equation, having a low U (overall heat

transfer coefficient) would result in a higher predicted temperature. The value of U is inversely

related to the thermal resistance to the flow of heat energy (R). The equation below shows the

relationship between both values:

Figures 4: Shows the relationship between the heat transfer coefficient and the thermal resistance

 

The equation shows that having multiple materials with higher thickness (x) and higher thermal

conductivity (k) values result in a higher R-value, which results in a lower U value. Having more

insulation materials (such as cardboard, foam, newspaper) decreases the overall heat transfer and

increases the Tio.

One of the main goals of Team S.A.C.R.A.W for constructing the solar oven chamber is

to have the actual temperature acquired equal to the predicted temperature calculated. However,

the task is nearly impossible. Different sources of error can prohibit Team S.A.C.R.A.W from

achieving the desired goal. One of the main errors is not having the dimensions of the solar oven

match up with the ones calculated. For example, if Team S.A.C.R.A.W calculated the area of the

window to be 0.02 m2 and instead constructed a window with an area of 0.018 m2, the result

would be an actual value of Tio that differs from the calculated Tio. Another source of error

includes the deterioration of the materials due to the heat. The materials to construct the oven

must be careful considered. If the materials used are not able to withstand the heat and melt, the

solar oven’s durability will also decrease.

 

 

 

Team S.A.C.R.A.W Solar Oven 11

Design Description – Conceptual Design

Figure 5: Shows the outer view of the first oven Figure 6: Shows the inside view (the insulation) of the first solar oven constructed

 

constructed.

 

 

 

 

The first goal for Team S.A.C.R.A.W was to generate a solar oven that met the minimum requirements given by the instructor. Since every solar oven group had two official

trials to test out the ovens, Team S.A.C.R.A.W.s’ main focus was to achieve the optimum

temperature possible with the given constraints. The variables in our oven focused around the

dimensions of the oven chamber. The following table lists the variables that were adjusted for the

first solar oven.

Table 2: Shows the design variables and measurements for the first solar oven constructed

Design Variables Measurements

Aw 0.01 m2

0.92

a 0.9

r 0.7

40

Usb 0.642192854

Asb 0.05 m2

 

 

 

Team S.A.C.R.A.W Solar Oven 12

Io 691 W/m2

40 degrees

Tambient 29.4 degrees Celsius

G 5.205335351

 

The materials that were given by the instructor to construct the oven include:

cardboard, Mylar sheets, black paper, scissors, and a thermometer. The cardboard given was

used to construct the four reflectors, the solar oven chamber, and the outer box where the solar

oven chamber and insulation was kept. Black Duct tape was used to connect the solar oven

chamber to the lid of the outer box. To get to the oven chamber, the reflectors and Mylar sheets

where lifted from a hole centered in the top lid. Inside the chamber, there was a rack that was

intended to hold to biscuit in place. To position the angle of the oven in order for the oven

chamber to absorb optimum heat, backpacks and notebooks were used.

Two Mylar sheets were used and were on top of one another. They were placed

directly above the solar oven chamber and were connected to the reflectors. Having more Mylar

sheets minimized heat losses through the window, while still allowing solar energy to be

transmitted into the oven chamber.

Four reflectors were used and were covered with aluminum foil. Aluminum foil was

used because the material is low-cost and effective. Despite trying to have a smooth aluminum

foil covering the reflectors, Team S.A.C.R.A.W had to take into account the wrinkled sheets,

which affects the overall temperature inside the oven. The shape of the four reflectors was a

trapezoid, and to keep things simple, the height of each reflector was 30 cm. Having a trapezoid

shape for the reflectors allowed no gaps between the reflectors, a problem that would arise if

rectangular reflectors were used. The base of the reflectors was 10 cm wide, conforming to the

 

 

 

Team S.A.C.R.A.W Solar Oven 13

dimensions of the width of the mylar windows. In order to maintain a M/L ratio of 3 or less, the

area of the window had to be 10 cm by 10 cm. To keep with the constraint of having a solar oven

chamber with a volume of 1000 cm3, the solar oven ended up being a cube.

To maximize insulation, Team S.A.C.R.A.W built a huge outer oven to store all of

the insulation. The dimensions of the outer box were 0.62×0.62×0.1 all measured in meters.

However, the insulation material used – newspaper and printer paper – was all wrinkled up and

was not arranged in an organized matter (as shown in Figure 4). However, having high

insulation, allowed for a higher Uxb value, which increases the Tio value overall. Also, to not let

any heat escape the sides of the oven, the thermometer was placed inside the oven. Having that

particular setup prevents obstruction of window and loss of heat through mylar window.

To obtain the dimensions for the oven, Team S.A.C.R.A.W worked from the inside

out, starting with the dimension of the solar oven chamber. To keep things simple, the solar oven

chamber was made into a cube, and from those dimensions, the height of the reflectors was

determined. Having a maximum volume of 1000 cm3 and a M/L ratio of less than three put a

constraint on the oven since it prohibited from further increasing the height of the reflector.

 

 

 

 

Team S.A.C.R.A.W Solar Oven 14

Design Description – Final Design

Figure 7: Shows the construction of the new reflectors Figure 8: Shows the side view of the for the final oven final solar oven on Solar Oven Testing Day

 

 

 

 

 

 

The first solar oven testing allowed Team S.A.C.R.A.W to see what adjustments were

needed for the second oven. Needless to say, many adjustments were done. A new goal was

created – to reach the minimum temperature required, which was 100 degrees Celsius. Also, the

group strived to try to achieve a higher Performance index by reducing the total materials used,

thus reducing the total performing index. To decrease the cost without falling under the

minimum temperature required (100 degrees Celsius), Team S.A.C.R.A.W. took the following

steps: create a smaller insulation box, create smaller and more efficient reflectors, and improve

the design of cooking chamber in order to maximize the total volume. The following variables in

the table below show the values used to calculate the predicted temperature

Table 3: Shows the list of variables used to predict the temperature inside the oven chamber.

Design Variables Measurements

Aw 0.013225 m2

0.92

a 0.9

 

 

 

Team S.A.C.R.A.W Solar Oven 15

40

Usb 0.642192854

Asb 0.0219206522 m2

Io 619 W/m2

40 degrees

Tambient 29.4 degrees Celsius

G 5.205335351

 

Somehow, the first solar oven had dimensions that did not match up with the dimensions

that Team S.A.C.R.A.W. calculated. The group that dissected the oven noticed that the alpha

angle did not match up with the value that Team S.A.C.R.A.W had calculated. The angle value

that Team S.A.C.R.A.W that used based off of the M/L value, which was equal to three. The

group that dissected Team S.A.C.R.A.W.s’ oven measured out the angle to be 15.687 degrees.

The angle that Team S.A.C.R.A.W. calculated based off the M/L ratio was 16.31. Also, the M/L

ratio (that the group who dissected Team S.A.C.R.A.Ws’ oven measured out) was higher than

three. Knowing that these dimensions were inaccurate from the proposed dimensions given by

Team S.A.C.R.A.W, Team S.A.C.R.A.W focused more on accurately measuring out the

dimensions of the oven and making sure that all of the dimensions calculated for the oven

matched up to the actual oven.

Instead of constructing a cubic oven chamber, a rectangular-shaped oven was generated.

Team S.A.C.R.A.W decreased the height of the oven chamber to increase the area of the top and

bottom sides of the oven chamber. Since the width and length of the Mylar sheets are correlated

with the dimensions of the top lid of the chamber oven, the area of the window also increased by

making the oven chamber rectangular. The length of the square Mylar sheet for the new oven

 

 

 

Team S.A.C.R.A.W Solar Oven 16

was determined to be 11.5 cm, which also increased the height of the trapezoidal reflectors to

34.5 cm (to keep in with the M/L ratio of 3).

During the trial for the first solar oven, Team S.A.C.R.A.W noted that tape used did not

properly hold the oven in its place. A new brand of tape was bought, Gorilla duct-tape, which

withstood the heat and did not melt or peel off when exposed to the sun. Although it increased

the Performance Index cost since it was more expensive than the previous adhesive, this new

duct-tape improved structural rigidity and high-temperature performance. The duct-tape was

applied along the sides and corners of any joint component of the oven, which resulted in a

stronger structure and prohibited any air from escaping.

Instead of using wrinkled up newspaper and printer paper for insulation, Polyurethane

insulation foam was used. This foam did a better job of trapping heat and hardly left any room

for letting heat escape. The foam also had greater thickness than the newspaper and higher

thermal conductivity, thus increasing the resistance to escaping heat. However, it was discovered

afterwards that the foam expanded during testing. This increased the dimensions of the outer box

and may have possibly decreased the volume of the solar oven chamber.

The last improvement done on the final solar oven would be the dimensions of the

reflectors. Since the alpha angle was off in the first solar oven, a protractor was used to insure

that the angle matches to the one calculated by Team S.A.C.R.A.W. These new reflectors were

longer, were angled correctly to match the alpha angle calculated (16.31 degrees Celsius), and

had a higher reflectivity (aluminum foil was much smoother). Also to avoid loosing more heat,

the chambers’ sides were still connected with the reflectors when they were cut out. This way,

instead of loosing heat between the gaps of the reflectors and chamber, hardly any heat would be

lost. To have access to the insides of the chamber, the chamber and reflectors were lifted (since

 

 

 

Team S.A.C.R.A.W Solar Oven 17

they were connected). The Mylar sheets were placed from the top and were put at the bottom of

the reflectors. The cut out of the Mylar sheets had a slightly larger area than the window

dimensions, allowing the extra surface area on the Mylar sheets to connect the mylar window to

the top of the solar chamber (area where the solar chamber and reflectors meet).

Much more care and accuracy was placed into constructing the final oven in comparison

with the first oven. Also, to absorb more heat, the inside solar chamber was painted black. Black

is known to absorb the most amount of heat in comparison with other colors. Team

S.A.C.R.A.W also made the outer chamber more aesthetically pleasing by decorating it with red

paint.

Design Justification

To keep the first solar oven simple, Team S.A.C.R.A.W. made the solar oven chamber,

the basis for the construction of the oven, a cube. Team S.A.C.R.A.W.s’ main focus was on

simplicity and the performance of the oven, thus generating an oven with large reflectors and a

cubic solar oven chamber. With those factors in mind, Team S.A.C.R.A.W designed the oven

and constructed the oven based on those parameters. An example of a performance-orientated

component of the oven was the insulation. Team S.A.C.R.A.W decided to use as much insulation

as possible to achieve optimum temperature and a greater performance overall. Unfortunately,

having more insulation in the outer box chamber resulted in more material usage and more open

space for heat to escape (a factor that was not thought of until the day of solar oven testing). In

addition, the size of the reflectors was maximized in relations with the width of the window

(M/L = 3). Both actions were done without a thought about the performance index cost.

 

 

 

Team S.A.C.R.A.W Solar Oven 18

Once the oven was tested and dissected by another team, Team S.A.C.R.A.W noticed that

keeping the oven simple was not a method to achieve maximum performance. The overuse of

materials and lack of accuracy of the dimensions made the performance index relatively low. As

a result, the oven had the lowest temperature acquired out of all the other ovens in the class. For

the second oven, the team decided to replace many materials with more durable options and

made sure that the oven matched the dimensions that were calculated. Less cardboard was used

on the solar chamber and outer chamber, and also, different insulation was used. However, to

obtain a higher temperature, the size of the reflectors was increased. Increasing reflector size

resulted in a higher area of window and a lower surface area of the sides and bottom of the

chamber. The outer chamber box was decreased to reduce the insulation and the new insulation,

foam, did a better job of not letting heat escape than the newspaper and printer paper. The

performance index cost reduced with the usage of less material for the first oven. Also, the

overall performing index of the new solar oven was higher than the first solar oven.

 

Evaluation of Results

Due to the cloudy day and lack of sunlight, the final test did not yield results consistent

with the teams’ expectations and did not verify the final design process. The solar power density

given before the Solar Oven Throw down did not match up with the actual solar density value of

the weather. The result caused the predicted temperature calculated beforehand to be much

higher than the one actually calculated on that day (calculated to be around 109 degrees). The

temperature of the final oven was 99.6 degrees Celsius with a performing index of 1.28. The

predicted temperature of the oven on that day was calculated to be 176.58 degrees Celsius. The

large difference in predicted and actual temperature resulted in a lower performing index.

 

 

 

Team S.A.C.R.A.W Solar Oven 19

However, the main focus for the second design of the solar oven was to improve on the

performing index and durability of the oven. The first oven had a performing index of 1.02, a

predicted temperature of 170.26 degrees Celsius, and an actual temperature of 85.8 degrees

Celsius. No issues regarding the weather occurred on the first solar oven trial day – the day was

filled with sunlight and heat. Although the final oven did not reach the desired 100 degree

Celsius temperature, the final oven had a greater performance and better durability than the first

oven, which was the overall goal for Team S.A.C.R.A.W.

 

Test Procedure

Table 4: Shows the values measured in both ovens.

Value Measured First Oven Second Oven

Predicted Temperature (Tio) 170. 26 degrees Celsius 176.58 degrees Celsius

Actual Temperature Acquired 85.8 degrees Celsius 99.6 degrees Celsius

Performing Index 1.02 1,23

Performing Cost 6.05 degrees Celsius/dollar 4.34 degrees Celsius/dollar

 

As shown in Table 4, the measured values are much smaller than the predicted values. For the

first oven, Team S.A.C.R.A.W. identified that the result of disagreement between the predicted

and actual temperature value was because of the lack of accuracy done on the dimensions of the

oven. The angles of the reflectors were not measured accurately – the angles were just assumed

to be correct based off of the dimensions of the reflectors. Also, the insulation was not tightly

packed together; instead there were many openings for heat escape through. For the second oven,

more accuracy was placed on the dimensions of the oven. Also, a different material was used for

 

 

 

Team S.A.C.R.A.W Solar Oven 20

the insulation. However, the reason for the vast difference in degree of the predicted and actual

temperature was because of the weather. The weather on solar oven testing day was much cooler

than predicted. Also, not that much sunlight was penetrating through the clouds, resulting in a

lower solar irradiance value (I0)). The change in weather is out of Team S.A.C.R.A.Ws’ control,

thus no conclusion can be made on what improvements could have been done for the final oven

aside from testing it on a different day that includes more sunlight and less clouds.

 

Design Critique and Summary

Team S.A.C.R.A.W.’s objective was to build a solar oven that met the constraints and

performed at optimum temperature. The team needed to build the oven at a low cost but still able

to withstand the high temperatures made on the day of testing. Teamwork, collaboration, and

attention to detail were implemented to produce an oven that had the potential to reach 176.58°

C. During construction of the first and second oven, the team realized many areas of

improvement that would raise the temperature of their oven and produce a more efficient

product. For example, in the first oven constructed, a flimsy duct tape was used to hold together

the corners of the exterior of the oven. When the first oven was tested, the tape could not

withstand the high temperatures and the adhesives began to fall apart. Because of the error, gaps

began to form around the exterior oven, which allowed heat to escape. To prevent this from

happening again, the second oven was constructed with a heavy-duty black duct tape that was

able to withstand much higher temperatures than what could be reached with the solar oven. If

 

 

 

Team S.A.C.R.A.W Solar Oven 21

another oven was to be built, it should be constructed with the heat resistant tape to minimize the

heat loss. Another area that needed improvement from the first oven to the second was the angle of

the reflectors relative to the oven container. Precise measurements needed to be done in order to

have the optimal angle that would allow the most solar light to be reflected into the cooking

chamber. To fix this problem, S.A.C.R.A.W. used a more accurate protractor and ruler when

measuring the reflectors for the second oven. This way the angle was accurate and allowed the

most light to be reflected into the cooking chamber. If this oven was to be reconstructed it is

recommended that an emphasis is put on the measurement of the angles because this has a direct

impact on the amount of light reflected into the cooking chamber. The more light reflected into

the cooking chamber, the higher the temperature will reach.

The insulating material is a large component of how much heat will be retained and how

much will be lost through the walls of the oven. In the first oven, the team used crumpled up

newspaper and printer paper to insulate the cooking chamber. While the crumpled up paper took

up a lot of room, there was a lot of room for the air to move around between the pieces of paper.

The conductive heat loss was maximized because the molecules had a lot of air to move around

in and therefore they did not hold very much heat. For the second oven constructed, insulating

foam was used inside the oven. The foam sealed all of the edges of the oven to heat was not lost

through those and it also reduced the movement of air inside the chamber. The heat stayed

localized to the chamber instead of freely moving about the oven and escaping. This was

essential for the oven built by S.A.C.R.A.W. because on the day of testing it was very cloudy out

and the ambient air temperature and the incident solar density were not very high. This meant

that the oven only increased temperature when there was direct sunlight. The data oscillated

 

 

 

Team S.A.C.R.A.W Solar Oven 22

because every time the sun would go behind the clouds, the temperature would drop slowly and

when the sun would come back out, the temperature would shoot up. Because of the foam

insulation and the minimal amount of heat escaping the oven, S.A.C.R.A.W.’s oven was able to

maintain a temperature higher than the ambient air temperature when the sun was behind the

clouds so when it did come out and provide direct sunlight, the temperature was able to start at a

higher initial temperature and rise from there. If there had been direct sunlight on the day of

testing, the oven would be considered a viable cooking unit that could be used if desired to cook

food for consumption. Appendix

First Oven Spreadsheet Data and Drawing

Figure 9: Shows the drawing and dimensions for the first solar oven.

 

 

 

 

 

Team S.A.C.R.A.W Solar Oven 23

Table 5: Shows the value of each variable and their value. It also states the variables’ units and description

Variable Value Units Description Io 619 watts/m2 (solar power density)

τ 0.92 (transmissivity for single layer of mylar)

a 0.9 (absorptivity of oven chamber and contents)

r 0.7 (reflectivity of Al foil) Tambient 29.4 C ambient temperature L 0.1 m length of oven window

h 0.1 m height of oven chamber n 2 # of layers of mylar M 0.3 m length of reflectors Aw 0.01 m2 area of the window

Asb 0.05 m2 area of the sides and bottom

Vchamber 0.00099981 m3 volume of the oven chamber

M/L 3 ratio of reflector length to oven window length

Usb 0.642192854 heat transfer coefficient of the chamber

α 0.284602961 angle of the reflectors with respect to the Sun’s rays

G 5.205335351 gain from reflectors Table 7: Shows the dimensions of the oven

Table 6: Shows the materials used for insulation

Wall Element Thickness (m)

Thermal Conductivity (watts/m-C)

Inner cardboard wall x1 0.003 k1 0.064 Insulation (wadded newspaper) x2 0.18 k2 0.123 Outer cardboard wall x3 0.003 k3 0.064

 

Dimension Length (m) Length of window 0.1 Width of window 0.1 Length of oven 0.6096 Width of oven 0.6096 Height of oven 0.1524 Length of chamber 0.1 Width of chamber 0.1 Height of chamber 0.1 Reflector length 0.3

 

 

 

Team S.A.C.R.A.W Solar Oven 24

 

 

 

 

 

 

Tio Uw(single) Uw(double) Table Combo 1

10.1 4.9 66 225.319429 13.9 6.7 93 179.723146 18.7 9 121 145.571651 24.3 11.7 149 121.231541 31.6 15.2 177 101.530964 40.1 19.4 204 87.1142525

Value Measured First Oven Predicted Temperature (Tio)

170. 26 degrees Celsius

Actual Temperature Acquired

85.8 degrees Celsius

Performing Index 1.02 Cost Index 6.05 degrees

Celsius/dollar

Component Amount Cost ($)

Total Cost for Component ($)

Grand Cost ($)

Reflectors $0.31 $1.25 $1.25 Interior Chamber

$0.40 $0.40 $1.59

Exterior Chamber

$1.94 $1.94 $3.73

Mylar Sheets $0.25 $0.50 With Reflectors

Duct Tape $0.50 $0.50 $8.73 Paper $0.03 $0.03 With interior

chamber Newspaper $0.00 $0.00 $8.73 Grand Total $8.73

Table 8: Shows the heat transfer values for the windows

Table 9: Final Results for the First Oven

Table 10: Shows the breakdown of costs for the first oven

Figure 10: Shows the graph and equations of line used to predict the temperature of the fist oven

 

 

 

Team S.A.C.R.A.W Solar Oven 25

Second Oven Spreadsheet Data and Drawing

Figure 11: shows the drawing and dimensions for the final oven

 

 

 

 

Team S.A.C.R.A.W Solar Oven 26

Table 11: Shows the values for the variables used to predict the Tio for the second oven Variable Combo 1 Units Description Io 619 watts/m2 (solar power density)

τ 0.92 (transmissivity for single layer of mylar)

a 0.9 (absorptivity of oven chamber and contents)

r 0.7 (reflectivity of Al foil) Tambient 29.4 C ambient temperature L 0.115 M length of oven window

h 0.115 M height of oven chamber n 2 # of layers of mylar M 0.345 M length of reflectors Aw 0.013225 m2 area of the window

Asb 0.048001 m2 area of the sides and bottom

Vchamber 0.00099981 m3 volume of the oven chamber

M/L 3 ratio of reflector length to oven window length

Usb 0.642192854 heat transfer coefficient of the chamber

α 0.284602961 angle of the reflectors with respect to the Sun’s rays

G 5.205335351 gain from reflectors Table 12: Shows the values for the insulation used. Table 13: Shows the dimensions of the oven

 

Wall Element Thickness (m)

Thermal Conductivity (watts/m-C)

Inner cardboard wall x1 0.003 k1 0.064 Insulation foam x2 0.0925 k2 0.21 Outer cardboard x3 0.003 k3 0.064

Dimension Length (m) Length of Window 0.115 Width of Window 0.115 Length of oven 0.3 Width of oven 0.3 Height of oven 0.197 Length of Chamber

0.115

Width of Chamber 0.115 Height of Chamber 0.0756 Reflector Length 0.345

 

 

 

Team S.A.C.R.A.W Solar Oven 27

 

 

 

Table #16: Shows the breakdown of costs for the final oven

 

 

Tio Uw(single) Uw(double) Table Combo 1

10.1 4.9 66 358.947717 13.9 6.7 93 285.790364 18.7 9 121 229.865253 24.3 11.7 149 189.399928 31.6 15.2 177 156.270352 40.1 19.4 204 131.809152

Value Measured Second Oven Predicted Temperature (Tio)

176.58 degrees Celsius

Actual Temperature Acquired

99.6 degrees Celsius

Performing Index 1,23 Cost Index 4.34 degrees

Celsius/dollar

Component Amount Cost $

Total Cost for Component $

Grand Cost $

Reflectors $0.43 $1.72 $1.72 Interior Chamber

$0.05 $0.05 $1.77

Exterior Chamber

$0.71 $0.71 $2.48

Mylar Sheets $0.25 $0.50 With Reflectors Duct Tape $5.00 $5.00 $7.48 Foam $5.00 $7.50 $14.98 Grand Total $14.98

Figure 12: Shows the graph and equation of lines used to determine the predicted temperature for the final oven

Table 14: Shows the heat transfer values for the windows   Table 15: Shows the final results for the final oven.

 

 

 

Team S.A.C.R.A.W Solar Oven 28

References References from Solar Oven Handout

“Solar Oven Basics” University of Arizona. Engineering 102. 2012

Shawyer, Michael and Avilio F. Medina Pizzali. “FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 436: The use

of ice on small fishing vessels.” FAO Corporate Document Repository. Food and

Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome. 2003. Web. 13 Oct. 2012.

 
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