Desirable In-Law Traits Analysis

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Desirable In-Law Traits Analysis

(Desirable In-Law Traits Analysis)

CLASSMATE #-1—K.P.The research question for this study is what traits do parents desire in daughter-in-laws and son-in-laws (Apostolou, 2010).

The research question for this study is what traits do parents desire in daughter-in-laws and son-in-laws (Apostolou, 2010). This is an interesting topic to study because there is not much research regarding this topic. For this article, there are a couple hypothesizes. The first is that parents prefer an in law that will benefit them and their family (Apostolou, 2010). The second hypothesis is that the desired qualities are different depending on the sex of the in law (Apostolou, 2010). Thirdly, a parent’s preference towards and in law depends on the society that they live in (Apostolou, 2010). Societal norms can play a key role in any social decisions. The methods used were collecting data from 186 pre-industrial societies and researchers observed various data about marriage (Apostolou, 2010). Overall, the results found that there were key characteristics or traits differ in son-in-laws versus daughter-in-laws (Apostolou, 2010). Some examples of top characteristics for a son-in-law are having good character, good worker, favorable social status, and being wealthy (Apostolou, 2010). The results for a daughter-in-law’s traits are good family background, good character, good worker and good health (Apostolou, 2010). It is interesting that wealth is far more important in a son-in-law than a daughter-in-law (Apostolou, 2010). I think this is due to more traditional view of a man and woman’s roles within a relationship. In many countries, women still do not have as many rights and freedom as we do here in the United States. Both categories value good character in future in laws as a top three characteristic (Apostolou, 2010). I think it would be interesting to just focus on the United States instead of such a wide variety of countries. I would be interested to learn if the overall results would be different from our society and others.

Apostolou, M. (2010). Parental choice: What parents want in a son-in-law and a daughter-in-law across 67 pre-industrial societies. British Journal of Psychology, 101, 695-704.

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CLASSMATE #-2  J. P.(Desirable In-Law Traits Analysis)

This study offered three hypotheses: parents desire traits in an in-law that will be beneficial to them and their family, these traits are predicated by the gender of the in-law, and the desired traits are also incumbent upon the subsistence type of culture (hunting/gathering or agro-pastoral societies) (Apostolou, 2010).

The population of interest was all parents in 186 pre-industrial societies with children for whom marriage to a future in-law was considered or to be considered in the future. The sample used was collected from the 67 societies within that population that had information on marriage type available and in which courtship (children select their spouse, rather than the parents) was not the typical pattern of marriage (Apostolou, 2010).

To determine the frequencies of preferred traits in in-laws as reported by parents, the authors used the ratio chi-squared test. Since this is nominal data and there were so few observations for each trait in each category, this was the optimum test. Priority was assumed based on the frequency of use for the traits in question. For this study, the dependent variable was the frequency of responses per particular trait. The traits include character, family background, work ethic, industriousness, social status, health, looks, economic prospects, and chastity (Apostolou, 2010). Since these traits are categorical, but ranked by frequency, I believe they fit into the ordinal data type. The independent variables were gender of the prospective in-law (daughter or son) and they type of society (agro-pastoral or hunter-gatherer). This data is nominal categorical. Statistical analyses revealed that gender does yield several statistically significant differences in traits: resource acquisition, working ability, amount of resources/wealth, social status, and good economic prospects were more frequently reported for sons-in-law than for daughters-in-laws. Conversely, parents seek daughters-in-law who are chaste at a frequency that is statistically significant. For the subsistence differences, agro-pastoral societies value wealth and family background at frequencies statistically significant from the hunter-gatherer communities. The authors concluded that the traits parents reported as important do in fact serve a purpose in being beneficial for themselves and their kin, failing to reject the null hypothesis.

Critique:(Desirable In-Law Traits Analysis)

The authors should have explicitly listed their test as a chi-square test of independence because they are looking for two variables- desired traits and gender or desired traits and type of societal subsistence, making this a more complex test than what a chi-square would be able to discern since it was designed to measure only one independent variable (Sukal, 2013). The null hypothesis (1) would have been written out as “there is no significant relationship between the traits reported as important to parents and the potential beneficence of those traits to the parents and kin” with alternate as there is a significant relationship between the traits reported as important to parents and the potential beneficence of those traits to the parents and kin”. For the second, the null hypothesis (2) would be written out as “there is no significant relationship between sex of the in-law and preferred traits”, and the alternate “there is a significant relationship between sex of the in-law and preferred traits”. Finally, the last null hypothesis (3) would have been “there is no significant difference in societal type of subsistence and preferred traits” compared to the alternate “there is a significant difference in societal type of subsistence and preferred traits”.

According to Coughlan, Cronan, and Ryan (2007), there are multiple components to examine when critiquing a journal article. The authors stated the purpose of the study poignantly and titled the article appropriately. The content flowed well enough, and the discussion presented the correlations discovered as correlations vice causation and offered well-thought out speculations as to why the result panned out as it did. For example, the authors pointed out that in some of these societies, the marriage prospects of daughters is much more closely controlled by parents, therefore potentially providing more responses of desired traits in sons-in-law than for prospective daughters-in-law (Apostolou, 2010). With more responses and therefore a larger sample of desired traits in males, the data for preferred traits in sons-in-law will potentially be skewed. The parameters in the results were not formatted like the rest of the font (maybe a problem with my computer?) which made the results and discussion a little tricky to decipher. I am a little speculative about the information gathering technique- analyzing data from the SPCC and having two coders formulate algorithms to find the correlation between samples. The authors did not get into the specifics, but they did mention how both coders independently created their code sheets with small subsamples to test for biases before using the full sample of societies. The resources were correctly

Summary(Desirable In-Law Traits Analysis)

This study was conducted in an attempt to find what parents in pre-industrial societies find as the most desirable traits in prospective son/daughters-in-law and if the type of society or gender are driving forces behind those preferences. After utilizing a chi-square test, researchers found that only one statistically significant differences did in fact exist in the parents’ preferred traits for prospective in-laws between sex and subsistence types. Certain traits appeared to be valued more for the males, while other traits more so for females. The subsistence type of the society also yielded statistically significant differences for preferred traits. All of the preferred traits, for both variables tested, were the type that would prove beneficial for the parents and families.

References

Apostolou, M. (2010). Parental choice: What parents want in a son-in-law and a daughter-in-law across 67 pre-industrial societies. British Journal of Psychology, 695-704.

Coughlan, M., Cronan, P., & Ryan, F. (2007). Step-by-step guide to critiquing research. Part 1: Quantitative research. British Journal of Nursing, 16(11), 658-663.

Sukal, M. (2013). Research Methods: Applying Statistics in Research. Bridgepoint Education.

 
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Peer Response

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Peer Response

(Peer Response)

The peer response has to be from a peer-reviewed NURSING journal less than 5 y/o.

New technologies have significantly changed the way nurses practice, conduct research, manage and administrate, and advance their education (Blais & Hayes, 2016). In today’s health environment technology and education are the most essential parts in innovate nursing practice within the healthcare system. Nursing Informatics has become the cornerstone in nursing, in which it has influences the day-to-day operations in the practice of nursing in several areas such as data recovery, patient care, electronic patient records and imaging informatics. The competency of nursing informatics can simply be determined through computer skills, informatics knowledge and informatics skills. Informatics has the potential to assist in identifying the key competency of a beginning nurse, experienced nurse, informatics specialist, and informatics innovator.  According to Blais and Hayes (2016) informatics nurses are challenged to continue to research and apply the appropriate codes and laws to protect patients and to use information tools to improve the quality of patient care.

However, the success of students’ learning and their perception of a ‘good’ placement however are influenced by a number of factors extending beyond the current standards of competency (Barry & Martin, 2018). Ultimately, it’s the resposibitly of the nurse educator to ensure that student’s are begin properly assess for competency and supporting the students technical and clinical learning abilities. Nursing education made the transition from hospital-based training to the tertiary sector over 20 years ago (Algoso, 2015). However, grave concerns about the quality and quantity of undergraduate nurses‘ clinical experiences prior to graduation remains (Algoso, 2015). According to Lyons, Brunero and Lamont (2015) nursing today involves critical thinking, reflection and problem solving; partnering with patients to promote shared decision- making. Moreover, evidence base suggest that nursing practice changes patient care improvements relying on multifaceted, innovation and patient centered focus. Education has revolutionized nursing by improving the future of nursing through communication and forming partnerships between education, regulation, as well as in nursing practice in order to prevent any and all adverse outcome in the healthcare industry.

Reference

Algoso, M. (2015, August). Undergraduate Assistant in Nursing (AIN) employment in aged care: does this

prepare new graduates for the clinical work environment? Australian Nursing & Midwifery Journal, 23(2), 35. Retrieved from http://edb.pbclibrary.org:2084/apps/doc/A426902407/ITOF?u=d0_mlpbcls&sid=ITOF&xid=021292ae

Barry, S., & Martin, C. (2018, June). FACTORS IMPACTING ON THE SUCCESS OF CLINICAL

LEARNING–A STUDENT AND NURSE EDUCATOR PERSPECTIVE: Clinical placement provides an opportunity for student nurses to consolidate their clinical skills and apply their theoretical knowledge into practice (Siggins Miller Consultants 2012). Australian Nursing & Midwifery Journal, 25(11), 42. Retrieved from http://edb.pbclibrary.org:2084/apps/doc/A545479292/ITOF?u=d0_mlpbcls&sid=ITOF&xid=a63d1d0a

Blais K. K., & Hayes, J. (2016). Professional Nursing Practice; Concepts and Perspective (7thed).  Upper

Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.

Lyons, S., Brunero, S., & Lamont, S. (2015, April). A return to nursing rounds–person centered or a task too far?

Australian Nursing & Midwifery Journal, 22(9), 30+. Retrieved from http://edb.pbclibrary.org:2084/apps/doc/A410141003/ITOF?u=d0_mlpbcls&sid=ITOF&xid=57c6244c

 
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Nursing Initiatives: PostEarthquake Haiti

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Nursing Initiatives: PostEarthquake Haiti

(Nursing Initiatives: PostEarthquake Haiti)

Question description

Please write a Paragraph answering to this discussion below with your opinion. Please include citations and references in alphabetical order in case of another source.

In her Diary Journal 3, the GCU student nurse reports “amputation, stump revision, horrible infections and dressing changes like can’t be explained” following the Haiti earthquake in 2010. To prevent the spread of infections and improve the situation, one primary prevention initiative done by nurses could be to educate the population and local medical staff in hospital about safe and proper sanitation practices, including hand washing and personal hygiene, sterilizing of medical instruments… Nurses could also give the basic immunizations to Haitians in order to avoid the spread of epidemics such as measles, hepatitis, rubella etc. These prevention action can be started as soon as the nurses arrive to Haiti.

Starting in phases 3 or 4, nurses can start assist the local doctors and surgeons in providing care to Haitian patients, in hospitals, clinic or even in the streets. As the GCU student remarks in her 4th video, the task is enormous, but Haitians are always grateful for the help: “As the care providers we felt tremendous appreciation and thankfulness from the throngs of people we have treated. Despite their amputations, broken limbs, massively infected wounds, filthy dressings…”

Tertiary prevention initiatives take more importance towards the end of the intervention, when the immediate emergency has declined and when more time and resources are available to plan for the future. At this point in times nurses can start implementing initiatives to help people manage their long-term health problems and injuries (chronic diseases, permanent impairments), to improve as much as possible their ability to function, their quality of life and their life expectancy. Support groups could be created so as to share strategies for living well. The GCU nursing student also remarked that many people had to be amputated after the earthquake. In partnership with the Haitian government and local authority, vocational rehabilitation programs could be developed to retrain amputated workers for new jobs fitting their disability.

One crucial need is for instance to provide teaching and educational support for the Haitian national staff, so that they can continue to cure patients and victims appropriately in the future (when international volunteers and NGOs retreat), and that they be better prepared in the event of other catastrophes. In particular, it is important that the Haitian staff follows up with treatment adherence for victims of the earthquake, and continues immunization campaigns in vulnerable populations.

For all nursing interventions, collaborations with the other medical NGOs present in Haiti would be useful, so as to best deploy available resources, make sure to treat as many people in need as possible, avoid duplication of initiatives and avoid the concentration of resources in a few areas. NGOs present in Haiti in 2010 included Doctors Without Borders, Relief International, International Medical Corps, Medshare. Collaboration with local authorities and the Haitian government is also crucial to ensure the maximal impact of initiatives taken, and coordination of relief efforts.

References:

“Diary of Medical Mission Trip” (2018). Grand Canyon University. Retrieved from: http://lc.gcumedia.com/zwebassets/courseMaterialPa…

 
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The Psychiatric Diagnosis

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Outline For The Psychiatric Diagnosis

(The Psychiatric Diagnosis)

Outline for the Psychiatric Diagnosis Review the instructions for the Psychiatric Diagnosis assignment in Week Six. This week’s assignment will build upon the work you have completed on your chosen case study in Weeks One and Two. For this assignment, you will construct an outline of your Psychiatric Diagnosis paper. This outline is meant to provide structure for your final assignment, jump-start your thought process on your case study, and ensure you are on the correct path toward the successful completion of your diagnosis. Your outline should be one to two pages of content and include a brief two- to three-sentence description of each of the required areas listed in the Psychiatric Diagnosis prompt, except for the following two areas:
• Justify the use of the chosen diagnostic manual (i.e., Why was this manual chosen over others?). • Evaluate symptoms within the context of an appropriate theoretical orientation for this diagnosis.
For these two areas, provide a complete draft of your justification and evaluation based on the case study. You must include explicit information on the theoretical orientation chosen for the case and justification of the use of the diagnostic manual chosen. Research a minimum of five peer-reviewed sources published within the last 10 years to support your choice of theoretical orientation and diagnostic manual. These sources will also be used for the Psychiatric Diagnosis paper. The outline should specify which sources will apply to the justification and evaluation areas. The Outline for the Psychiatric Diagnosis:
• Must be one to two single-spaced pages in length (not including title and references pages) and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site..

• Must include a separate title page with the following: o Title of paper o Student’s name o Course name and number o Instructor’s name o Date submitted

• Must use at least five peer-reviewed sources published within the last 10 years.

• Must document all sources in APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.

• Must include a separate references page that is formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
Carefully review the Grading Rubric (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. for the criteria that will be used to evaluate your assignment.

 
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Neurological Disorders/Case Studies

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Neurological Disorders/Case Studies

(Neurological Disorders/Case Studies)

One intriguing neurological disorder is prosopagnosia, often called “face blindness.” This condition impairs the ability to recognize faces, even those of close friends and family members. Case studies reveal individuals who can distinguish objects and scenes normally but struggle with facial recognition. For instance, “Patient X” might mistake acquaintances for strangers or rely on non-facial cues like hairstyle or voice to identify people. Researchers attribute prosopagnosia to abnormalities in the fusiform gyrus, a brain region crucial for facial processing. Another notable disorder is synesthesia, where sensory perceptions intertwine, leading individuals to experience, for example, colors when hearing sounds or tasting flavors when seeing certain shapes. Case studies illustrate unique synesthetic experiences, like “Person Y” perceiving numbers as having specific colors or tastes. Neuroscientists propose that synesthesia arises from atypical neural connections, causing sensory stimuli to trigger unintended responses in the brain. These case studies shed light on the intricacies of brain function and highlight the diverse ways neurological disorders manifest. Understanding such conditions not only aids in diagnosis and treatment but also provides insights into the fundamental workings of the human brain.

For this discussion you will  take on the role of the clinician for the case study below. Review the patient’s symptoms and the available demographic and historical data.  Discuss your differential diagnosis and provide a thorough basis for any diagnoses you have included. Also discuss what (if any) additional testing you would order and how this would be helpful in clarifying the diagnosis. Finally, discuss recommendations for the patient/family for ongoing functioning (social, occupational and academic, if applicable). You must use a minimum of two peer-reviewed articles in your discussion to support your diagnostic conclusions.

 

This case is a 16-year-old female with no previous history of any psychiatric conditions, learning difficulties, or a diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.  She is a high school sophomore and her parents have noticed that her mood seems to be “up and down.”  She often falls asleep if not involved in a stimulating activity.  Teachers at school note good performance on tests, but homework is frequently turned in late and she appears distractible and fidgety during class.  She works part-time as a waitress on the weekends but is in danger of losing her job due to frequent tardiness over the past 6 months

 
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Ethical Boundaries in Psychotherapy

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Ethical Boundaries in Psychotherapy

(Ethical Boundaries in Psychotherapy)

What should be in an informed consent for psychotherapy?

Read Fisher; Chapter 6 Standards on Human Relations pp 113-169.

 

Bersoff; Chapter 5; Multiple Relationships; pp 215-270.

The establishment and maintenance of proper boundaries between psychologists and their clients have received much attention by the field. While all theoretical perspectives address professional boundary issues, the contributions of psychoanalysis and other psychodynamic schools of therapy highlight how important an awareness of transference and countertransference reactions are in professional relationships. Psychologists need to recognize that adverse emotional reactions can occur in their professional relationships due to a variety of psychodynamic factors. Thus, maintaining professional boundaries is a way of minimizing or avoiding the repercussions that can occur when adverse emotional reactions (i.e., transference) arise.
The power and influence held by the psychologist in relation to people who are clients, trainees, etc., underscores the importance of setting and maintaining clear boundaries. The potential for inappropriately influencing “subordinates” is high, as is the possibility of adverse reactions leading to ethical complaints. The goals of serving the client’s best interests and avoiding conflict and harm are predominant in observing professional boundaries.
The challenges of multiple role management are especially keen for psychologists working in small communities or with special sub-groups within a community. Because of overlapping social networks and “everybody knowing everybody else” in such contexts, the psychologist may find himself or herself in multiple roles such as that of “ordinary” citizen, professional psychologist, parent, and so forth. The ethics code makes it clear that we are not to avoid such multiple roles at all costs, but instead, to manage them in a way that we and others are aware of the “awkward” moments that we may face as we interact in these multiple roles.

Relationships

Purpose

The psychologist must be careful to avoid and/or actively manage a variety of potential role conflicts involving clients, colleagues, students, supervisees, etc. This session covers material that heightens awareness of various multiple role conflicts.

Objectives

1. Define various types of multiple role relationships.
2. Examine the issues involved in providing professional services to close friends, relatives, and employees.
3. Discuss pertinent ethical concerns regarding socializing with clients, students, and others.
4. Analyze the intricacies of accepting and/or giving gifts to and from clients and others.

 
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Professional Psychology: CareerPath Analysis

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Professional Psychology: CareerPath Analysis

(Professional Psychology: CareerPath Analysis)

PS501 Foundations Of Professional Psychology 5-6 Pages MINIMUM Excluding Title Page And Reference Page, (Graduate Level) Serious Inquires Only!!!!!!!

My ind

  • Degree Plan
    • Identify your intended concentration area (which is behavior analysis), and briefly provide an overview of the field as you understand it.
    • Review the following degree plans, 2016 Graduate Psychology Degree Plans, You will have to reproduce your selected degree plan in your Assignment. >>> Masters of science in Applied behavior Analysis (https://www.kaplanuniversity.edu/degree-programs/social-behavioral-sciences/master-degree-psychology/)
  • Licensure/Credentialing Plan
    • Provide an overview of your understanding of the licensure and/or credentialing required for your chosen profession.
    • Discuss what specific licensure and/or credentialing is required. If no licensure and/or credentialing is required for your chosen profession, provide information that substantiates this finding. Also, if no licensure and/or credentialing is required at the Master’s level, research and discuss what licensure and/or credentialing is required at the doctoral level.
    • Identify the governing body(ies) who oversees licensure and/or credentialing for your chosen profession. Provide a direct weblink to this governing bodies.
    • Discuss the specific steps and requirements that will lead to licensure and/or credentialing in your specific state. It is important to be very specific. Be sure to include education and degree, accreditation, exams, and internships, as well as state licensing and certification requirements
    • Discuss any areas required for licensure and/or credentialing that are not addressed through your specific Master’s or Psychology degree plan.
  • Career Plan
    • Discuss specific career goals. Where do you see yourself professionally in 3 years, 5 years, and 10 years? (in 3years being a board certified behavior anaylst, 5 years working towards or having a ph.d in Forensic Psychology, 10 years being a Forensic Psychologist in the FBI)
    • What licensure and/or credentialing, or further education will you need to be able to meet your career goals?
    • After reviewing the Career Center resources, share an overview of your findings and how you will utilize these resources throughout your program.
    • Throughout the course, we have discussed other resources that will support you throughout your Master’s degree experience and beyond. Share what resources you will use. Discuss how you will utilize these resources.
    • Provide an overview of other resources that you have explored to support you as work toward your career goals? Discuss how how you will utilize these resources throughout your program.

Your paper should:

  • Follow Assignment directions (review grading rubric for best results).
  • Use correct APA formatting per the APA Publication Manual, 6th Edition.
  • Demonstrate college-level communication through the composition of original materials in Standard American English.
  • Be written in Standard American English and be clear, specific, and error-free. If needed, be sure to use the Writing Center for help.
  • Be five to six pages (5-6 pages) in length, not including title page and reference page.
 
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Design Communications Manual

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Assignment 2: LASA 1: Design Communications Manual

LASA 1: Design Communications Manual

The Design Communications Manual serves as a comprehensive guide outlining key principles and practices for effective design communication. It elucidates strategies to create visually compelling and coherent messages across various media platforms. The manual emphasizes the importance of understanding audience demographics, preferences, and cultural nuances to tailor designs accordingly. It highlights the significance of clear and concise messaging, employing typography, color theory, and layout principles judiciously to enhance readability and impact. Furthermore, it advocates for consistency in branding elements to reinforce brand identity and recognition. The manual also addresses ethical considerations, promoting transparency, authenticity, and inclusivity in design practices. It encourages collaboration and feedback loops to refine designs iteratively and ensure alignment with project objectives. By adhering to the guidelines outlined in the Design Communications Manual, designers can effectively convey intended messages, evoke desired emotions, and foster meaningful connections with their target audience, ultimately achieving communicative success.

You have been appointed the vice president of the human resources department at a fictional multinational organization. It is your job to design the framework for a communications manual for this organization.  The communications manual should contain best practices, company recommendations and scenarios all targeted at organizational communication.

The board of directors wants to have an overview of what you plan.  Your job, in this assignment, is to prepare that overview in the form of a table of contents for the manual with a brief description of each section.

Please begin by naming your organization and defining your organization’s primary business.

Prepare a table of contents as an outline for your communications manual.  Include at least five sections (communications topics) in the manual.   Each section should have a heading and subheading. The heading should include a description of the topic.  The subheading should include a) an example scenario of how this topic should be handled in your company b) a description of why this section is important to organizational communication and c) an explanation of how this communication policy will benefit both the employee and the organization.

Follow the table of contents with a one page action plan on how you will ensure that this communications manual is effectively implemented at your organization.

Your table of contents and action plan combined should be four to five pages in length with descriptions in Word format. Apply APA standards for writing style and references to the descriptions.

 
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COPD Management: Ethnicity Impact

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COPD Management: Ethnicity Impact

(COPD Management: Ethnicity Impact)

APA format 2 pages 3 references 2 from walden university library.

As a registered nurse working as a case manager within the home health care setting, I have had the opportunity to provide care to patients diagnosed with various respiratory disorders.  A majority of the patients I have worked with were diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).   COPD is defined as a common preventable and treatable disease characterized by persistent airflow limitation that is usually progressive and associated with an enhanced chronic inflammatory response in the airways and the lung to noxious particles or gases (Huether, 2017).  Two important facts regarding this respiratory disorder include the following:

  • COPD is the third leading cause of death in the United States accounting for 138,080 deaths in 2010.
  • In 2010, the cost of COPD in the United States was estimated to be nearly $50 billion, including nearly $30 billion in direct health care expenditures.

These figures detail the staggering numbers of patients living with COPD and the significant impact on patients, families, communities and the health care system.

During the time that I worked with COPD patients, one of the respiratory disorders of particular interest was emphysema. I wanted to make sure I understood the disease process so I could provide the most appropriate care and teaching to my patients, families and caregivers.  Emphysema is abnormal permanent enlargement of gas-exchange airways (acini) accompanied by destruction of alveolar walls without obvious fibrosis (Huether, 2017).  Furthermore, the American Lung Association defined emphysema as the gradual damage of lung tissue, specifically thinning and destruction of the alveoli or air sacs (www.lung.org).  I often used this definition with patients to help them understand how this respiratory disorder effects the body.  The pathophysiology of emphysema includes the following:

  • Air sacs are destroyed in emphysema, making it progressively difficult to breathe.
  • Emphysema is usually accompanied by chronic bronchitis, with almost-daily or daily cough and phlegm.
  • Cigarette smoking is the major cause of emphysema.
  • People with emphysema experience shortness of breath with activities
  • It is not curable, but there are treatments that can help you manage the disease (www.lung.org).

Medication management of emphysema varies depending upon severity of the disease.  Initial drug therapy selection depends on COPD severity, symptoms, and exacerbation risk. In addition, medication therapy may be based upon Global Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines which categorized COPD into four groups (A, B, C, D) ranging from low risk, less symptoms to high risk, high symptoms (Arcangelo, 2017).  Medications may include the following:

  • Short-acting beta2 agonists, short-acting anticholinergics, combination of short-acting anticholinergic and short-acting beta2-adrenergic agonists, long-acting beta2-agonists, long-acting anticholinergics, combination long-acting anticholinergic and long-acting beta2-agonists, combination long-acting beta2-agonists and corticosteroids, oral corticosteroids, methylxanthines, phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors.
  • All persons with COPD should receive an annual influenza vaccine.
  • Some patients may also require oxygen therapy.
  • (COPD Management: Ethnicity Impact)

All persons with COPD need first line therapy which includes at least one short-acting bronchodilator for self-management of acute symptoms.  In addition, second-line therapy is based upon GOLD recommendations depending upon the group (A, B, C, D) classification of each patient’s health status and disease progression.

Nondrug therapy includes tobacco cessation, avoidance of environmental and occupational irritants, and energy conservation. A variety of drug and nondrug therapies are available for tobacco cessation. All health care professionals should ask every patient at every encounter about tobacco smoking and then advise, assess, assist, and arrange for smoking cessation interventions as appropriate. Outdoor exercise and exertion should be avoided when pollution levels are high or temperatures are extreme.

Ethnicity was the factor reviewed to identify if it had an impact on the pathophysiological process related to emphysema and treatment with prescription medications.   One article noted that the factor of ethnicity has a significant impact on COPD and the effects of prescribed drugs.

  • Socioeconomic status (SES) has an important influence on health and longevity.  Studies indicate that race – ethnicity and SES have important impacts on adult asthma outcomes.
  • The effects of race – ethnicity and SES on health outcomes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), however, have not been well characterized
  • Lower SES was strongly linked with poorer COPD outcomes across all measured domains among subjects who had broad access to healthcare.
  • Black race was related to greater COPD severity, but this was entirely explained by SES and other covariates.
  • Black race was associated with poorer exercise performance and lower extremity function, even after controlling for SES.
  • Clinicians, researchers and public health professionals should consider race – ethnicity as an important factor in COPD (Eisner, 2011).

In addition, it was noted that culturally specific beliefs regarding cause of disease, acceptance of

acute or chronic medications, medication color, dosage formulation, and route of administration may influence a person’s acceptance and adherence to the prescribed drug and nondrug therapy (Arcangelo, 2017).  It is important that nurses respect the values, thoughts, concerns of all patients regardless of ethnic differences.

As a nurse providing care to the patient, it is imperative to perform a thorough patient health assessment, communicate and coordinate care with other interdisciplinary team members.  Furthermore, nurses need to understand the disease process to effectively provide care and teaching to patients to help decrease complications.  As stated previously, patient teaching is essential.  Advise persons with COPD to avoid medications that suppress the respiratory system, including first-generation antihistamines, cough suppressants, narcotics, and tranquilizers (Arcangelo, 2017.  Moreover, instruct patients onto stop smoking, take medications as prescribed, energy conservation, oxygen safety (if used), maintaining medical appointments

References(COPD Management: Ethnicity Impact)

Arcangelo, V. P., Peterson, A. M., Wilbur, V. & Reinhold, J. A.  (Eds.).  (2017).

Pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice: A practical approach (4th ed.). Ambler, PA:

Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Eisner, M.D., Blanc, P.D., Omachi, T.A., Yelin, E.H., Sidney, S., Katz, P.P., Ackerson, L.M.,

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Comparative Investment Analysis

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Comparative Investment Analysis: Short vs. Long Term

(Comparative Investment Analysis)

Question description

Part 1: Min of 200 words

Use the Internet to research two (2) mutually exclusive investment projects to compare. The projects may involve any kind of investment, as long as the time frame for one (1) of the investments is a maximum of one (1) year (short term) and the time frame for the other investment is five (5) years minimum (long term).

Part 2: Min of 150 words

Analyze the reasons why the short-term project that you have chosen might be ranked higher under the NPV criterion if the cost of capital is high, while the long-term project might be deemed better if the cost of capital is low. Determine whether or not changes in the cost of capital could ever cause a change in the internal rate of return (IRR) ranking of two (2) projects.

Part 3: Comment and give your opinion on the statement below. Min of 100 word.

The short-term project is focused on the cash flow that most people can see with the eye. The immediate functions of the business are reflected in the short term. A company is most dependent on long term projects because this is the foundation of the business. The business that has just advertised and hosted a huge promotion that is going to bring in immediate spike in sales is the here and now of the company. The company will benefit and see it’s capital increase. The project or the credit line given to customers is going to bring the money back in plus interest. This is the Long-Term project that supports and provides long term security to any company.

Part 4: Comment and give your opinion on the statement below. Min of 100 word.

Net present value represents the increase or loss in value by taking on a project (Accounting Explained, 2018). There are many different factors that can affect the NPV of a short-term or long-term project. Factors such as the initial investment, timing of the project, and unplanned costs are just a few of the factors that can impact the NPV of a project. The higher the cost of capital for a project the more challenging it may be to justify investing in that project. This is where using the internal rate of return can help in deciding where a short-term or long-term project is justifiable. The internal rate of return is the measure of the rate of return of a project over its lifetime (Accounting Explained, 2018). If the cost of capital for a short-term project is high but the rate of return is even higher than the project might be deemed feasible. However if the short term projects cost is higher than the rate of return that project may not be feasible. The same can be true for a long term project. When comparing a short term and long term project the NPV and IRR are two measurements that can be used to determine which project is the most beneficial for the company. In an ideal situation for any company you would want the initial investment to be low, the rate of return to be high and the project complete in the most efficient amount of time.

 
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