Skin and Abdomen Assessment

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Skin and Abdomen Assessment

Topic 5: Problem Focus Exams: Skin and Abdomen, Male and Female Genitourinary, and Female Breast

Complete a 250-350-word reflection of what you have learned during this topic. Include the following in your reflection: Think about an experience you’ve encountered when viewing or completing the particular assessment. Discuss difficulties that could potentially arise or specific questions related to completing this type of assessment.

Include illustrative examples of potential strategies used to overcome the difficulties encountered when completing (the particular) assessment. Describe how the Christian worldview and compassion for all plays a role in this type of assessment.

APA style is not required, but solid academic writing is expected. This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion. You are not required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite.

(Skin and Abdomen Assessment )

Reflection on Problem-Focused Exams

During the recent topic on problem-focused examinations, specifically related to skin, abdomen, genitourinary systems, and breast assessments, I gained significant insights into the complexities and nuances involved in conducting these evaluations. One notable experience involved a practical session where I observed a skin assessment on a patient with various dermatological conditions. The challenges arose primarily from the need to differentiate between similar-looking skin lesions, which required not only clinical knowledge but also careful observation and examination skills.

One major difficulty in conducting these assessments is the potential for misinterpretation of findings. For example, distinguishing between benign and malignant lesions can be challenging, especially for those who are still developing their clinical assessment skills. Questions often arise, such as how to best communicate findings to the patient and when to refer to a specialist.

To overcome these challenges, several strategies can be implemented. First, thorough training in recognizing the characteristics of different skin conditions through case studies and visual aids can enhance assessment accuracy. Additionally, using a systematic approach, such as the ABCDE method for skin lesions (Asymmetry, Border, Color, Diameter, and Evolving), can serve as a practical guide for assessments. Engaging in peer discussions and case reviews also promotes knowledge-sharing, which is essential for developing proficiency in physical examinations.

Furthermore, integrating the Christian worldview and compassion into these assessments is vital. The principle of treating every patient with dignity and respect aligns with the core teachings of Christianity. This perspective encourages healthcare providers to approach each assessment with empathy, recognizing the emotional and psychological impact of health conditions on patients. For instance, when conducting sensitive assessments like breast examinations, it is crucial to create a safe and comfortable environment, ensuring that the patient feels valued and understood.

In conclusion, the journey of learning about problem-focused examinations has been enriching, highlighting both the technical skills required and the compassion needed in patient interactions. Emphasizing continuous learning, utilizing effective strategies, and integrating a compassionate worldview will significantly enhance the quality of care provided to patients.

 

References

Gordon, M. (2020). Nursing assessment: The importance of an accurate and complete assessment in nursing. Nursing Management, 51(4), 18-24.
https://journals.lww.com/nursingmanagement/Abstract/2020/04000/Nursing_assessment__The_importance_of_an.3.aspx

McGowan, M. L., & O’Neill, D. (2019). Developing a compassionate approach to patient care: The role of healthcare professionals. Journal of Healthcare Management, 64(5), 350-358. https://www.ache.org/-/media/ache/about-ache/our-story/our-history/jhcm/jhcm-sept-oct-2019.pdf

Huang, H., & Lee, W. (2018). Using the ABCDE method for assessing skin lesions. International Journal of Dermatology, 57(6), 705-711.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1468-3083.14144

Johnson, S., & Hu, Y. (2021). Compassionate care in nursing: Theory and practice. Nurse Education Today, 97, 104646.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0260691720305052

 
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Procedures for Compliance Plans

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Procedures for Compliance Plans

In a 4-page paper, describe the procedures for each of the two compliance plans.

Break each procedure section into 2 pages each.

Remember to support your procedures for each of two plans with a total of three research sources (1-2 per procedure), cited at the end in APA format.

Write your procedures in a way that all employees will understand at a large medical facility where you are the Compliance Officer.

Remember, you chose two compliance policy plans under the key compliance areas of Compliance Standards, High-Level Responsibility, Education, Communication, Monitoring/Auditing (for Safety), Enforcement/Discipline, and Response/Prevention.

(Check them out if you forget! Remember, you may have written about different policies for the two different compliance plans.)

 

Compliance Plans for a Large Medical Facility

In this paper, I will describe two compliance plans that are essential for ensuring ethical practices and regulatory adherence in a large medical facility. The two plans are the Patient Privacy Compliance Plan and the Infection Control Compliance Plan. Each plan will be broken down into procedures that are straightforward, making them accessible for all employees.

Patient Privacy Compliance Plan

Procedures for Patient Privacy Compliance

  1. Education and Training
    • All employees must complete mandatory training on the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) regulations upon hiring and annually thereafter.
    • Training sessions should include topics such as patient rights, data security, and the proper handling of protected health information (PHI).
    • The Compliance Officer will coordinate these training sessions, ensuring they are engaging and informative.
  2. Monitoring and Auditing
    • Regular audits will be conducted to assess compliance with patient privacy policies.
    • The Compliance Officer will implement a random sampling method to review employee interactions with patient data.
    • Employees will be notified of audit results and provided with additional training if compliance gaps are identified.
  3. Reporting and Response
    • Employees must report any suspected breaches of patient privacy immediately to their supervisor or the Compliance Officer.
    • The facility will maintain a confidential reporting system that protects whistleblowers from retaliation.
    • Upon receiving a report, the Compliance Officer will investigate and take corrective action as necessary, which may include disciplinary measures or additional training.

Supporting Research Sources

HHS.gov. (n.d.). Summary of the HIPAA Privacy Rule. Retrieved from https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-professionals/privacy/laws-regulations/index.html

Koo, J., & Sullivan, M. (2019). HIPAA compliance in healthcare: Strategies for success. Journal of Healthcare Compliance, 21(4), 11-18. Retrieved from https://www.journalofhealthcarecompliance.com

Infection Control Compliance Plan

Procedures for Infection Control Compliance

  1. Education and Training
    • All employees will participate in infection control training that includes proper hand hygiene, the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), and protocols for handling infectious materials.
    • The Infection Control Officer will lead these training sessions, which should be held during orientation and at least bi-annually thereafter.
  2. Monitoring and Auditing
    • Regular monitoring of infection control practices will be conducted, including hand hygiene compliance rates and PPE usage.
    • Infection rates within the facility will be tracked, and employees will receive feedback on their adherence to infection control protocols.
    • Quarterly reports will be provided to the medical facility’s leadership to promote transparency and accountability.
  3. Reporting and Response
    • Employees are required to report any potential infection control breaches, such as a failure to follow hygiene protocols, to their supervisors immediately.
    • A designated infection control team will investigate reported breaches and implement corrective actions, including retraining or disciplinary measures if necessary.

Supporting Research Sources

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2020). Guidelines for infection control in health care personnel. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/guidelines/healthcare-personnel/index.html

Siegel, J. D., Rhinehart, E., Jackson, M., & Chiarello, L. (2019). Management of multi-drug resistant organisms in healthcare settings. American Journal of Infection Control, 47(1), 1-14. Retrieved from https://www.ajicjournal.org

Conclusion

Effective compliance plans are vital for maintaining ethical standards and regulatory adherence in a large medical facility. The procedures outlined in the Patient Privacy Compliance Plan and Infection Control Compliance Plan ensure that employees are well-informed and capable of performing their duties in a compliant manner. By implementing these plans, we can foster a culture of accountability and safety within our organization.

 

 
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Healthy People 2020 Initiative

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Healthy People 2020 Initiative

Turnitin Assignment!!!

Please be aware that the percentage of plagiarism for this assignment is 35%.

  1. Go to http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/default.aspx and review the Healthy People 2020 initiative. Pay close attention to the objectives, goals, and the indicators.
  2. Using your city or county public health department: http://miamidade.floridahealth.gov/ You can choose any of these two counties (Miami-Dade County, Florida, or Broward County, Florida), identify epidemiological and surveillance data related to population-based communicable illnesses.

Illnesses chosen:

  1. Tuberculosis
  2. Hepatitis B
  3. Gonorrhea
  4. Based on these chosen communicable illnesses, prepare an analysis discussing how these 3 communicable illnesses affect your community, how they were identified, and a plan of action to contain them based on Healthy People 2020.
  • Presentation must be in APA format.
  • Arial 12 font attach to the forum/thread in the assignment tab and turnitin with a minimum of 1000 words (excluding first and references page).
  • A minimum of 3 evidence-based references no older than 5 years are required.
  • The assignment must include the zip code of the city or county chosen.

Once again, the assignment will be posted in Turnitin to verify originality!

 

Analysis of Communicable Diseases in Miami-Dade County: Tuberculosis, Hepatitis B, and Gonorrhea

The communicable diseases chosen for this analysis—Tuberculosis (TB), Hepatitis B, and Gonorrhea—pose significant public health challenges in Miami-Dade County, Florida. Understanding how these diseases affect the community and how they are identified and contained is critical for the development of effective public health interventions. In line with Healthy People 2020, public health efforts focus on controlling the spread of communicable diseases through epidemiological surveillance, data analysis, and targeted action plans.

Tuberculosis in Miami-Dade County

Impact on the Community
Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a major public health issue in Miami-Dade County. Although TB rates have decreased over the years, the county still faces higher rates than other parts of Florida, primarily due to its large immigrant population and socioeconomic challenges. TB spreads through airborne particles and primarily affects the lungs, but it can also impact other parts of the body. Delays in diagnosis and treatment can lead to serious health complications and increased transmission within the community.

Identification
Epidemiological data from Miami-Dade County’s public health department indicates that TB cases are identified through a combination of active and passive surveillance. Active surveillance involves screening high-risk populations, such as immigrants, individuals in correctional facilities, and those with weakened immune systems. Passive surveillance relies on health care providers reporting diagnosed cases to public health authorities. The use of tuberculin skin tests, chest X-rays, and bacteriological examinations is critical in identifying active and latent TB cases.

Plan of Action
In alignment with Healthy People 2020, Miami-Dade County has developed a comprehensive plan of action to contain TB. The plan includes increasing public awareness, expanding access to diagnostic services, and ensuring timely treatment. Directly Observed Therapy (DOT), in which health workers observe patients taking their medication, is also implemented to ensure adherence to treatment. The county works closely with community organizations to provide education and resources for vulnerable populations, emphasizing early detection and prevention.

Hepatitis B in Miami-Dade County

Impact on the Community
Hepatitis B is a viral infection that attacks the liver and can lead to chronic liver disease or liver cancer. Miami-Dade County, with its diverse and transient population, experiences a higher prevalence of Hepatitis B compared to other regions in Florida. Transmission occurs through contact with infected bodily fluids, making it prevalent among high-risk populations, including healthcare workers, people who inject drugs, and individuals engaging in unprotected sexual activity.

Identification
Hepatitis B is identified through blood tests that detect the presence of Hepatitis B surface antigens. Miami-Dade’s public health department conducts both passive and active surveillance to track Hepatitis B cases. Public health clinics offer routine screenings for pregnant women, high-risk individuals, and those showing symptoms of liver disease. Health care providers are required to report cases to the public health department, which helps in tracking the incidence of the disease.

Plan of Action
To combat Hepatitis B, Miami-Dade County follows Healthy People 2020 guidelines to increase vaccination rates, particularly in high-risk groups. Vaccination campaigns targeting healthcare workers, newborns, and other vulnerable populations have been implemented. The county also focuses on providing education about Hepatitis B transmission and prevention methods. Through partnerships with community organizations, outreach efforts aim to increase awareness and reduce stigma, which is often a barrier to treatment and vaccination.

Gonorrhea in Miami-Dade County

Impact on the Community
Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) that has seen rising rates in Miami-Dade County in recent years, particularly among young adults and adolescents. Untreated gonorrhea can lead to severe reproductive health issues, such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and infertility in women, as well as an increased risk of HIV transmission. The social determinants of health, such as access to healthcare and socioeconomic status, contribute to the higher rates of gonorrhea in certain communities within Miami-Dade.

Identification
Surveillance data shows that gonorrhea is primarily identified through routine STI screenings in health clinics, emergency rooms, and community health centers. Public health officials rely on both passive and active surveillance to track gonorrhea cases. Laboratory tests, including nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs), are used to confirm diagnoses. Providers are required to report positive cases to the local health department, which monitors trends and responds to outbreaks.

Plan of Action
Healthy People 2020 emphasizes the importance of reducing gonorrhea rates through education, prevention, and timely treatment. Miami-Dade County’s public health department has implemented community outreach programs targeting young adults to promote condom use, regular screenings, and safe sexual practices. The county also offers free or low-cost STI testing and treatment at public health clinics. Expanding access to STI education in schools and community centers has been a key strategy in combating gonorrhea.

Conclusion

The communicable diseases Tuberculosis, Hepatitis B, and Gonorrhea present significant challenges to public health in Miami-Dade County. Through active surveillance, public education, and targeted intervention strategies, the county works to contain the spread of these illnesses in accordance with the Healthy People 2020 initiative. Continued collaboration between healthcare providers, community organizations, and public health authorities is essential to reducing the burden of these diseases and improving the health outcomes of the community.

References

Florida Department of Health in Miami-Dade County. (2020). Tuberculosis prevention and control.  http://miamidade.floridahealth.gov/

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2020). Hepatitis B FAQs for health professionals. https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hbv/hbvfaq.htm

Healthy People 2020. (2020). Sexually transmitted diseases: Objectives.  https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/sexually-transmitted-diseases

 
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Define Conscious Sedation

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Define Conscious Sedation

Homework is to be presented as a short (50-100-word) paragraph response for each question. Be sure to clearly address each question.

The assignment is to be submitted as a Microsoft Word document electronically to the instructor.

Define the term conscious sedation.

Describe the symptoms of a patient needing conscious sedation and how this decision would be made.

What is the primary effect of sedation and why is it important for patients to be closely monitored for even the simplest procedure?

How would sedation dose affect different patients?

APA format is not required, but solid academic writing is expected.

 

Definition of Conscious Sedation

Conscious sedation is a medical technique where a patient is given medication to relax and reduce discomfort without losing consciousness. The patient remains awake and able to respond to verbal commands but is in a deeply relaxed state. This method is used during minor surgical or diagnostic procedures to alleviate anxiety and pain while keeping the patient alert.

Symptoms of a Patient Needing Conscious Sedation and Decision-Making

Patients requiring conscious sedation typically experience anxiety, fear, or discomfort about undergoing a medical procedure. They may also have low pain tolerance or a history of negative reactions to past procedures. The decision to use conscious sedation is made based on the patient’s medical history, the complexity of the procedure, and the level of discomfort expected during the procedure.

Primary Effect of Sedation and Monitoring Importance

The primary effect of conscious sedation is to induce relaxation and mild amnesia, ensuring that the patient feels comfortable without completely losing consciousness. Continuous monitoring is essential because even minor procedures can result in unforeseen complications like respiratory depression or allergic reactions. Monitoring ensures patient safety by detecting early signs of distress or adverse reactions.

Impact of Sedation Dose on Different Patients

The dosage of sedation can vary significantly depending on factors like age, weight, and individual tolerance to sedatives. For instance, older adults may require lower doses due to decreased metabolism, while heavier individuals might need higher doses to achieve the same effect. It is important to tailor the dose to each patient’s needs to prevent oversedation, which can lead to complications such as respiratory depression or prolonged recovery time.

 

References

American Society of Anesthesiologists. (2019). What is Sedation? https://www.asahq.org/madeforthismoment/anesthesia-101/types-of-anesthesia/sedation/

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). (2020). Sedation in children and young people: Indications and Patient Monitoring. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng143

Green, S. M., & Krauss, B. (2018). The semantics of sedation: The conundrum of conscious sedation. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 71(1), 93-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2017.05.026

 
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Nursing Benchmark

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Nursing Benchmark

The benchmark assesses the following competencies: 1.4 Participate in health care policy development to influence nursing practice and health care.

Research public health issues on the “Climate Change” or “Topics and Issues” pages of the American Public Health Association (APHA) website. Investigate a public health issue related to an environmental issue within the U.S. health care delivery system and examine its effect on a specific population.

Write a 750-1,000-word policy brief that summarizes the issue, explains the effect on the population, and proposes a solution to the issue.

Follow this outline when writing the policy brief: Describe the policy health issue. Include the following information: (a) what population is affected, (b) at what level does it occur (local, state, or national), and (c) evidence about the issues supported by resources.

Create a problem statement. Provide suggestions for addressing the health issue caused by the current policy. Describe what steps are required to initiate policy change. Include necessary stakeholders (government officials, administrators) and budget or funding considerations, if applicable.

Discuss the impact on the health care delivery system. Include three peer-reviewed sources and two other sources to support the policy brief.

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
(Nursing Benchmark)

References

World Health Organization. (2018). Climate change and health.
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/climate-change-and-health

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). Climate effects on health.
https://www.cdc.gov/climateandhealth/effects/default.htm

U.S. Global Change Research Program. (2016). The impacts of climate change on human health in the United States: A scientific assessment. https://health2016.globalchange.gov

American Public Health Association. (2021). Climate Change. https://www.apha.org/topics-and-issues/climate-change

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. (2020). Climate change and human health.
https://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/programs/climatechange/index.cfm

 
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Dealing with Stress

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Dealing with Stress

(Dealing with Stress) Some stress makes you react positively; stress can give runners the “edge” needed to make it through to the finish line. On the other hand, some stress can be harmful; it can increase the risk of developing health problems such as high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease.

For this reason, stress can be divided into either eustress (good) or distress (bad). What are some positive ways you deal with stress? What are some negative ways you deal with stress?

Be sure to include at least one goal that discerns a new coping skill you will utilize to decrease stress and cope healthy in the future.

(Dealing with Stress)

Key Components

Positive Ways to Deal with Stress
Engaging in physical activity is one of the most effective ways to manage stress. Exercise, such as running, swimming, or even brisk walking, releases endorphins, which are natural mood lifters. Another positive strategy is practicing mindfulness, such as meditation or deep breathing exercises, which helps calm the mind and reduce anxiety. Talking to supportive friends or family members can also help by providing emotional relief and perspective.

Negative Ways to Deal with Stress
Avoiding responsibilities or procrastinating can worsen stress in the long run. Some people might cope with stress by engaging in unhealthy habits like overeating, smoking, or excessive consumption of alcohol. These behaviors may temporarily distract from stress but often lead to additional health problems, including weight gain and addiction.

Goal for a New Coping Skill
A goal I will set for myself is to incorporate mindfulness techniques, specifically deep breathing exercises, into my daily routine. Practicing deep breathing for a few minutes each day can help me reduce stress more effectively and avoid falling into negative coping habits. By consistently applying this technique, I aim to improve my ability to manage stress in a healthy way.

Actionable Goals

  1. Exercise Regularly: Engage in at least 30 minutes of physical activity each day to release endorphins and reduce stress.
  2. Practice Mindfulness: Set aside 10 minutes daily for deep breathing or meditation to maintain calmness and emotional balance.
  3. Seek Support: Reach out to family or friends when stress becomes overwhelming to gain a new perspective or emotional release.
  4. Avoid Unhealthy Coping: Replace negative habits like overeating or procrastination with productive activities, such as reading or taking short breaks to refresh.

 

References

American Psychological Association (APA). (2023). Stress management: Improve your well-being by reducing stress. https://www.apa.org/topics/stress

Harvard Health Publishing. (2021). Relaxation techniques: Breath control helps quell errant stress response. https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/relaxation-techniques-breath-control-helps-quell-errant-stress-response

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). (2018). Coping with stress. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/coping-with-stress

Mayo Clinic. (2022). Stress management: Know your triggers. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/stress-management/in-depth/stress-relievers/art-20047257

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2023). Coping with stress. https://www.cdc.gov/mentalhealth/stress-coping/steps-to-cope-with-stress.html

 
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Impact of Nursing Informatics

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Impact of Nursing Informatics

Assignment: The Impact of Nursing Informatics on Patient Outcomes and Patient Care Efficiencies
In the Discussion for this module, you considered the interaction of nurse informaticists with other specialists to ensure successful care. How is that success determined?

Patient outcomes and the fulfillment of care goals is one of the major ways that healthcare success is measured. Measuring patient outcomes results in the generation of data that can be used to improve results. Nursing informatics can have a significant part in this process and can help to improve outcomes by improving processes, identifying at-risk patients, and enhancing efficiency.

To Prepare:
Review the concepts of technology application as presented in the Resources. Reflect on how emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence may help fortify nursing informatics as a specialty by leading to increased impact on patient outcomes or patient care efficiencies.

The Assignment: (4-5 pages not including the title and reference page)
In a 4- to 5-page project proposal written to the leadership of your healthcare organization, propose a nursing informatics project for your organization that you advocate to improve patient outcomes or patient-care efficiency.

Your project proposal should include the following:

  • Describe the project you propose.
  • Identify the stakeholders impacted by this project.
  • Explain the patient outcome(s) or patient-care efficiencies this project is aimed at improving and explain how this improvement would occur. Be specific and provide examples.
  • Identify the technologies required to implement this project and explain why.
  • Identify the project team (by roles) and explain how you would incorporate the nurse informaticist in the project team.

Use APA format and include a title page and reference page.
Use the Safe Assign Drafts to check your match percentage before submitting your work.

 

References

McGonigle, D., & Mastrian, K. G. (2021). Nursing informatics and the foundation of knowledge (5th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. https://www.jblearning.com/catalog/productdetails/9781284220469
Sweeney, J. (2017). Healthcare informatics. Online Journal of Nursing Informatics, 21(1). https://www.himss.org/resources/healthcare-informatics
Sensmeier, J. (2020). The role of nursing informatics in improving patient outcomes. Nursing Management, 51(8), 22-26. https://journals.lww.com/nursingmanagement/fulltext/2020/08000/the_role_of_nursing_informatics_in_improving.8.aspx
Balestra, M. (2017). Electronic health records: Patient care and ethical and legal implications for nurse practitioners. The Journal for Nurse Practitioners, 13(2), 105-111. https://www.npjournal.org/article/S1555-4155(16)30509-2/fulltext
Hebda, T., Hunter, K., & Czar, P. (2019). Handbook of informatics for nurses & healthcare professionals (6th ed.). Pearson.
https://www.pearson.com/store/p/handbook-of-informatics-for-nurses-healthcare-professionals/P100000304761

 
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ADHD Management in Children

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ADHD Management in Children

Pathophysiology for ADHD in children, 3 Differential Diagnosis, and 3 diagnostic test, 3 treatment/medications options for Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children

No plagiarism, will need a report, APA format, with 5 references no more than 5 years old.
(ADHD Management in Children)

Pathophysiology of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Children

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development. The pathophysiology of ADHD is complex, involving both genetic and environmental factors. Studies suggest that ADHD is associated with dysregulation in the dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems of the brain. Dopamine, a neurotransmitter responsible for reward processing and attention regulation, is particularly affected. Structural abnormalities have been identified in areas of the brain that control attention, executive function, and impulse control, including the prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum. Additionally, neuroimaging studies have revealed delayed cortical maturation in children with ADHD, particularly in regions involved in cognitive processes such as attention and inhibitory control. The frontal lobe, which plays a crucial role in decision-making and attention, shows decreased activity in children with ADHD, leading to difficulties in sustaining focus and regulating behavior (Cortese et al., 2018).

Genetic studies have identified several risk genes associated with neurotransmitter regulation, including the dopamine receptor D4 gene (DRD4), which has been implicated in ADHD. Environmental factors, such as prenatal exposure to toxins, low birth weight, and early childhood adversity, also play a role in the development of the disorder. The interaction between genetic predispositions and environmental exposures likely contributes to the neurodevelopmental changes observed in ADHD (Curatolo et al., 2018).

Differential Diagnoses for ADHD in Children

  1. Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD): ODD is characterized by a pattern of angry, irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, or vindictiveness toward authority figures. Children with ODD often display disruptive behaviors similar to those seen in ADHD, such as impulsivity and difficulty following rules. However, unlike ADHD, ODD is primarily a behavioral disorder that does not involve attention deficits (American Psychiatric Association, 2022).
  2. Anxiety Disorders: Anxiety disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder and separation anxiety, can present with symptoms that mimic ADHD, such as restlessness, difficulty concentrating, and irritability. However, children with anxiety are often more withdrawn and may not exhibit the hyperactivity or impulsivity seen in ADHD. Distinguishing between anxiety and ADHD requires careful assessment of the child’s emotional state and triggers for their symptoms (Caporino et al., 2018).
  3. Learning Disabilities: Children with learning disabilities may struggle with attention and focus in academic settings due to difficulties with specific cognitive processes, such as reading or math. These challenges can lead to behaviors that resemble ADHD, such as inattention and frustration in school. However, the underlying issue is related to academic skills rather than a neurodevelopmental disorder like ADHD (Karatekin et al., 2020).

Diagnostic Tests for ADHD in Children

  1. Behavioral Rating Scales: Standardized rating scales, such as the Conners’ Rating Scales or the ADHD Rating Scale IV, are used to gather information from parents, teachers, and caregivers about the child’s behavior in various settings. These scales assess symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity and are essential for diagnosing ADHD based on DSM-5 criteria (Epstein et al., 2021).
  2. Clinical Interview: A comprehensive clinical interview with the child and family is conducted to evaluate the child’s developmental history, behavior patterns, and functional impairments. The interview allows for assessment of ADHD symptoms and exclusion of other potential causes for the child’s behavior, such as anxiety or learning disabilities (DuPaul et al., 2021).
  3. Neuropsychological Testing: Neuropsychological tests assess cognitive functioning, including attention, memory, and executive function. These tests, such as the Continuous Performance Test (CPT), help differentiate ADHD from other cognitive or learning disorders by measuring the child’s ability to sustain attention and control impulses (Karatekin et al., 2020).

(ADHD Management in Children)

Treatment and Medication Options for ADHD in Children

  1. Stimulant Medications: Stimulant medications, such as methylphenidate (Ritalin) and amphetamine-based drugs (Adderall), are the most commonly prescribed treatment for ADHD. These medications work by increasing dopamine and norepinephrine levels in the brain, which improves attention and reduces hyperactivity and impulsivity (Faraone et al., 2021).
  2. Behavioral Therapy: Behavioral interventions, such as parent training in behavior management and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), are recommended, especially for younger children with ADHD. These therapies focus on teaching children skills to manage their symptoms, improve social interactions, and increase academic performance through structured routines and positive reinforcement (Daley et al., 2018).
  3. Non-Stimulant Medications: Non-stimulant medications, such as atomoxetine (Strattera) or guanfacine (Intuniv), may be prescribed for children who do not respond well to stimulants or have coexisting conditions like anxiety. These medications affect norepinephrine levels and help reduce ADHD symptoms, particularly in children who experience side effects from stimulants (Banaschewski et al., 2020).

Conclusion
ADHD is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder with a multifaceted pathophysiology involving both genetic and environmental factors. It can be misdiagnosed due to overlapping symptoms with other conditions, such as anxiety or learning disabilities. Accurate diagnosis requires careful assessment using rating scales, interviews, and neuropsychological testing. Treatment typically includes a combination of medications, such as stimulants, and behavioral therapy to improve attention, reduce hyperactivity, and enhance overall functioning. The goal is to provide individualized care that addresses the unique needs of each child with ADHD, allowing them to thrive in their daily lives.

References

Banaschewski, T., Gerlach, M., Becker, K., Holtmann, M., Romanos, M., & Döpfner, M. (2020). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Dtsch Arztebl Int, 117(25), 431-438. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2020.0431
Caporino, N. E., Read, K. L., & Kendall, P. C. (2018). Anxiety and oppositional defiant disorder: The moderating role of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 46(7), 1457-1468. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-017-0376-7
Cortese, S., Kelly, C., Chabernaud, C., Proal, E., Di Martino, A., Milham, M. P., & Castellanos, F. X. (2018). Toward systems neuroscience of ADHD: A meta-analysis of 55 fMRI studies. American Journal of Psychiatry, 169(10), 1038-1055. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.11101521
Curatolo, P., D’Agati, E., & Moavero, R. (2018). The neurobiological basis of ADHD. Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 36(1), 79-89. https://doi.org/10.1186/1824-7288-36-79
DuPaul, G. J., Reid, R., Anastopoulos, A. D., & Power, T. J. (2021). Assessing ADHD symptoms: Contemporary strategies and future directions. Handbook of ADHD in children and adolescents (pp. 45-62). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48647-1_3

Epstein, J. N., Kelleher, K. J., Baweja, R., & Cull, M. (2021). Behavioral rating scales in ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 25(7), 962-972. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054720902977
Faraone, S. V., Banaschewski, T., Coghill, D., Zheng, Y., Biederman, J., Bellgrove, M. A., & Larsson, H. (2021). The world federation of ADHD international consensus statement: 208 evidence-based conclusions about the disorder. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 128, 789-818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.022
Karatekin, C., Acar, I., & O’Brien, C. (2020). Neuropsychological functioning in children with ADHD: A review and future directions. Child Neuropsychology, 26(2), 123-146. https://doi.org/10.1080/09297049.2019.1634839

 
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Vaping & E-cigarettes among Minors

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Vaping & E-cigarettes among Minors

Vaping & E-cigarettes among Minors

Population – Vaping and E-cigarettes among young adults
Intervention – E-cigarette prevention program, providing education and resources for students and teachers and family involvement
Comparison – Prevention programs in school versus public health interventions
Outcome – Reduced vaping and use of e-cigarettes, improved quality of life
Time – Over a period of 12 months

In order to formulate your evidence-based practice (EBP), you need to assess your organization. In this assignment, you will be responsible for setting the stage for EBP. This assignment is conducted in two parts: an organizational cultural and readiness assessment and the proposal/problem statement and literature review, which you completed in NUR-550.

Section A: Organizational Culture and Readiness Assessment
It is essential to understand the culture of the organization in order to begin assessing its readiness for EBP implementation. Select an appropriate organizational culture survey tool and use this instrument to assess the organization’s readiness.

Develop an analysis of 250 words from the results of the survey, addressing your organization’s readiness level, possible project barriers and facilitators, and how to integrate clinical inquiry, providing strategies that strengthen the organization’s weaker areas.

Make sure to include the rationale for the survey category scores that were significantly high and low, incorporating details or examples. Explain how to integrate clinical inquiry into the organization. Submit a summary of your results. The actual survey results do not need to be included.

(Vaping & E-cigarettes among Minors)

Section B: Proposal/Problem Statement and Literature Review
In NUR-550, you developed a PICOT statement and literature review for a population quality initiative. In 500-750 words, include the following:

Refine your PICOT into a proposal or problem statement. Provide a summary of the research you conducted to support your PICOT, including subjects, methods, key findings, and limitations.

General Guidelines
You are required to cite three to five sources to complete this assignment. Sources must be published within the last 5 years and appropriate for the assignment criteria and nursing content.

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Please refer to the directions in the Student Success Center.

Note: After submitting the assignment, you will receive feedback from the instructor. Use this feedback to make revisions for your final paper submission. This will be a continuous process throughout the course for each section.

 

References

Hammond, D., Reid, J. L., Rynard, V. L., & Fong, G. T. (2020). Prevalence of vaping and smoking among adolescents in Canada, England, and the United States: Repeat national cross-sectional surveys. BMJ, 365, l2219. https://www.bmj.com/content/365/bmj.l2219

Gaiha, S. M., Halpern-Felsher, B., & Pepper, J. K. (2020). Ethical concerns in e-cigarette prevention and control programs targeting adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 66(5), 613-620. https://www.jahonline.org/article/S1054-139X(20)30012-9/fulltext

Dinardo, P., & Rome, E. S. (2019). Vaping: The new wave of nicotine addiction. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, 86(12), 789-798. https://www.ccjm.org/content/86/12/789

Chadi, N., Schroeder, R., Jensen, J. W., & Levy, S. (2019). Protecting youth from the risks of e-cigarettes: A challenge for pediatricians. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 191(27), E792-E795. https://www.cmaj.ca/content/191/27/E792

Cullen, K. A., Gentzke, A. S., Sawdey, M. D., et al. (2019). E-cigarette use among youth in the United States, 2019. JAMA, 322(21), 2095-2103. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2755265

 
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Unitary Transformative Paradigm

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Unitary Transformative Paradigm

Week 7 Assignment
Click to open discussion question. Based on your readings, compare and contrast (view any similarities or differences between) the theories of Dr. Martha Rogers and Dr. Rosemarie Rizzo Parse’s theories. Which nursing theorist would you prefer and why?

Section IV: Conceptual Models and Grand Theories in the Unitary Transformative Paradigm
Assigned Readings
Chapter 14: Martha E. Roger’s Science of Unitary Human Beings
Chapter 15: Rosemarie Rizzo Parse’s Human Becoming Paradigm.

Text Readings
Smith, M. & Parker, M. (2014). Nursing Theories and Nursing Practice. (4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: F. A. Davis Company.

Supplemental Text Readings
Masters, K. (2015). Nursing Theories: A Framework for Professional Practice. (2nd ed.). Burlington, Massachusetts. Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Editorial
Theory guided practice in nursing, Saleh (2018).
https://www.pulsus.com/scholarly-articles/theory-guided-practice-in-nursing.pdf

Who is Martha E. Rogers?
Video: Martha Rogers Biography
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pH_ToXAf9yc
Video: Martha Rogers Interview part I
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V1XN3rPKndE
Video: Martha Rogers Interview part II
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f6qWm8sGut0

What is her Science of Unitary Human Beings?
Petiprin (2016) reveals the following regarding Martha E. Rogers’ Theory of Unitary Human Beings: Rogers views nursing as both a science and an art. The uniqueness of nursing, like any other science, is in the phenomenon central to its focus. The purpose of nurses is to promote health and well-being for all persons wherever they are. The development of Rogers’ abstract system was strongly influenced by an early grounding in arts, as well as a background in science and interest in space. The science of unitary human beings began as a synthesis of ideas and facts (para. 1).

References

Rogers, M. E. (1992). Nursing: A science of unitary human beings. In M. E. Rogers (Ed.), Nursing: A science of unitary human beings (pp. 37-53). University of Tennessee. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299052482_Nursing_A_Science_of_Unitary_Human_Beings

Parse, R. R. (1998). The Human Becoming School of Thought: A perspective for nurses and other health professionals. Nursing Science Quarterly, 11(4), 154-158.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/089431849801100405

Masters, K. (2015). Nursing theories: A framework for professional practice (2nd ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.
https://www.jblearning.com/catalog/productdetails/9781284057328

Smith, M., & Parker, M. (2014). Nursing theories and nursing practice (4th ed.). F. A. Davis Company.
https://www.fadavis.com/product/9780803638917

Petiprin, A. (2016). Martha Rogers’ Science of Unitary Human Beings. Nursing Theory.
https://nursing-theory.org/nursing-theorists/Martha-Rogers.php

 
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