Final Exam

Final Exam

When Paralegal Jenny goes to the local courthouse, she can retrieve a list of upcoming home foreclosures. What can Jenny do with this information?

 

 

A.Her employing law firm can send a direct mail advertising to the people on the list, providing information about the law firm and its services.  
B.Jenny has to wait 30 days after the posting but can contact the people on the list after that time.  
C.Her employing law firm can call the people on the list and offer to represent them.  
D.Jenny can go door-to-door and talk to the people on the list about her law firm and what they can do to help

 

 

After working on the defense side of asbestos litigation for many years, Paralegal Kawika decides he wants to work for a small firm and branch out away from asbestos into real estate or family law. Kawika sends out some resumes and gets a call from a law firm that does primarily real estate and family law but does represent some asbestos plaintiffs. Kawika should

 

 

A.interview with this firm but bring a list of his current clients with him so they can check for conflicts.  
B.interview with this firm and accept an offer from them only after getting a written waiver of the conflict from his current employer  
C.not bother to interview with this firm because the conflict of interest is obvious and no asbestos plaintiffs lawyer would hire him.  
D.interview with this firm and accept an offer from them only after getting a written waiver of any potential conflicts from the new employer

 

 

  2.5 Points

 

Paralegal Bryce prefers freelance work. In order to get clients, Bryce may

 

 

A.advertise his services in any publication.  
B.advertise his services in publications that target lawyers and law firms.  
C.not advertise because it is illegal for paralegals to advertise.  
D.not advertise in publications but he can call law firms and ask for employment.  
 

 

 

Lara Lawyer’s standard advertising says: “Contingency fee arrangements available in personal injury cases. No Recovery, No Fee!” This ad is

 

 

A.misleading and deceptive if clients are held responsible for paying costs even if they lose.  
B.not permissible because it is illegal for lawyers to advertise fees.  
C.perfectly fine and a fairly typical ad.  
D. misleading and deceptive only if clients are held responsible for paying costs when they lose.  

 

 

 

 

 

Question 5 of 25 2.5 Points

 

Patty Paralegal’s job requires her to call all 250 of the firm’s corporate clients twice each year and give them some information. Most of these telephone calls take less than 2 minutes, especially if she can just leave a voicemail. The smallest billable amount at Patty’s law firm is .1 or 6 minutes. If Patty makes 30 phone calls per hour, but bills them at 6 minutes, Patty’s one hour becomes 3 hours. Therefore, at the end of an 8 hour day, Patty can bill 24 hours! Patty should

 

 

A.ask her supervising lawyer for permission to not bill clients for this service but ensure that the time she spends at this task is added to her annual cumulative billable hours.  
B.bill each call at a full hour because no one is going to know.  
C.ask her supervising lawyer for permission to just not bill clients for this service.  
D. bill each call at 2 minutes and let the accounting department deal with it.  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Question 6 of 25 2.5 Points

 

Rhonda Lawyer has agreed to take on the criminal defense case of the famous rap star: Bent Nikel. Bent has been arrested for the murder of his 3rd wife. As part of the fee agreement, Rhonda, a budding writer, wants to secure the literary rights to the entire story. Bent has no objections to this agreement. As Rhonda’s trusty paralegal, you should

 

 

A.advise Rhonda that you would like to help her with her book.  
B.advise Rhonda that she should make Bent pay her for writing his life story.  
C.advise Rhonda privately that this agreement is probably a violation of her ethical duties.  
D.advise Rhonda that Bent can give her the literary rights  

 

 

 

 

 

Question 7 of 25

2.5 Points

Laura Lawyer ‘s client Curtis brought a check for $2000 to Laura as an advance payment retainer. Laura instructs you to include the payment in Curtis’s fee agreement and put this money in the firm’s General Operating Account. You

 

 

A.should put this money in the trust account so that it can be drawn against as the firm incurs costs and fees on behalf of Curtis.  
B.should put this money in the trust account because it belongs to the client until it is earned.  
C.can do this because an advance payment retainer is considered earned when Laura receives it. No part of the money belongs to the client so it does not have to be put in the Trust Account.  
D.should deposit this check but make no note of it in the fee agreement because it is not proper to make this sort of note in a fee agreement.  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
Question 8 of 25 2.5 Points

 

Maggie Rudin was accused of murdering her millionaire 4th husband. Because she was denied access to her husband’s money, Rudin needed a pro bono lawyer. Attorney Amador agreed to take the case pro bono in exchange for the right to turn her story into a movie script. Rudin agreed. Each time Rudin met with Amador, Amador made sure the t.v. news media was there so that the public would get a picture of her as the wrongly accused grieving widow. Amador did not interview witnesses, but had all of the documents copied and placed into trial notebooks. Before trial, Amador took a month-long vacation and left Rudin’s case with the public defender assisting on the case. Which of the following can be said of Amador?

 

 

A.Amador was negligent in the preparation of Rudin’s defense only if she is convicted.  
B.Amador was not negligent because everyone prepares for trial differently.  
C.Amador was negligent in the preparation of Rudin’s defense if his action/inaction fell below the standard of care of the reasonable lawyer under the circumstances  
D.Amador was not negligent because he was part of a defense team and the rest of the team had an equal obligation to prepare for trial.  

 

 

 

 

Question 9 of 25 2.5 Points

 

Attorney Brite represented Martin in a personal injury case for injuries that she received when a kitchen cabinet in her apartment fell on her. The complaint that Brite filed on Martin’s behalf named many defendants, including various subcontractors and others, some of whom later provided evidence that they should not have been named as defendants. Several of the defendants named in the complaint filed motions for summary judgment. Brite delegated responsibility for opposing those motions to a new associate in his office, Gresby. Gresby had minimal legal experience and never opposed a motion for summary judgment. Brite was aware of Gresby’s inexperience, but he assigned the matter to Gresby nonetheless. To respond to the summary judgment motions, Gresby needed to submit documents or affidavits on Martin’s behalf that would show the court that there was a genuine issue of material fact requiring a trial. Rather than doing so, Gresby opposed the motions orally, relying solely on legal arguments. The trial court granted the defense motions. Brite

 

 

A. will not be found to be incompetent unless Martin loses her case.  
B.should be found to be negligent for improper delegation and supervision AND filing a complaint against defendants without first doing enough background on the case to determine the proper defendants  
C.should be found to be negligent for improper delegation and supervision of his associate.  
D.will not be found to be incompetent because it was Gresby who wrote the losing summary judgment documents.  

 

 

 

Question 10 of 25

2.5 Points

Sarah has just been made a member of the bar and is going to open her own law office. You will be her first employee! What advice can you give her about professional liability insurance.

 

 

A.It would be a good idea to research state law to find out if professional liability insurance is mandatory in your state. She will need a different policy to insure the firm for bodily injury and property damage because professional liability insurance covers direct financial loss and expense to the legal professional that arise from claims of neglect, omissions or errors, but not intentional torts.  
B.professional liability insurance does not cover bodily injury or property damage.  
C.professional liability insurance covers direct financial loss and expense to the legal professional that arise from claims of neglect, omissions or errors, but not intentional torts.  
D. some states require lawyers to have professional liability insurance (so we should go look that up.)  

 

 

 

 

Question 11 of 25 2.5 Points

 

Attorney Evans lost a motion for a new trial. In his anger, he wrote a letter to the judge accusing him of making the adverse ruling based on religious bias because both the judge and opposing counsel are Jewish, and Evans is not. While appealing the judge’s ruling, Evans wrote to the judge:” I feel that your Ruling was either the result of your incompetence in the matter or perhaps worse and reflected a Jewish bias in favor of the Kaplan firm whose actions were in my judgment inexcusable in this cause. If in fact it represents incompetence I will drop the matter but if it is a Jewish bias I will file a complaint under the Rules for Handling Complaints of Judicial Misconduct or Disability.” Evans:

 

 

A.will be found to be incompetent to continue to practice law because his letter was discourteous, prejudicial to the administration of justice, and defamatory.  
B.may be found to be incompetent to continue to practice law only if he loses his appeal.  
C.cannot be found guilty of anything, or incompetent, because his words are protected by the First Amendment.  
D. may be found to be rude, but nothing more  
Question 12 of 25 2.5 Points

 

Jody and Sam have agreed to end their marriage amicably. They have worked out all of the details of who will get what assets and how their money will be divided. In order to save money, they want to hire one lawyer to write up their agreement. Larry Lawyer

 

 

A.can take this representation so long as both parties sign a waiver of the conflict.  
B.should not take this representation because, even if Jody and Sam have agreed to all of the details of their agreement, there is a conflict of interest between the two people.  
C.is obligated to take the representation because lawyers have a duty to take cases regardless of how they feel about the clients.  
D.can take this representation so long as both parties pay him an equal amount.  
Question 13 of 25 2.5 Points

 

Bronson Paralegal is writing a motion that will be filed with the state court. He has located a case that holds exactly the opposite of the point he is trying to make. In order to rectify what Bronson sees as a losing motion, Bronson simply quotes from the case’s ruling and inserts the word “not” at the appropriate place. Now the quote stands for the proposition that Bronson needs. “Unless the judge reads very carefully, he will never notice this small insertion,” thinks Bronson. Just to be sure his supervising attorney doesn’t get into trouble, though, Bronson tells the attorney what the case really says. Which of the following is likely to happen next?

 

 

A.Bronson may be told to fix the sentence back to an accurate quote, even if it means losing the motion.  
B.Bronson may be fired for attempting to mislead the court but, at the very least, he will be in alot of trouble.  
C.Bronson may be demoted from doing legal research to organizing documents.  
D. Bronson will be told to fix the sentence back to an accurate quote, he may be demoted or he may be fired for attempting to mislead the court  
Question 14 of 25 2.5 Points

 

The plaintiff, Leandro Rizzuto, climbed a ladder manufactured by the named defendant, Ladders, Inc. while shopping at a Buy-It-All store. The ladder collapsed suddenly and the plaintiff fell to the floor, incurring serious physical injuries. The plaintiff filed a product liability action against Ladders and the defendant, Buy-It-All, alleging that the ladder had been manufactured and designed improperly, and had been sold without proper warnings. Thereafter, the plaintiff asked the defendants repeatedly to preserve the ladder and to afford him an opportunity to examine the ladder. The defendants’ expert examined the ladder and concluded that it was not defective. The defendants thereafter destroyed the ladder, despite the fact that the plaintiff had never had an opportunity to inspect it. Plaintiff will bring a motion for

 

 

A.spoliation of evidence.  
B.tortious interference with prospective business advantage.  
C.suppression of evidence.  
D. pretexting of evidence.  

 

 

Question 15 of 25

2.5 Points

Betty Plaintiff’s law firm has hired an associate from an out-of-town office of Defendant #1’s law firm. When Defendant #2’s law firm discovers this conflict of interest, they (Defendant #2’s law firm) brings a Motion to disqualify Plaintiff’s law firm. The ruling of the court will probably be

 

 

A.There is no problem unless the newly hired associate is working on the case.  
B.Defendant #1 is the harmed party. Unless that party brings the motion,the court will not rule against Plaintiff because only Defendant #1 is potentially harmed by the conflict.  
C.There is no problem because the associate is from an out-of-town office.  
D.Everyone involved in the case is harmed so Plaintiff’s counsel will be disqualified.  

 

 

Question 16 of 25 2.5 Points

 

Attorney Fleamer is the Executive Director of a non-profit organization: Homes for Kids. This organization works in conjunction with state agencies that find permanent, adoptive homes for foster children. Fleamer’s assistant, Paralegal Lara, suspects that Fleamer has used agency money to fund personal vacations and purchase a new personal automobile. Lara should

 

 

A.speak with the local police.  
B.maintain her loyalty to her employer by saying nothing.  
C.speak with Fleamer personally or, if she does not feel comfortable doing that, report Fleamer to the appropriate authorities.  
D.quit. Find a new job working for more honest people.  
Question 17 of 25 2.5 Points

 

Attorney Howard has just gotten a “letter of reproval” from his state’s lawyer disciplinary authority. He’s cleaning out his desk, assuming he is no longer authorized to practice law. You, his trusty paralegal, have one thing to say to him. What is it?

 

 

A.A letter of reproval doesn’t mean you are disbarred!  
B.Put your stuff back in the drawers, my friend. You can still do paralegal work.  
C.Don’t call us. We’ll call you.  
D.Dude. Take care and have a nice life.  
Question 18 of 25 2.5 Points

 

Paralegal Beverly is researching a point of law dealing with whether or not a law firm’s website can use a suedoname for the URL. In other words, can her law firm use the web address “www.terrificlawyers.com”? She cannot locate any state statute on point but has conflicting information from other states. What is her best course of action now?

 

 

A.She should advise the firm to go ahead with the plan because if there is no law against it, it is probably okay.  
B.She should advise the firm to ask their state’s appropriate authority (such as the state bar’s ethics committee) for an advisory opinion on using the trade URL name.  
C.Beverly should advise the firm that she is not qualified to do this assignment because there is no clear law on the subject.  
D. She should advise the firm to not use the trade URL because if there is no law authorizing what they want to do, it is probably illegal.  
Question 19 of 25 2.5 Points

 

Drake Paralegal’s cell phone rang. When he answered it, his best friend, who lives in another state, said: “Drake! I’ve just been stopped by the police! What should I do?” Drake responded: “Keep your mouth shut except to ask for a lawyer.” Then the phone connection was lost. Which of the following is true?

 

 

A.Drake’s response was not UPL because his friend did not specifically ask for legal advice.  
B.Drake’s response was not UPL because it was not legal advice, just common sense advice.  
C.Drake’s response was UPL because he assessed his friend’s legal need, applied his knowledge of the law to it, and gave a response.  
D. Drake’s response was UPL because he gave advice in a criminal matter.  
Question 20 of 25 2.5 Points

 

Connie Paralegal is divorcing her husband. She hired a lawyer but has decided that she does not want to pay for a lawyer. She fires the lawyer and makes a court appearance by herself against her husband’s lawyer. Connie

 

 

A.has committed UPL because she must have a lawyer represent her.  
B.has not committed UPL because she has the right to represent herself.  
C.has committed UPL because paralegals cannot make appearances in court.  
D.has committed UPL but will not get in trouble for it unless the lawyer complains.  
Question 21 of 25 2.5 Points

 

Paralegal Samson has just completed the legal case of his life being part of the team that represented Mrs. Incredibly Rich in her divorce from Mr. Incredibly Rich. Now that the case is closed, Samson is looking forward to telling his wife all about it. Samson

 

 

A.can tell his wife about the parts of the case that are likely to not come up again if the parties end up back in court.  
B.can tell his wife all about the case because, now that the case has closed, his duty of confidentiality has ended.  
C.must keep his client’s confidences forever so he can never tell his wife about the case.  
D.can tell his wife about the case after the time for an appeal has passed.  

 

 

Question 22 of 25

2.5 Points

Paralegal Beverly was sitting with Client Morrie, reading through Morrie’s interrogatory answers from last year in preparation for Morrie’s upcoming deposition. After reading one particular interrogatory response, Morrie declared: “OMG, Beverly! I can’t believe we wrote that answer! That’s completely wrong!” and then, mumbling to himself, Morrie said, “or maybe that was the lie I decided would be better than telling the truth. Hmmm.” When Beverly asks you what you make of that conversation with Morrie, you

 

 

A.tell her that it is not protected by any privilege because it is potentially a confession to a crime.  
B.tell her that Morrie’s words are completely covered by the attorney/client privilege so she will never have to repeat it to anyone outside of the office, but she should report the potential perjury to a supervising attorney.  
C.tell her that it is not a protected communication because she is not an attorney.  
D.tell her that it is protected confidential information so she cannot be called upon to testify about it.  

 

 

 

 

Question 23 of 25

15.0 Points

Do law firms need to advertise? When can potential clients be contacted and what is the rationale behind the law governing it? This essay is a large percentage of your Final exam grade.  Please remember that an essay is comprised of paragraphs not two or three sentences.  Also you must include a Bluebook citation to your source even if it is our textbook.  An outside source is required for full credit.

 

 

Question 24 of 25

15.0 Points

Describe the “duty of integrity” and its purpose. Explain if it is permissible to merely threaten to report misconduct. Why or why not? This essay is a large percentage of your Final exam grade. Please remember that an essay is comprised of paragraphs not two or three sentences. Also you must include a Bluebook citation to your source even if it is our textbook. An outside source is required for full credit.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Question 25 of 25

15.0 Points

What makes a claim frivolous? Give an example of a frivolous claim, and explain what some possible penalties are in detail. Remember to use proper Bluebook citation format and answer each part of the question. This essay is a large percentage of your Final exam grade. Please remember that an essay is comprised of paragraphs not two or three sentences. Also you must include a Bluebook citation to your source even if it is our textbook. An outside source is required for full credit.

 
 
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Australian Taxation Law ( Deduction)

1 © 2018 Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia Limited

Principles of Taxation Law 2018

Answers to Questions

CHAPTER 14 – CAPITAL ALLOWANCES

Question 14.1

On 1 June 2016, Rogan purchased a new scooter for $6,000 for use in his business. The

Commissioner has assessed the effective life of scooters as three years. Rogan decided to upgrade to

a scooter and sold the old one to a reputable second-hand dealer for $3,000 on 31 August 2017.

Rogan estimates that he used the scooter for business purposes 90% of the time.

Advise Rogan of his income tax consequences arising on the disposal of the scooter under both the

diminishing value method and the prime cost method. Assume that Rogan does not qualify as a

small business entity.

 

Question 14.2

Jack and Jill jointly own and run a bed and breakfast business. The business is run through their

partnership, J & J Bed and Breakfast. Jack and Jill also own an investment property together which

they purchased in equal proportions. During the year, they undertook the following transactions:

• Purchased furniture for their bed and breakfast business for $3,000 on 21 December 2017. The furniture is expected to last for seven years.

• Purchased a printer for their bed and breakfast business for $700 on 30 April 2018. The machine is expected to last for three years.

• Purchased an air-conditioner for their investment property for $2,000 on 15 March 2018. The air-conditioner is expected to last for eight years. Jack and Jill contributed to

the purchase price of the air-conditioner equally.

Advise Jack and Jill of their income tax consequences arising out of the above information under

both the diminishing value method and the prime cost method (if relevant) for the year ended 30

June 2018. Assume that the business does not qualify as a small business entity.

 

Question 14.6

An extract of the asset register of Alpha Pty Ltd (“Alpha”) for the 2016-17 income year is as follows:

 

Asset Cost Opening

Adjustable

Value

Method Effective Life Decline in

Value for

This Period

Closing

Adjustable

Value

Desktop

Computer

1,350 1,350 Diminishing

Value

3 years 450 900

Furniture 5,000 3,000 Prime Cost 10 years 500 2,500

2 © 2018 Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia Limited

Filing

Cabinets

1,200 1,080 Prime Cost 10 years 120 960

 

All depreciable assets are for 100% business use and Alpha uses a low-value pool for all eligible

assets. The closing value of the low-value pool at 30 June 2016 was $5,300. Alpha purchased a

printer on 5 June 2018 for $700.

Advise Alpha of the income tax consequences arising out of the above information for the 2017-18

income year assuming Alpha is not a small business entity.

 
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WK4 QUIZ CJ451

Question 1

 The social context surrounding the term terrorism influences how it is defined.

True

False

Question 2

 The definition of terrorism fluctuates according to the interests of the group defining the term.

True

False

Question 3

 The violence of the French Revolutionary period is colloquially known as ___________.

Bloody Sunday

The Reign of Terror

The Rule

Black October

Question 4

 The Irish Republican Army (IRA) developed out of a ______ desire.

nationalistic

socialistic

economic

capitalistic

Question 5

 ______________refers to controlling an economy by direct democracy and utilizing economic profits to ensure the well-being of citizens.

Socialism

Communism

Anarchy

Capitalism

Question 6

 What is the name of the political party of Irish Republicans?

Sinn Féin

Supreme Counsel of the IRB

Royal Irish Constabulary

Irish Republican Army

Question 7

 ____________terrorism involves an individual taking action on his or her own initiative.

H

essay-ans-_1117

Question 8

 ________________________, as used in the text, refers to the psychological process of adopting extremist positions.

H

essay-ans-_1117

Question 9

 The most difficult type of terrorists to deter or detain are _________ .

lone wolves

jihadists

separatist revolutionaries

narco-terrorists

Question 10

 Which of the following is not true of terrorists?

They focus their action towards a goal

They are dedicated to a cause

They run when confronted with force

They rehearse and prepare for actions

Question 11

 Radicalization is a process that is not specifically applicable to any national, political, religious, or ideological group.

True

False

Question 12

 Themotivations of criminals and terrorists are the same.

True

False

Question 13

 Explain the hawala system, its origins, and what are the advantages that would make this system appealing to terrorists?

Question 14

 __________ is a political party, a socialwelfare organization, and a militant group that uses all types of sources for funding,andmovesmoneyin undergroundnetworksandlaunderingsystems.

Question 15

 What is the term used to refer to groups using either terrorist tactics to support drug operations or drug-trade profits to finance terrorism?

Narcoterrorism

Narcotactics

Narcotic terror

Narcotrafficking

Question 16

 ________________are the most frequent legal activities used by terrorists to fund their activities.

For-profit education facilities

Stock trading

Charities and business operations

Real estate investments

Question 17

 Which of the following terrorist organizations ran cigarettes from North Carolina to Michigan and used some of the profits to fund operations in Lebanon?

Hezbollah

Hamas

Abu Nidal

al Qaeda

Question 18

 After its long experience with the Irish Republican Army, was one of the first nations to address terrorist financing.

The United States

The United Kingdom

Italy

Ireland

Question 19

 Which of the following terrorist organizations is most likely to use the black market peso exchange?

al Qaeda

FARC

PKK

IRA

Question 20

Modern terrorism originated from the _______ Revolution.

H

essay-ans-_1117

Question 21

 Debates over arise because many people assume that acts of terrorism are induced by reckless media coverage and that media outlets provide terrorists with terrorism.

censorship

bias

security

communication

Question 22

 ____________ refers to the visual, audible, or written packages used to present the news.

Media frame

News frame

Communicating frame

Reporting frame

Question 23

 _________________is Hezbollah’s television network.

Al Manar

Al Hurra

Al Fajir

Al Jazeera

Question 24

According to Nacos, __________ are able to use their television-generated images to avoid detection.

men

children

women

the elderly

Question 25

 The classic approach in television is the reporting frame.

True

False

Question 26

The Salafi movement refers to those people who impose Islam with force and violence.

True

False

Question 27

Explain Pape’s theory of suicide terrorism.

Question 28

 The formal name of the terrorist group referred to as PKK is the ____________________.

H

essay-ans-_1117

Question 29

 ____________________ terrorism is terrorismthat exists inside a political entity.

 

Question 30

 Jenkins says there are six tactics of terrorism: _______________, arson, assault, kidnapping, bombing, and hostage taking.

H

essay-ans-_1117

Question 31

 The major factor in deciding to employ suicide terrorists is the ________ of the group.

social structure and culture

religious beliefs

rational choice

economic strength

Question 32

 According to the text, ____________ is the only group that has made an effort to obtain a nuclear device.

LTTE Black Tigers

Hezbollah

Al Qaeda

Kurdistan Workers Party

Question 33

 Women often receive combat or leadership positions in international terrorist organizations.

True

False

Question 34

Although terrorist tactics change through time, the most common weapon of terrorism has been and remains the bomb.

True

False

Question 35

 The suicide squad of the LTTE was known as the ______________________________.

Question 36

 During the ________________ most violent year, 1980, its members killed 92 people.

Question 37

 _______________ refers to the political party of Republicans with historical connections to extremism and violence.

H

essay-ans-_1117

Question 38

 The terrorist group LTTE was one of the first to begin using suicide bombers. Their main purpose in such attacks was to create ________.

loyalty within the organization

fear

sympathy

negative imagery

Question 39

The Irish, Basque, and Sri Lankan conflicts all have a central focus that is primarily _________ in nature.

ethnic

economic

religious

monetary

Question 40

Disgruntled Spanish police officers and government officials comprised the death squads known as ______________ .

Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA)

Anti-Terrorist Liberation Groups (GAL)

The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)

Irish Republican Army (IRA)

Question 41

 In 1972, British paratroopers opened fire on Catholic protesters in Londonderry – a day that has come to be known as ____________________.

Black September

Bloody Sunday

Red October

Orange and Green Day

Question 42

 The terrorist group Boko Haram is from the African nation of ____________.

Question 43

 Some Uighur nationalists organized in hopes of reviving an 18th century Islamic state in China’s ___________________ province.

Question 44

 Freedom and Democracy Congress of Kurdistan, Kurdistan Peoples’ Congress, Peoples’ Congress of Kurdistan, and Liberation Units of Kurdistan are all pseudonyms for ___________.

Question 45

The _________________________ uprising was a rural resistance movement by a tribe displaced by colonial agricultural policies.

Question 46

The artificial boundaries imposed by imperialists fostered a new form of terrorist violence called ________________.

endemic terrorism

narcoterrorism

jihadist terrorism

eco-terrorism

Question 47

The conflict in Kenya is primarily of what nature?

Endemic terrorism

Narcoterrorism

Jihadist terrorism

Eco-terrorism

Question 48

______________is a tradition of orthodox Muslims who follow the Prophet and the early elders of the faith.

Sunnism

Sufism

Shi’itsm

Salafism

Question 49

The United Nations post-World War II solution to the Arab-Israeli conflict was for one part of Palestine to be given to the Arabs and another part to be given to the ________________________.

Question 50

 The Zionists purchased land in ___________ to create their new homeland.

H

essay-ans-_1117

 
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Answer Questions

Name ___________________________

FRL 4263 Midterm

Answers should be clear, concise, complete and accurate.   When submitting to the instructor (lcschuh@cpp.edu) put your name as the subject of the e mail.  Also include the following at the end of the email,” I didn’t use any outside material including but not limited to textbook, and notes. Nor did I discuss the questions with anyone else”

 

1. Why is culture considered a major factor in negotiating with an individual of another culture? How do you minimize the culture impact?

 

2. You have been invited to the home of your Italian buyer. The dinner guest includes you, the CEO of the Italian company and the marketing manager. After several “warming up” drinks of local wines, the marketing manager started to explain why the market for your products just isn’t getting off the ground. He explained that the constant change in governments has made an environment where people don’t want to spend. He then says, how does the Americans keep a government in place for four years, … you got to tell us the secret of this longevity and you say….

 

 

3. What is the importance of the Montreal Convention in international airline transportation and do you agree or disagree with it? Why?

 

4. You are getting prepared for an upcoming negotiation with representatives of a company in another country. Your boss looks at your proposed agenda and she asks, “Please explain why you have the logistics terms and conditions near the start of negotiations and the judicial venue near the end?” You advise.

 

5. Your client company is in a CIGS signatory country. As an American company, your boss advises the UCC is much better than the CISG and the client has in several recent meeting stated their appreciation for the efficiency and flexibility of the UCC. Your client calls and asks if there is any way the UCC could be used in the upcoming negotiations rather than the CISG. What do you say and why?

 

6. In a meeting between your Company Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and the supplier’s CEO, it was agreed that the dispute could not be settled due to the entirely different understandings the parties have regarding the quality clause of the contract. Since 8 million EURS are tied up in escrow, both sides would like a quick resolution. What is your advice?

 

7. What are the differences between a letter of credit and a standby letter of credit?

 

8. Lee Schuh has the bank of Pomona (Federal bank) issue a letter of credit valued at $96,000t which will pay upon presentation of the (1) clearance of customs in Long Beach; (2) Bill of Lading made out to Lee Schuh: and (3) Execution of Inspection as to quality and quantity signed by Lee Schuh. The Bank of Pomona receives a custom clearance from Port of Los Angeles, Bill of Lading made out to Lee C. Schuh and An Execution of inspection signed by Lori Schuh. Should the Letter of credit be paid? Why?

 

9. What is a Documentary Sale and when would it be appropriate?

 

10. Lee’s House of Imports, Inc. has ordered 500 gross of ball point pens from Joho, LTD, headquarters and plant in Liberia, Africa. Delivery was to be made on June 16, 2019 or earlier. On June 20, 2019, the Import manager called the Operations Manager for Joho to obtain new delivery date. The Operations Manager said the goods have been at the San Pedro port since June1, 2019 but U.S. Customs won’t process the order. What are possible reasons for the hold up in customs?

 
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CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROJECT

Project Guidelines and Rubric 1.html

Competency

In this project, you will demonstrate your mastery of the following competency:

  • Explain how cultural differences and diversity influence professional practice in criminal justice

Scenario

The American Bar Association (ABA) has sent an email to your organization looking for a presentation that pitches ideas for a “360-degree view” installation at the new museum in Chicago. This installation will focus on the crack cocaine epidemic of the 1980s and 1990s, with a specific focus on how diversity can influence professional practices—both individual and systemic—in criminal justice. Your immediate supervisor is interested in pitching an idea for your team, and she has asked you to create a presentation that highlights the theme of diverse people struggling both with and within the criminal justice system.

Directions

Installation Ideas

You will present your pitch research in a presentation format of your choosing. Numerous issues listed below are encompassed in the Sharanda Jones case. For the issues not related to the case, consider how they will fit into an installation; consider using a “What if . . . ?” slide that explores how it might have been different if she had been white, mentally ill, or otherwise different for each factor you’ve been asked to include.

  1. Describe how policing is affected by a lack of cultural competence in both systemic and individual biases. Include commentary on the following issues in relation to cultural bias:
    • “Overpolicing” certain races or ethnicities
    • Militarization of police
    • Field decisions
    • Other issues of diversity:
      1. Mental illness
      2. LGBTQ+
  1. Describe how courts are affected by a lack of cultural competence in both systemic and individual biases. Include commentary on the following issues in relation to cultural bias:
    • Discrepancies related to drug crime sentencing
    • Bail
    • Discrepancies related to socioeconomic status
    • Discrepancies related to death-penalty sentencing
    • Other issues of diversity:
      1. Mental illness
      2. LGBTQ+
  1. Describe how corrections is affected by a lack of cultural competence in both systemic and individual biases. Include commentary on the following issues in relation to cultural bias:
    • Geography and female prisons
    • Medical issues (e.g., Sharanda Jones’s mother)
    • Lack of oversight in private prisons
    • Placement of transgendered people
    • Male corrections officers in female prisons
    • Treatment of mentally ill, disabled, pregnant, etc.
  1. Explain the need for diversity in the recruitment of criminal justice professionals. Include commentary on the following issues in relation to cultural bias:
    • Current demographic information related to diversity
    • Gender equity
    • The importance of mirroring society

What to Submit

To complete this project, you must submit the following:

Installation Ideas Your installation ideas can be presented through whatever medium best suits your needs, including a portfolio of text and pictures, a video presentation in which you explain your ideas as if you were in a face-to-face meeting, or a presentation with speaker notes or voice over.

Supporting Materials

The following resource(s) may help support your work on the project:

Reading: Two Key Justice Reforms This page on the ABA website discusses the ABA’s focus on criminal justice reform.

Website: Coca-Cola Timeline Installation This link opens an image of a timeline installation like the one you’ve been asked by the ABA to conceptualize. It’s provided to aid your understanding of the final product.

Text description of website: A picture of a wall with a timeline running across it horizontally. Above and below the line are different-sized pictures and text to show chronological placement.

Reading: New Reforms Bypass Dallas Inmate Sentenced to Life for First Drug Arrest This article explains details of the Sharanda Jones case.

Reading: From a First Arrest to a Life Sentence This article explains details of the Sharanda Jones case.

Project Two Rubric

Criteria Exemplary (100%) Proficient (85%) Needs Improvement (55%) Not Evident (0%) Value
Articulation of Response Exceeds proficiency in an exceptionally clear, insightful, sophisticated, or creative manner Clearly conveys meaning with correct grammar, sentence structure, and spelling Shows progress toward proficiency, but with errors in grammar, sentence structure, and spelling Submission has critical errors in grammar, sentence structure, and spelling 15
Policing Exceeds proficiency in an exceptionally clear, insightful, sophisticated, or creative manner Describes how policing is affected by a lack of cultural competence in both systemic and individual biases Shows progress toward proficiency, but with errors or omissions; areas for improvement may include misunderstandings of cultural competence or not including both systemic and individual biases Does not attempt criterion 20
Courts Exceeds proficiency in an exceptionally clear, insightful, sophisticated, or creative manner Describes how courts are affected by a lack of cultural competence in both systemic and individual biases Shows progress toward proficiency, but with errors or omissions; areas for improvement may include misunderstandings of cultural competence or not including both systemic and individual biases Does not attempt criterion 20
Corrections Exceeds proficiency in an exceptionally clear, insightful, sophisticated, or creative manner Describes how corrections is affected by a lack of cultural competence in both systemic and individual biases Shows progress toward proficiency, but with errors or omissions; areas for improvement may include misunderstandings of cultural competence or not including both systemic and individual biases Does not attempt criterion 20
Diversity in Recruitment Exceeds proficiency in an exceptionally clear, insightful, sophisticated, or creative manner Explains the need for diversity in the recruitment of criminal justice professionals Shows progress toward proficiency, but with errors or omissions; areas for improvement may include a superficial explanation that does not include all required components Does not attempt criterion 20
Citations and Attributions Attributes sources where applicable using citation methods with very few minor errors Uses citation for ideas requiring attribution Attributes sources where applicable, but with major errors Does not attribute sources where applicable 5
Total: 100%
 
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The Assigment Is ATTACHED

Lesson Three: Test #3

Section One: 5 points

Using West’s “Outline of the Law” and “Digest Topics,” list one of the “Seven Main Divisions of the Law” and at least one “Digest Topic” that you would use in researching the topic of res ipsa loquitur.

Answer:

One of the SEVEN MAIN DIVISONS OF THE LAW: Tort

Digest Topic that you would use in researching the topic of res ipsa loquitur:____________?

 

Section Two: 5 points

1. Explain the value in following a standard form for citing authority such as that set forth in A Uniform System of Citation. (1 point)

2. Based upon what you have learned regarding proper citation format, please respond either “True” or “False” after each of the following propositions: (each correct answer is worth 1 point.)

a. In citing cases, the unofficial cite should precede the official cite.

b. When citing the United States Code, all three publications (i.e., U.S.C., U.S.C.A., and U.S.C.S.) must be set forth.

c.In citing persons who are parties to litigation, cite the person’s last name only.

d.All federal court opinions have parallel cites.

 

 

Section Three (ALWD available online):

ALWD is accessible online:

http://www.alwd.org/publications/second_edition_resources.html

5 pts

Using the Bluebook, ALWD, or another citation guide as your resource, provide the correct abbreviation for each of the following publications:

1. US Reports

2. Atlantic Reporter

3. Federal Supplement

4. West’s Supreme Court Reporter

5. Pacific Reporter

6. New Jersey Reports

7. United State Supreme Court Reports, Lawyer’s Edition

8. Federal Reporter, Second Series

9. West’s New York Supplement

10. Colorado Lawyer

Section Four 5 pts

Provide any parallel publications that exist for each of the sources listed below. Note that not all of the publications that are listed have parallel citations.

EXAMPLE: California Reports: Pacific Reporter

 

Colorado Court of Appeals Reports:

Wisconsin Reporter:

Federal Reporter:

Washington Reports:

Massachusetts Reports:

US Reports:

Illinois Reports:

Federal Supplement:

South Western Reporter:

Supreme Court Reporter:

American Jurisprudence:

North Eastern Reporter:

Corpus Juris Secundum:

Arizona Reports:

Restatement of the Law of Torts:

Section Five 10 pts

1. Complete Exercise #26 in the Workbook.

Picture is Below:

Section Six 20 pts

Directions: Provide the correct citation to the following fictional cases.

 

1) Rock v. Stone may apply to a case your attorney is working on. It is located in volume 97 of South Carolina Reports on page 182, and on page 215 of volume 121 of the second series of South Eastern Reporter. The case was decided in 2000. 2) The US Supreme Court ruled on Water v. Milk in 2005. The opinion can be located in volume 396 of United States Reports, page 52; on page 231 of volume 424 of West’s Supreme Court Reporter; and in volume 16, page 497 of Lawyer’s Edition 2d. 3) The Virginia Court of Appeals upheld the conviction in Douglas versus the Commonwealth of Virginia in June of 2009. The opinion is published in volume 16 of the second series of South Eastern Reporter on page 86. 4) You have located United States v. Scarlett from the 3rd circuit in the spring of 1996 on page 246 of the Federal Reporter, volume 90, third series. 5) In 2004, Leonard Jones filed an appeal on his conviction for robbery in the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals. The opinion can be located in South Western Reporter, third series, volume 29, page 197. 6) The 8th Circuit Court of Appeals ruled on the case of Esther Bunney versus Tinker Belle in 1999. The opinion can be located on page 121 of volume 500. 7) Barry Horton lost his claim against Cindylou Who and appealed to the California Supreme Court in 1987. The opinion is set forth in volume 90, second series of the regional reporter series on page 145, and in the third series of the official reporter, volume 20, page 262. 8) The federal district court in your jurisdiction heard the case of Wilson against McMahon in October of 2007. The opinion can be found on page 12, volume 388 of the 2nd series. 9) The First District Court of Appeals in Florida heard the case of Crunck against Pollack in 2008. You have located the opinion in the 34th volume of the regional reporter on page 576. 10) The United States District Court for the District of Alaska heard Mary Mack’s case against Jonas V. Palmer and the opinion can be located on page 791 of volume 16 in the second series. The case was tried in 2002.

 

This is anther exercise I did, but had a failing grade so I am posting it here (my state is Virginia)

 

Section Four – 0/5

Access States Court structure here:

http://www.courtstatistics.org/Other-Pages/State_Court_Structure_Charts.aspx

a) Identify the following – Your case reporters can be researched using the US Tables of Jurisdiction in the Bluebook:

___________________ (State Court of Last Resort)

Opinions binding on ________ (list all courts bound by opinions emanating from this court)

Official Reporter: ________________________ (provide name and abbreviation)

Unofficial Reporter/s: ____________________ ( provide names and abbreviations)

_______________ (Intermediate Appellate Court/s)

Opinions binding on _________________ (list all courts bound by opinions emanating from this court based on your jurisdiction: circuit/district etc)

Official Reporter: _______________ (Provide name and abbreviation)

Unofficial Reporter: ________________________( Provide names and abbreviations)

Trial Courts – all levels, including local trial courts, based on your residency and name of any Reporter/s, if opinions are published

________________________

________________________

________________________

 

Federal Courts

b) Access Fed. Circuit Court Map http://www.uscourts.gov/court_locator.aspx  and identify the following

___________________ (Court of Last Resort)

Opinions binding on ________ (list/summarize all courts bound by opinions emanating from this court)

Official Reporter: ________________________ (provide name and abbreviation)

Unofficial Reporter/s: ____________________ ( provide names and abbreviations)

____________________  (Provide complete name of federal appellate court)

Opinions binding ___________________ (list/summarize specific court names bound by opinions emanating from this court based on your residency)

Official Reporter: ___________________ (Provide name and abbreviation)

Unofficial Reporter: _________________ (Provide name and abbreviation)

____________________ (Federal Trial Court based on your residency)

Official Reporter: _________________ (Provide name and abbreviation)

Unofficial Reporter: _______________ (Provide name and abbreviation)

Reporters can be researched in Bluebook or ALWD citation manual

 
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Cases Responses

Hello

I have 4 cases study in Law and i need answer questions for each case.

I need more specific answer for each question correctly.

THank you

 Case 1:

1. Legal Cognizance

1. Facts:

2. Briefly describe the facts.

DiLorenzo was employed by Valve & Primer Corporation, and claims that the corporation offered him a ten-year stock option in 1987.  DiLorenzo further claims that he stayed with the company for an additional nine years in reliance of that employment agreement.  Valve & Primer claim no agreement was made in regards to a stock purchase option.  In 1996, DiLorenzo attempted to “tender his remaining one hundred shares pursuant to a stock redemption agreement” as he entered into a semi-retirement.  He was fired shortly after, so he claims that the stock agreement should be enforced by (1) validity, and if not valid then by (2) promissory estoppel.

Which facts were key to the outcome?

DiLorenzo claims reliance on stock option to continue employment.  The only purported proof of such an agreement is an “unsigned copy of board meeting minutes of which DiLorenzo had the only copy.  No mandatory requirement of staying employed by the company to make the election to purchase the stock at the option price.

2. Legal issue:

3. What legal issue(s) does this case illustrate (i.e. why is this case in the chapter)?

Past consideration and promissory estoppel.

 1. What are all of the elements of the main legal rule that this case illustrates? For instance, if the case is about undue influence, list ALL of the elements that the court in this case said had to be proven by the plaintiff.

Past consideration: no valid consideration if promise is for an act already done. Promissory estoppel makes a noncontractual promise enforceable when there was detrimental reliance on the promise.

Repeat 2. for each issue raised.  (For example, a case may discuss 1. Whether there is an implied-in-fact contract, and II.  Whether the UCC or common law applied.  If so, you will repeat 2. for each of these two issues.)

1. Expand Perspective, Gain Interpersonal Understanding, and Critically Assess Implications

2. Prevailing party’s point of view:

3. What legal arguments were made by the prevailing party?

Valve & Primer argued that there is no consideration that would make the stock agreement valid and that DiLorenzo could not prove detrimental reliance that would create grounds for promissory estoppel.

1. What facts, legal reasoning, social policy, and ethical principles would support a ruling for the prevailing party?

No legal detriment to DiLorenzo validating consideration and promissory estoppel requirements were not met.

1. What were the probable motivations behind the prevailing party’s actions leading up to the dispute? After the dispute?

Valve & Primer did not believe they needed to uphold the stock option agreement because they had no documentation of such a promise and they did not feel DiLorenzo had adequate reasoning for upholding the agreement.

Repeat 3. for each and every issue in the case.

4. Losing party’s point of view:

5. What legal arguments were made by the losing party?

DiLorenzo argued that because he relied on the promise of stock options he deserved that the option be enforced.

 

1. What facts, legal reasoning, social policy, and ethical principles would support a ruling for the losing party?

DiLorenzo claimed promissory estoppel on the grounds that he relied on the stock option to stay with the company

 

1. What were the probable motivations behind the losing party’s actions leading up to the dispute? After the dispute?

DiLorenzo claims to be held back from greater career opportunities because he relied on the company’s promise of a stock option agreement if he stayed with the company.

Repeat 4. for each and every issue in the case.

5. Judge’s point of view:

6. How did the court rule on each argument?

The appellate court ruled in agreement with the trial court in that no consideration was present and requirements of promissory estoppel were not met.

 

1. What facts, legal reasoning, social policy, and ethical principles did the court use to support its ruling?

Validity of consideration to make a promise enforceable and the requirement of justifiable reliance on a promise for promissory estoppel.

 

1. What were the probable motivations behind the judge’s decision?

Based on the above facts and reasoning, no matters present justified enforcing the promise made to DiLorenzo.

Repeat 5. for each ruling made by the judge.

 

1. Find Recent Developments and Diverse Theories, Synthesize, and Compare

 

6. Different Rules: Pose the question “What if the court adopted a different legal rule?”

 

1. Search the web for other articles to refer to in your article or call an attorney or business professional who may have experience with this type of issue. Write a brief one-paragraph summary of this case or article:

Drennan v. Star Paving Co. involves a subcontractor bid of $7,100 submitted by Star Paving to Drennan for construction of a public school.  Drennan used Star Paving’s bid in preparation of his final bid to gain the contract for the construction.  Star Paving then said that they underestimated the costs and would not do the work for anything less than $15,000.  Drennan then hired a new subcontractor that completed the work for $11,000.  Drennan sued Star Paving for the difference between the original bid of $7,100 and the amount of $11,000 paid to the new subcontractor on the grounds of promissory estoppel.  The courts ruled in favor of Drennan because all requirements for promissory estoppel were met.

 

1. Ponder and reflect to compare this case to recent news and cases. This is the really cool part.  You will be thinking like a legally astute manager, owner, or professional as you read, analyze and compare cases to draw your conclusions.  Some neat ideas to help with your analysis:  If the outcomes of the recent cases you found are different, can you make sense of the different outcomes?  Are there different legal standards that make for different outcomes?  Is there a trend leaning more in favor of a plaintiff or defendant’s position?  Are the outcomes the same or different simply because the facts are similar or dissimilar?  What accounts for the same or different results?  Write your thoughts here:

I found many cases relating to the issue of promissory estoppel and how the courts were trying to rule when this issue was involved.  The ruling for these cases seem to involve first looking at whether there is consideration that would make promissory estoppel an invalid argument.  Such is the case in both DiLorenzo v. Valve & Primer Corporation and Drennan v. Star Paving Co.  In both of these cases, there was found to be no consideration that would make for an enforceable contract.  The courts then look at whether the requirements for promissory estoppel are met.  These requirements include having a clear and definite offer, a reliance on the offer made, and only being able to avoid injustice if the promise is made enforceable.  In regards to how courts will tend to treat this issue, on the Drennan v. Star Paving Co. a mention was made that this case has been influential in determining the approach to applying promissory estoppel in similar cases.

 

1. Creative, Application and Critical Thinking Questions

2. Your point of view of the case in the book:

3. Do you agree or disagree with the actual outcome? Why or why not?

I agree based strictly on the facts presented that DiLorenzo could not confirm the level of his reliance on the agreement made and the fact that the only documentation of the agreement was held unsigned by DiLorenzo. But I do feel like if DiLorenzo, in his understanding of the agreement, stayed with the company for the reason of exercising the stock options, he should be given some type of compensation.

 

1. Change it up: Pose the question “What if the facts were different?”  Create changes to the facts that would probably result in a different outcome of the case and, using critical thinking and legal reasoning, tell why your change in facts would make a difference.

If there was a signed contract between DiLorenzo and Valve & Primer Corporation stating that he would have the right to exercise the stock option in 10 years and if still employed by the company, then the promise of the stocks should be enforced upon promissory estoppel because he stayed with the company knowing the documented requirement of continued employment.

 

1. Relate the case to your own experience, if applicable, or to the experience someone else has shared with you.

The Lawrenceburg Golf and Country Club general manager claims he received a promise of lifetime membership upon entering into the GM position, but the current board has no documentation of such a promise being made.  Now that this GM no longer is employed by the club, he is trying to have his promise for lifetime membership enforced.  The current board is not willing to honor this claim based on the fact that no documentation has been found to prove this employment benefit.

 

1. How will you apply the lessons from this case to your future career?

Make sure to understand completely employment agreements and options available.

 

1. Write recommendations to avoid future legal problems and that best suit the objectives of a firm or company in your chosen career field.

Maintain complete documentation of board meeting minutes and all employment contracts for which a future option will be related to.

 

Case2:

CASE NAME: __New England Rock Services, Inc. v. Empire Paving, Inc.__

 

A. Legal Cognizance

 

1. Facts:

2. Briefly describe the facts.

Empire Paving, Inc. entered into a contract with New England Rock Services, Inc. for subcontracting services.  Problems arose that made Rock Services job more difficult, leading to an agreed upon amendment to the contract to change the method of payment to Rock Services from Empire Paving.  After work was completed, Empire refused to pay the remaining balance due as a result of the amended contract.

 

1. Which facts were key to the outcome?

The amendment was agreed upon and signed.  Empire failed to do their part in controlling water.

2. Legal issue:

3. What legal issue(s) does this case illustrate (i.e. why is this case in the chapter)?

Modification of a Preexisting Contract

 

1. What are all of the elements of the main legal rule that this case illustrates? For instance, if the case is about undue influence, list ALL of the elements that the court in this case said had to be proven by the plaintiff.

Modifications to a preexisting contract “must be supported by mutual consideration to be enforceable” (pg. 230).

Repeat 2. for each issue raised.  (For example, a case may discuss 1. Whether there is an implied-in-fact contract, and II.  Whether the UCC or common law applied.  If so, you will repeat 2. for each of these two issues.

B. Expand Perspective, Gain Interpersonal Understanding, and Critically Assess Implications

1. Prevailing party’s point of view:

2. What legal arguments were made by the prevailing party?

Rock Services argued that “Empire’s duty to control or remove the water on the job site arose in accordance with the custom and practice in the industry and, therefore, Empire’s failure to control or remove the water on the site constituted a new circumstance…” (pg. 233),

 

1. What facts, legal reasoning, social policy, and ethical principles would support a ruling for the prevailing party?

The issue is in Empire not controlling or removing the water which was their duty, thus giving new consideration for an amended contract by exception of the preexisting duty rule.

 

1. What were the probable motivations behind the prevailing party’s actions leading up to the dispute? After the dispute?

They felt they deserved their money because they had an agreed upon amended contract.

Repeat 3. for each and every issue in the case.

4. Losing party’s point of view:

5. What legal arguments were made by the losing party?

Empire argued that the water conditions did not give rise to new circumstances that would make an amended contract valid.

 

1. What facts, legal reasoning, social policy, and ethical principles would support a ruling for the losing party?

The preexisting duty rule in that Rock Services was already required by contract to perform the work.

 

1. What were the probable motivations behind the losing party’s actions leading up to the dispute? After the dispute?

Empire believed no valid consideration occurred to allow for the amended contract to be valid.

Repeat 4. for each and every issue in the case.

5. Judge’s point of view:

6. How did the court rule on each argument?

In favor of New England Rock Services, Inc.

 

1. What facts, legal reasoning, social policy, and ethical principles did the court use to support its ruling?

The doctrine of consideration and the existence of a new consideration allowing for a change to the original contract per the exception to the preexisting duty rule.

 

1. What were the probable motivations behind the judge’s decision?

Rock Services were rightfully owed the money based on the amended contract because the the new consideration came about because of Empire’s failure to perform their duty.

Repeat 5. for each ruling made by the judge.

 

C. Find Recent Developments and Diverse Theories, Synthesize, and Compare

 

6. Different Rules: Pose the question “What if the court adopted a different legal rule?”

 

1. Search the web for other articles to refer to in your article or call an attorney or business professional who may have experience with this type of issue. Write a brief one-paragraph summary of this case or article:

Alaska Packers’ Association v. Domenico relates to the issue of new consideration allowing for an enforceable modified contract.  In this case, Domenico was hired by Alaska Packers’ Association to fish for salmon in a remote location for a brief period of time for $50 plus 2 cents for each salmon caught.  After beginning the work, Domenico demanded an increase in pay to $100, to which the company agreed due to the brief time restraint and remote location that made finding new workers difficult.  At the end of the season, Alaska Packers refused to pay more than the price listed in the original contract.  Domenico filed a lawsuit saying the nets were defective, and the extra pay should be honored.  The trial court found the Domenico’s issue fell under the preexisting duty rule and no new consideration was present.  Domenico appealed and the judgement was reversed, although from the facts listed, I do not see reasoning for a reversal in judgement.

 

1. Ponder and reflect to compare this case to recent news and cases. This is the really cool part.  You will be thinking like a legally astute manager, owner, or professional as you read, analyze and compare cases to draw your conclusions.  Some neat ideas to help with your analysis:  If the outcomes of the recent cases you found are different, can you make sense of the different outcomes?  Are there different legal standards that make for different outcomes?  Is there a trend leaning more in favor of a plaintiff or defendant’s position?  Are the outcomes the same or different simply because the facts are similar or dissimilar?  What accounts for the same or different results?  Write your thoughts here:

Many cases similar to these two follow the same procedures in validating or invalidating new consideration when trying to determine whether the preexisting duty rule is applicable.  The trial courts seem to be consistent in determining whether the preexisting duty rule applies or if there is an exception to the rule.  The courts seem to be strict on determining whether new consideration is present, as further described in Stilk v. Myrick, where two crewmen deserted their ship and the remaining crew tried to split their earnings, which the court did not enforce.  

 

D. Creative, Application and Critical Thinking Questions

1. Your point of view of the case in the book:

2. Do you agree or disagree with the actual outcome? Why or why not?

Yes, I agree because Rock Services job was made more complicated by Empire not performing what was expected of them, so they were right in requesting more money to finish the job.

 

1. Change it up: Pose the question “What if the facts were different?”  Create changes to the facts that would probably result in a different outcome of the case and, using critical thinking and legal reasoning, tell why your change in facts would make a difference.

If the water issue was completely out of the realm of Empire’s preemptive duty, then Rock Services would not have an enforceable amended contract because there would be an exception to the preemptive duty rule.

 

 

 

 How will you apply the lessons from this case to your future career?

Perform my job at the level required of me and complete my obligations to avoid further expenditures.

 Write recommendations to avoid future legal problems and that best suit the objectives of a firm or company in your chosen career field.

For Empire’s sake, make sure you are performing the duties you are expected to perform adequately, so as to not give rise to a company’s ability to increase their expenses as a result of your inadequacy.

 

Case3:

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Adjust automatic marking as read setting

CASE NAME: __Pearsall v. Alexander____

 

1. Legal Cognizance

 

1. Facts:

2. Briefly describe the facts.

In this case, Harold Pearsall and Joe Alexander each purchased a “package,” which they typically share consisting of vodka, orange juice, cups, and lottery tickets.  Pearsall purchased the first package to which Alexander agreed he wanted to share.  Pearsall’s purchased tickets were worthless, so Alexander went back to purchase a second “package,” including a lottery ticket worth $20,000. Alexander then refused to split the profit with Pearsall.

 

1. Which facts were key to the outcome?

Key facts were Alexander responding “Yes” when asked by Pearsall if he wanted to share the first pair of tickets that were purchased, and the inference that Alexander was continuing their usual practice of sharing the tickets when he and Pearsall each scratched off a ticket with the second set.

2. Legal issue:

3. What legal issue(s) does this case illustrate (i.e. why is this case in the chapter)?

The presence of consideration, more specifically the presence of legal sufficiency.

 

1. What are all of the elements of the main legal rule that this case illustrates? For instance, if the case is about undue influence, list ALL of the elements that the court in this case said had to be proven by the plaintiff.

Elements of consideration are (1) legal sufficiency and (2) bargained-for exchange. The element of legal sufficiency is either a legal detriment to the promise or a legal benefit to the promisor (pg. 225).

Repeat 2. for each issue raised.  (For example, a case may discuss 1. Whether there is an implied-in-fact contract, and II.  Whether the UCC or common law applied.  If so, you will repeat 2. for each of these two issues.)

1. Expand Perspective, Gain Interpersonal Understanding, and Critically Assess Implications

2. Prevailing party’s point of view:

3. What legal arguments were made by the prevailing party?

An agreement existed between Pearsall and Alexander to split the winnings of the lottery tickets.

 

1. What facts, legal reasoning, social policy, and ethical principles would support a ruling for the prevailing party?

Alexander gave his consent in answering “yes” to Pearsall’s proposal, then was eager to scratch off the tickets Pearson had purchased.  Furthermore, Pearson was allowed to scratch off a ticket when Alexander purchased the second pair. On the basis of their past relationship, it seems inferred that they would split the profits because them purchasing the tickets together was a weekly event.

 

1. What were the probable motivations behind the prevailing party’s actions leading up to the dispute? After the dispute?

Pearsall felt he was rightfully owed half of the $20,000 winnings because of their usual arrangement.

Repeat 3. for each and every issue in the case.

4. Losing party’s point of view:

5. What legal arguments were made by the losing party?

Losing party’s argument was that no agreement was made between Alexander and Pearsall.

 

1. What facts, legal reasoning, social policy, and ethical principles would support a ruling for the losing party?

The fact that Alexander did not reimburse Pearsall for the first purchase.

 

1. What were the probable motivations behind the losing party’s actions leading up to the dispute? After the dispute?

Alexander did not feel Pearsall was owed half the winnings because he didn’t promise anything to Pearsall when purchasing the second pair of tickets.

Repeat 4. for each and every issue in the case.

5. Judge’s point of view:

6. How did the court rule on each argument?

The court ruled in favor of Pearsall.

 

1. What facts, legal reasoning, social policy, and ethical principles did the court use to support its ruling?

The extent of the relationship between Pearsall and Alexander and the frequency of their purchasing this “package” together.  Also the fact that legal sufficiency in the creation of a detriment to either man for half of the winnings.

 

1. What were the probable motivations behind the judge’s decision?

Alexander’s conduct led the judge to believe he agreed to enter into an agreement with Pearsall to split the profits from the tickets.

Repeat 5. for each ruling made by the judge.

 

1. Find Recent Developments and Diverse Theories, Synthesize, and Compare

 

6. Different Rules: Pose the question “What if the court adopted a different legal rule?”

 

1. Search the web for other articles to refer to in your article or call an attorney or business professional who may have experience with this type of issue. Write a brief one-paragraph summary of this case or article:

Miller v. Radikopf is similar to Pearsall v. Alexander in that there was an oral agreement to jointly own tickets and share winnings.  Miller and Radikopf jointly sold sweepstakes tickets, receiving 2 tickets as compensation for every 20 they sold.  One of Radikopf’s comp. tickets won the sweepstakes and he then refused to share the winnings with Miller.  The major claim in this case, like in Pearsall v. Alexander, is whether or not an enforceable contractual claim to share the money exists. However, whether or not the claim was enforceable was not the ultimate issue, as the state in which this case occurred has laws making the act of selling/purchasing the sweepstakes tickets unlawful. As a result, the trial court, court of appeals, and supreme court of Michigan all stated that no such contract is enforceable because it is not legal in the state of Michigan.

 

1. Ponder and reflect to compare this case to recent news and cases. This is the really cool part.  You will be thinking like a legally astute manager, owner, or professional as you read, analyze and compare cases to draw your conclusions.  Some neat ideas to help with your analysis:  If the outcomes of the recent cases you found are different, can you make sense of the different outcomes?  Are there different legal standards that make for different outcomes?  Is there a trend leaning more in favor of a plaintiff or defendant’s position?  Are the outcomes the same or different simply because the facts are similar or dissimilar?  What accounts for the same or different results?  Write your thoughts here:

It seems like this scenario and those similar to the Pearsall v. Alexander case vary across states as to how the case would be handled.  Because laws regarding lottery tickets and the like are different from state to state, it is difficult to claim a specific standard of handling cases like these two. 

 

1. Creative, Application and Critical Thinking Questions

2. Your point of view of the case in the book:

3. Do you agree or disagree with the actual outcome? Why or why not?

I agree with the judge’s decision to reverse the trial court’s dismissal of Pearsall’s complaint and rule in favor of Pearsall because it just seems like at every turn Alexander could have backed away and said he didn’t want to share anything with Pearsall, but his conduct clearly displays his choice to continue their relationship as it had been in the past.

 

1. Change it up: Pose the question “What if the facts were different?”  Create changes to the facts that would probably result in a different outcome of the case and, using critical thinking and legal reasoning, tell why your change in facts would make a difference.

I think that had Alexander went back to the store to purchase the tickets and then went home without letting Pearsall know that he had purchased more tickets then there would be no obligation to split the winnings.

 

1. Relate the case to your own experience, if applicable, or to the experience someone else has shared with you.

I think an experience of mine that relates to this would be me and a friend trying to sneak chocolate at each other’s houses growing up.  This may seem petty ( and it is), but the idea of us partnering to essentially play a game of chance in whether or not we could grab the chocolate relates to them buying the lottery ticket.  Also, if my friend found the chocolate and then didn’t share it with me, I would not be happy.

 

1. How will you apply the lessons from this case to your future career?

This case is a good lesson in proceed with caution when entering into a partnership, even when entering into a partnership of some kind with someone you would consider a friend.

 

1. Write recommendations to avoid future legal problems and that best suit the objectives of a firm or company in your chosen career field.

Make clear your intentions to enter into a partnership or not enter into a partnership, and what specifically that will entail, even when the partnership is with someone well-known to you.

 

Case4:

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CASE NAME: Rea V. Paulson

1. Legal Cognizance

2. Facts:

3. Briefly describe the facts.

The Plaintiff, Ken Rea, and some other family were taking care of their sick mother who then moved in with her son, the defendant, Larry Paulson, his wife, and her child.  Paulson encouraged his sick mother to put her home in Rainier in his name so that the state could not take it from her.  The sick mother had tried to out the home in Rea’s name before, however, he told her it wasn’t necessary because they would not take her home from her.  During the time that their mother was sick, Paulson became power of attorney and a new deed was outlined.  The home was later sold or the ownership was transferred to Rita Brady, from what I can tell, by Paulson after the death of his mother.  Rea brought action to set aside the deed outlined by his brother.  A cross claim was filed by Rita Brady for damages in the event that he won the suit against Paulson.

1. Which facts were key to the outcome?  The facts are that Paulson outlined a new deed for his ailing mother, who had a deed already stating that they would be treated equally.

 

2. Legal issue:

3. What legal issue(s) does this case illustrate (i.e. why is this case in the chapter)? This case covers Mistake.

4. What are all of the elements of the main legal rule that this case illustrates?  For instance, if the case is about undue influence, list ALL of the elements that the court in this case said had to be proven by the plaintiff. They have to prove that there was an erroneous belief that facts were true.

Repeat 2. for each issue raised.  (For example, a case may discuss 1. Whether there is an implied-in-fact contract, and II.  Whether the UCC or common law applied.  If so, you will repeat 2. for each of these two issues.)

1. Expand Perspective, Gain Interpersonal Understanding, and Critically Assess Implications

2. Prevailing party’s point of view:

3. What legal arguments were made by the prevailing party? Prevailing party’s issue is the new deed which led to the selling of the mother’s home to Brady.

4. What facts, legal reasoning, social policy, and ethical principles would support a ruling for the prevailing party? That they had told their mother putting the home in another name wasn’t necessary and that her original deed had them treated equally.

 

1. What were the probable motivations behind the prevailing party’s actions leading up to the dispute?  After the dispute? The motivations were the new deed that led to the home being sold.

Repeat 3. for each and every issue in the case.

4. Losing party’s point of view:

5. What legal arguments were made by the losing party?  Essentially they argued that the plaintiff assumed or bore the risk of the mistake.

6.   What facts, legal reasoning, social policy, and ethical principles would support a ruling for the losing party? Had they agreed to the new deed this would have ended differently.

7. What were the probable motivations behind the losing party’s actions leading up to the dispute?  After the dispute?  They just wanted the money from the home perhaps.

Repeat 4. for each and every issue in the case.

5. Judge’s point of view:

6. How did the court rule on each argument?  The judge ruled in favor of Rea, the plaintiff.

7. What facts, legal reasoning, social policy, and ethical principles did the court use to support its ruling?  That they found no reason that the plaintiff would bear or assume the risk.

8. What were the probable motivations behind the judge’s decision?  That there was no reason that the plaintiff bore the risk.

Repeat 5. for each ruling made by the judge.

1. Find Recent Developments and Diverse Theories, Synthesize, and Compare

2. Different Rules:  Pose the question “What if the court adopted a different legal rule?” Had the court said that the last person taking care of the mother had the right to assume power of attorney and essentially “what they said and did goes,” the case would have been ruled on differently.

3. Search the web for other articles to refer to in your article or call an attorney or business professional who may have experience with this type of issue.  Write a brief one-paragraph summary of this case or article: I actually found a mutual mistake case brief on www.lawnix.com .  The case is Wood V. Boynton.  The facts were that Wood, the plaintiff, sold Boynton, the defendant, a gem they both believed to be topaz.  Boynton only paid Wood $1 for the gem.  Boynton discovered the gem was actually a diamond worth $700 dollars.  Wood made an offer of $1.10 to purchase the stone back from Boynton, which was refused.  Wood took Boynton to court but the judge ruled in favor of Boynton, citing that it was a mutual mistake and the gem could not be rescinded without fraud.  Meaning that the only way he could regain ownership of the gem is to prove that Boynton committed fraud in the purchase.

 

1. Ponder and reflect to compare this case to recent news and cases.  This is the really cool part.  You will be thinking like a legally astute manager, owner, or professional as you read, analyze and compare cases to draw your conclusions.  Some neat ideas to help with your analysis:  If the outcomes of the recent cases you found are different, can you make sense of the different outcomes?  Are there different legal standards that make for different outcomes?  Is there a trend leaning more in favor of a plaintiff or defendant’s position?  Are the outcomes the same or different simply because the facts are similar or dissimilar?  What accounts for the same or different results?  Write your thoughts here: The two cases here are not very similar.  I can, however, reflect on this case.  I agree with the judge’s ruling in this case because I can understand that this was a mutual error.  It would not be fair to take the gem away from Boynton because of something he found out after the fact.  While it is a hard hit for Wood it was no one’s fault.  I can make sense of the different outcomes here.  The plaintiff in this case did bear the risk here, because he sold the gem before he researched into it.  Had he done research about the gem he would likely have known that it was a diamond.

 

 

1. Creative, Application and Critical Thinking Questions

2. Your point of view of the case in the book:

3. Do you agree or disagree with the actual outcome? Why or why not? Because I did not get to read the entire summary of the case, just what I could find, I agree mostly with the ruling.  I feel this way because I think that the plaintiff had been taking care of his mother before his brother moved her in with him.  He had assumed the responsibility of her caregiver, along with his wife and siblings, and he had informed her that she did not need to put the home in any other name.  I do feel that as power of attorney Paulson should have been more ethical in his decisions.  He was using the money she received for her health benefit and also using her credit cards to purchase personal items for himself.

4. Change it up:  Pose the question “What if the facts were different?”  Create changes to the facts that would probably result in a different outcome of the case and, using critical thinking and legal reasoning, tell why your change in facts would make a difference.

5.   Relate the case to your own experience, if applicable, or to the experience someone else has shared with you.

6.  How will you apply the lessons from this case to your future career? I will use this case in my future to make sure that something like this does not happen to anyone, acquaintances or clients perhaps.  I would not want their wants to slip through the cracks because of health issues.

 

1. Write recommendations to avoid future legal problems and that best suit the objectives of a firm or company in your chosen career field. I would recommend that any family members of a sick parent always make the decisions about the parent together and for the benefit of the parent and with the wishes of the parent.

 
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WK6 QUIZ CA408

Question 1  

By definition, mixed-methods research designs

include both relationship questions and difference questions in the same study.

include both descriptive and inferential statistics in the analysis.

include both quantitative and qualitative data.

include a number of quantitative measures of student performance.

Question 2 

Of the following, which best illustrates an example of a mixed-methods study?

Jenka conducts interviews and observations in her study of transitional students.

Vanda conducts observations and supplements her findings with class grades.

Micky looks at percentages of successful transitions from the district and class grades.

Svec interviews both parents and their children regarding transition.

Question 3

 A study that relies primarily on quantitative data and uses qualitative data to follow up is considered an example of which approach to mixed methods design?

Multiphase iterative

Embedded

Exploratory

Explanatory

Question 4 

Dorothy has been collecting both quantitative and qualitative data in parallel. She wanted to ensure triangulation with the hope that analyses of both data sets lead to similar conclusions about the phenomenon under investigation. Which design has Dorothy employed?

Convergent

Embedded

Multiphase iterative

Explanatory

Question 5 

Rodrigo wanted to investigate students’ feeling about reading for pleasure. First, he interviewed students and then he used insights from the interviews to construct a survey to collect quantitative data. Which design has Rodrigo employed?

Convergent

Embedded

Exploratory

ExplanatoryQuestion 6

Sharon wanted to investigate student perceptions of homework. First, she distributed a survey to students and their parents and collected quantitative data. Second, she interviewed a few participants to gain insights on their survey responses. Which design has Sharon employed?

Convergent

Embedded

Exploratory

Explanatory

Question 7  

Tacita is interested in how teachers’ classroom management practices change over time. She conducts observations of 8 teachers’ classrooms over the course of five years. She interviews the teachers and follows up with counts of referral data, disciplinary notes in children’s files, and number of notes home per teacher per year. This study can be described as a:

QUAN-QUAL study

QUAN-qual study

QUAL-quan study

Quantitative study

Question 8

 The QUAN-qual model of mixed methods design is also known as

triangulation.

interpretation.

exploratory.

explanatory.

Question 9

 Mixed-methods research that has more than one phase usually employs which type of sampling method?

stratified random

purposive

probability

systematic

Question 10  

Mixed-methods researchers should ask themselves, “Are the quantitative and qualitative data equally relevant to the same or related topics and research question(s)?” This question is most useful to help the researcher evaluate:

the validity of the study.

the purpose of the study.

the type of analysis to be used in the study.

the conclusions drawn as a result of the study.

 
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Business Law HW

CAPACITY & LEGALITY

 

1. Joan, who is sixteen years old, moves out of her parents’ home and signs a one-year lease for an apartment at Kenwood Apartments. Joan’s parents tell her that she can return to live with them at any time. Unable to pay the rent, Joan moves back to her parents’ home two months later. Can Kenwood enforce the lease against Joan? Why or why not?

 

2. A famous New York City hotel, Hotel Lux, is noted for its food as well as its luxury accommodations. Hotel Lux contracts with a famous chef, Chef Perlee, to become its head chef at $30,000 per month. The contract states that should Perlee leave the employment of Hotel Lux for any reason, he will not work as a chef for any hotel or restaurant in New York, New Jersey, or Pennsylvania for a period of one year. During the first six months of the contract, Hotel Lux heavily advertises Perlee as its head chef, and business at the hotel is excellent. Then a dispute arises between the hotel’s management and Perlee, and Perlee terminates his employment. One month later, he is hired by a famous New Jersey restaurant just across the New York state line. Hotel Lux learns of Perlee’s employment through a large advertisement in a New York City newspaper. It seeks to enjoin (prevent) Perlee from working in that restaurant as a chef for one year. Discuss how successful Hotel Lux will be in its action.

 

3. Joanne is a seventy-five-year-old widow who survives on her husband’s small pension. Joanne has become increasingly forgetful, and her family worries that she may have Alzheimer’s disease (a brain disorder that seriously affects a person’s ability to carry out daily activities). No physician has diagnosed her, however, and no court has ruled on Joanne’s legal competence. One day while she is out shopping, Joanne stops by a store that is having a sale on pianos and enters into a fifteen-year installment contract to buy a grand piano. When the piano arrives the next day, Joanne seems confused and repeatedly asks the delivery person why a piano is being delivered. Joanne claims that she does not recall buying a piano. Explain whether this contract is void, voidable, or valid. Can Joanne avoid her contractual obligation to buy the piano? If so, how?

 

4. State X requires that persons who prepare and serve liquor in the form of drinks at commercial establishments be licensed by the state to do so. The only requirement for obtaining a yearly license is that the person be at least twenty-one years old. Mickey, aged thirtyfive, is hired as a bartender for the Southtown Restaurant. Gerald, a staunch alumnus of a nearby university, brings twenty of his friends to the restaurant to celebrate a football victory one afternoon. Gerald orders four rounds of drinks, and the bill is nearly $600. When he learns that Mickey has failed to renew his bartender’s license, Gerald refuses to pay, claiming that the contract is unenforceable. Discuss whether Gerald is correct.

 
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BUSINESS LAW

Neurology Associates, LLP v. Elizabeth Blackwell, M.D.

Learning outcomes checklist:

If you master the material presented here you will be able to:

A. Explain the legal doctrines that govern the use of restrictive covenants.

B. Interpret and apply the rules set forth in the case law presented.

C. Articulate a cogent argument for each party/side in the dispute.

D. Negotiate a tenable solution as an alternative to a judicial forum.

The material in your text provides you with the legal doctrines and rules that govern contract law, an area of law immensely important to business. The purpose of this simulation is to give you an opportunity to apply the topics covered in your text pertaining to contract law and to connect that with the use of a simulated legal dispute. This will require you to apply legal doctrines and use analytical and critical thinking skills.

The simulation consists of three parts:

PART I: a hypothetical fact pattern that sets the stage of the legal dispute between the parties, in the imaginary state of Longville, U.S.A.

PART II: a set of two hypothetical cases from the Longville appellate courts that provide a brief set of fact, some legal points, and short excerpts from the decisions themselves. (The cases here, while only hypothetical, are in fact based on actual cases and represent the view of the majority of state courts in the U.S.).

PART III: your assignment, with instructions.

________________________________________________________________________________________________

PART I: STIPULATED FACTS

1. In May 2005, Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell (“Blackwell”) had earned her Medical Doctor degree and completed all necessary requirements to receive a license to practice medicine in the State of Longville. She specialized in neurological medicine. Although she was offered professional opportunities in several large hospitals, she pursued an employment offer with Neurological Associates, LLC (“NA”). NA is a two-physician practice located in a small town in the southwestern area of the state of Longville and located 20 miles north of the City of Galway, the largest city in Longville. Although the pay was lower than the larger hospitals, Blackwell wanted to be close to her family and did not wish to engage in a practice that required the strenuous schedules associated with larger medical providers.

2. NA was managed by the two partners, Dr. Richard Cohn (“Cohn”) and Dr. Jean Valjean (“Valjean”). While negotiating Blackwell’s Employment Agreement, Cohn was the primary contact and the parties agreed to compensation terms, vacation, on-call duties(after hours), and a fringe benefit package. The agreement included an arbitration clause requiring that the parties agree to nonbinding arbitration in the event of a dispute arising from the Employment Agreement. The Employment Agreement also provided for Blackwell to have paid time off to study for and take the examinations required to become board certified in neurology. NA agreed to a $1,000 payment to be used for a course intended to help prepare candidates for the test. Blackwell began her employment with NA on June 1, 2005.

3. Immediately after hiring Blackwell, NA paid for Blackwell to accompany them to a medical conference at which they were scheduled to speak. At the conference, Cohn and Valjean introduced her to a number of physicians in hopes of building the referral base for the practice.

4. In July 2005, Cohn approached Blackwell and told her that he needed her to sign an additional document that was supposed to be part of her contract, but that Cohn had neglected to mention during negotiations. He explained that the document was standard procedure in medical practices and that he had been so busy during the negotiations period that he had forgotten to mention it to Blackwell. He went on to explain that Blackwell should sign the document by the end of the workday and that this would “make the lawyers happy.”

5. The document was titled ‘Addendum to Contract-Restrictive Covenant and Noncompete Clause” and read in pertinent part:

Section 1: The parties hereby agree, inconsideration of the exchange of good, valuable, and sufficient consideration, to be bound by the following provision:

For a period of three years after the date of her separation from NA, Blackwell

agrees that she will not contract with any provider of neurological services,

nor compete in anyway with NA, within a radius of 50 miles of NA’s practice

location. It is acknowledged that this restriction covers the entirety of the

Southwestern region of Longville.

6. Blackwell felt that she should have a lawyer review the document, but Cohn insisted the addendum was normal procedure and that she needed to sign it quickly to make things “legal.” He emphasized that he would have to

have the document by the end of the day or that, as it was a condition of her employment, Blackwell’s payroll check could not be processed until the document had been signed. Blackwell reluctantly signed the document

and submitted it to Cohn.

7. In August 2009, Blackwell began to have conflicts with Cohn and, to a lesser extent, Valjean. While Cohn and Valjean took frequent vacations during the summer, Blackwell was left to staff the practice alone. She felt overwhelmed and

met with Cohn to discuss a more equitable work schedule. Cohn refused any negotiation explaining that Blackwell was hired as a “workhorse” and that her salary was fair given the size of the practice and market. Cohn urged Blackwell to continue her hard work and not to complain about her work schedule. Eventually, explained Cohn, Blackwell would become a partner in the

practice and would enjoy the fruits of her labor.

8. In September 2009, Blackwell continued to

handle a very heavy caseload seeing almost twice as many patients as Cohn or Valjean. In response to Blackwell’s plea for additional staff, NA hired a new physician to help manage the caseload. Although Blackwell was initially relieved, the situation at work continued to deteriorate. The workload was such that Cohn kept denying Blackwell’s request for time off to prepare for the upcoming board

certification exam, advising her to put if off until the caseload lightened up a bit.

9. Blackwell began to receive phone calls from recruiters trying to lure her away from the practice to work at a new neurology clinic in Galway Hospital (located in the City of Galway). The recruiters offered a significant

amount of money because there was a substantial shortage of neurologists in the southwest region of Longville. However, Blackwell never pursued these opportunities because she believed the restrictive covenant prevented her

from working in Galway.

10. In January 2010, Blackwell was granted her paid leave to prepare for her board certification and she took the exam in February 2010. However, after she returned to the practice, she began to feel even more isolated from the

other physicians.

11. On March 1, 2010, Blackwell, fed up with NA, announced that she was giving NA 60-days notice that she was leaving the practice to join Galway Hospital in the City of Galway and that her resignation was effective on May 1, 2010. She anticipated starting at Galway on June 1, 2010. Galway was forming a new neurology practice group and they had offered to employ Blackwell as one of the

founding physicians in the group.

12. Cohn immediately sent Blackwell a letter informing her that he accepted her resignation, but that she had responsibilities under her contract that prevented her from accepting a new position with a competitor.

PART 2: STATE OF LONGVILLE CASE LAW: Wellspan Hospital and Medical Group v. Phillip Bayliss, M.D., Supreme Court of the State of Longville (2005)

Facts:

· This is the leading case on restrictive covents/noncompete agreements in the context of medical practices in the state of Longville. It has not been modified or reversed since it was decided.

· Wellspan is a not-for-profit health care system located in Columbus County in the southeastern portion of the state of Longville. Bayliss is a physician specializing in OB/GYN services.

· Wellspan hired Bayliss as its medical director in 2000 at which time Bayliss signed an employment agreement that included a restrictive covenant under which Bayliss agreed not to engage in medical practice in Columbus County and five other contiguous counties (this covered the entire southeastern region of Longville) for a period of two years after the separation of employment between Wellspan and Bayliss.

· Wellspan invested over $1 million in equipping Bayliss’s practice, hiring additional physicians, and promotional strategies intended on marketing the practice and increasing the number of referrals.

· Relations between Wellspan and Bayliss deteriorated when they disagreed over Wellspan’s expansion strategy. In February 2004, Bayliss resigned his position at Wellspan and established his OB/GYN practice only 5 miles from the Wellspan practice. This was within the area covered under the restrictive covenant.

· The state’s highest court considered the enforceability of Wellspan’s restrictive covenant against Bayliss.

POINTS OF LAW AND OPINION EXCERPTS

The state of Longville courts will enforce a restrictive covenant only if it is reasonably necessary to protect the legitimate interests of the employer and courts may either strike down a covenant altogether or may reform (known as blue-lining) a covenant if it is overbroad in some way.

Excerpt (a)

“Courts in the State of Longville have historically been reluctant to enforce contracts that place restraints on trade or on the ability of an individual to earn a living; however, postemployment noncompetition covenants are not per se unreasonable or unenforceable.”

Point (b)

The threshold requirement* for enforceability of a covenant is that the employer must be protecting a legitimate business interest. The primary legitimate business interests that Longville courts have held to be protectible in a covenant are (1) trade secrets or confidential business information, (2) customer goodwill, and (3) investments in the employee.

Excerpt (b l)

“A trade secret is legitimate business interest because it may include a compilation of information which is used in one’s business that gives one an opportunity to obtain an advantage over competitors. A trade secret does not include an employee’s aptitude, skill, dexterity, manual and mental ability, or other subjective knowledge. In addition, if a competitor could obtain the information by legitimate means, it will not be given protection as a trade secret.”

Excerpt (b2)

“The interest protected under the umbrella of goodwill is a business’s positive reputation. Goodwill represents a preexisting relationship arising from a continuous course of business which is expected to continue indefinitely. A business’s goodwill is considered a protectable interest even when the goodwill has been acquired through the efforts of an employee. The concept of customer goodwill as a protectable interest has been applied to patient relationships when the noncompetition covenant at issue involves a health care professional. This court has cited the erosion of the ex-employer’s patient relationships as one factor in the decision to enforce a restrictive covenant.

*Definition: Threshold Requirement: A requirement that must be met by the plaintiff prior to the court engaging in further legal analysis to determine the rights of the parties.

Except (b 3)

“A third protectible interest recognized by Longville courts is the efforts and financial resources invested by an employer to provide to its employees specialized training in the methods of the employer’s business. In a past case, the defendant was a salesman of securities who had received extensive and continuous training from his employer, particularly with respect to methods and problems in the sale of mutual fund shares. He then voluntarily left his position with his employer and started his own business selling mutual fund shares. The court enforced the noncompetition covenant at issue, enjoining the defendant from engaging in the business of selling mutual fund shares in Pennsylvania. The court found merit in the argument that it would be inequitable for the defendant to start a new business in direct competition with his ex-employer after having received extensive, specialized training in the methods and problems of the business directly from his ex-employer.”

Point (c)

A medical practice’s patient referral base is a legitimate protectible business interest when a medical practice can demonstrate that they have invested in the production and generation of such a base.

Except (c)

“Recognizing a patient referral base as a protect interest and of protecting the investments required to develop such a base is consistent with our holding in other employer-employee situation outside the health care field. In the context of a noncompetition covenant, we think that the referral bases of a specialized medical care institution are analogous to a physician’s patient relationships or an employer’s customer relationships. Viewed in such a light, recognition of a patient referral base as a protected interest fits squarely within Longville case law.”

Point (d)

If the threshold requirement of protectible interest is met, the next step in the analysis is to apply two balancing tests: (1) the employer’s protectible interest balanced against the employee’s interest in earning a living, and (2) the employee and employer interest with the interests of the public.

Except (d 1)

“In weighing the competing interests of employer and employee, the court must engage in an analysis of reasonableness. First, the covenant must be reasonably necessary for the protection of the employer. In addition, the temporal and geographical restrictions imposed on the ex-employee must be reasonably limited.”

Except (d 2)

“Regarding the second balancing test, in the context of noncompete agreement among physicians, the interests of the public are defined as a function of the availability of appropriate medical services to the community. Since there is no evidence of a lack of availability of OB/GYN physicians within the restricted area, the interests of the public are served and, thus, enforcement of the covenant against Bayliss does not result in public harm.”

HELD: Because Wellspan has shown that they have a legitimate business interest in protecting their patient referral base, and that the court has determined that the restriction is tailored to those interests, and that no public harm will be suffered by enforcement of the restriction, the court finds in favor of Wellspan.

Regional General Hospital v. Anesthesiology Associates, Inc.,

Appellate Court of the State of Longville (2007)

Facts

· Anesthesiology Associates Inc. (“AAI”) is a medical practice that employs physicians

and certified registered nurse anesthetists (“Employee”). In January 2002, AAI entered

into a contract with Regional General Hospital (“Regional”) to provide mutually agreed upon services to Regional’s patients.

· The employment agreements that AAI has with its Employees contained a postemployment rrestrictive covenant wherein Employees agreed to the following restrictions: (1)that for a period of two years from,”separation from AAI, ex-Employees would not contract with or compete against AAI at any facility where AAI was currently the provider of anesthesiology services, and (2) that for a period of one year from separation, ex-Employees agreed not to contract or compete against AAI at any facility where AAI has provided services for the last 12 months ending on the period of the Employee’s departure date. Because AAI provided services to more than 35 hospitals in five different state, the geographic restrictions effectively covered a five-state region.

· Regional let the agreement with AAI expire and offered direct employment to several

AAI Employees. Fearing that Employees of AAI would not accept these employment

offers for fear of a lawsuit by AAI based on breach of the restrictive covenant, Regional

filed suit against AAI, seeking a declaratory judgment* that the Covenant was unenforce-

able because it was overly broad in scope and duration and unduly restricted the AAI

Employees from accepting employment with Regional.

*Definition: Declaratory Judgment : A remedy used to determine the rights of the parties in a set of circumstances (such

as the enforceability of a contract) and is binding on the litigants even though no damages were awarded.

POINTS OF LAW AND OPINION EXCERPTS

Point (a)

In accordance with the Supreme Court of Longville’s decision in Wellspan v. Bayliss, this court will enforce a restrictive covenant only if it is reasonably necessary to protect the legitimate interests of the employer.

Point (b)

In addition to the legitimate business interest, the restriction must be narrowly enough tailored so that it is reasonably necessary to protect the interest of the employer. If an employer does not compete in a particular geographic area, enforcement of a covenant in that area is not reasonably necessary for the employer’s protection. Any restriction that is overly broad in geographic scope and duration renders it unenforceable, and courts have the authority to either pare back the restriction or to set it aside entirely.

Excerpt (b 1)

“In determining reasonableness of scope and duration, we must balance the interest the employer seeks to protect against the important interest of the employee in being able to earn a living in her chosen profession. The court finds that neither the time limitations, nor the territorial scope of the agreement are overly broad or unreasonable. Furthermore, although the noncompete clause coveres five states in scope, such restriction is reasonable given the regional nature of their current hospital clientele. In this case, the restrictions are narrowly tailored to be limited only to certain providers within that region.”

HELD: In favor of AAI. AAI’s restrictive covenants in its employment agreements were reasonably related to AAI’s business interests and were not overly broad.

Instructions: Answers to the following questions regarding the case of Neurological Associates, LLC v. Blackwell. Be sure to read this over carefully.

In your answers, make sure you include the legal reasoning needed to show your understanding and mastery of contract law. Make sure to answer the entire question.

1. Identify the formation elements in the first contract signed by the parties.

2. Identify the formation elements in the non-compete agreement, signed later.

3. Could Blackwell reasonably claim that she was under duress when signing the restrictive covenant? What factors would suggest that she could/couldn’t. Is the fact that she subjectively feared for her job relevant? Why?

4. What is the primary factor in deciding whether a party may avoid a contract based on a claim of undue influence? Could it apply to the Blackwell case?

5. Apply the good faith standard that underlies all contract law in terms of how the parties acted in this case. Could either party have breached the covenant of good faith? What actions specifically support your conclusion?

6. Did any of the parties’ actions on either side amount to a breach of contract? Does the doctrine of anticipatory repudiation apply? Why? When, if ever, did one party anticipatorily repudiate the Employment Agreement?

7. Assuming Blackwell prevails (wins), what remedies are available to her? Assuming NA prevails, what remedies are available to it?

8. Can NA legitimately protect their interests in their patient base and referral base in the entire 50-mile radius? Couldn’t Blackwell simply locate her practice outside the restricted area? What arguments could either party make to justify/deny the effectiveness of such a restriction?

9. The case law does not give an exact number of years, but there are no cases that provide for a 3-year covenant such as the one Blackwell signed. Is 3 years necessary to protect NA’s interest? What argument would you make in support of NA’s claim that such an extended time period is required?

10. Given the objectives of each party (e.g. NA’s desire to protect their legitimate business interest; Blackwell’s desire to practice medicine in southwestern Longville), could the parties agree to a tenable, non-judicial solution that is mutually beneficial? What terms would you propose?

 
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