Archive for year: 2023

Module 13 Laboratory (edit) (2).docx

ASTEROIDS AND CRATERS

Asteroids are small rocky objects that orbit the Sun. For the most part, asteroids are located in a region between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter called the asteroid belt. However, the orbits of some asteroids bring them closer to the Sun and some of these cross the Earth’s orbit. The possibility exists for these Near Earth Asteroids (NEA; sometimes listed as NEO for Near Earth Objects) to collide with the Earth. If you go out to a field in the country, away from the city lights, you can see the effects of smaller asteroids (called meteors) slamming into the Earth’s atmosphere and burning up. These are called shooting stars, even though they have nothing to do with stars. Larger asteroids have survived their encounter with the atmosphere and have struck the ground. When they hit the ground, they are called meteorites, and they leave large impact craters where they land. If the asteroid is large enough, the damage can be enormous. Fortunately, the Earth does not suffer such impacts regularly. However, it has happened in the past and it will probably happen again in the future, but when?

After witnessing the impact of the Shoemaker-Levi 9 comet with Jupiter (which produced explosions larger than our entire planet), many scientists, astronomers, amateurs, and NASA officials became interested in searching for NEA’s that might threaten the Earth. The exercise today will take you through the process that professional astronomers use to find asteroids. Amateur astronomers can also find asteroids using relatively inexpensive equipment. The software you are using today can be used to really find asteroids! In Activity I, you will estimate ages from crater counts on the moon.

Lunar Lowlands

Activity I

In this Activity you will determine the age of the lunar surface by counting craters of a particular size. The craters were made by asteroid impacts, and asteroids have bombarded the entire lunar surface equally. However, in the distant past, lowland areas (maria) were filled in by ancient lava flows, erasing the older craters and clearing the landscape for new bombardments.

These lava flows did not reach the highland areas (mountains), so they remained pristine. Therefore, the number of craters in a given area can be used to determine how old the surface is.

Important: Make sure that you use a high-quality printer when you print out these photos!

 

Lunar Highlands

The pictures of the lunar surface on this and the previous page should be very close to 6 ½ inches on a side. The diameter of the craters that we are interested in are between 4 and 10 kilometers. On this scale, this corresponds to between 1 and 2 of the tick marks on the ‘inches’ side of the lab ruler (between 1/16 and 2/16 inches). Count the number of craters in each image with the correct size (yes, there should be a lot of them!) Suggested technique: place the ruler on the bottom of the image with the ‘inches’ side up. Look across the top of the ruler for any candidate craters of the proper side. Measure rim to rim. If the diameter is between 1 and 2 tick marks, then it counts. Slowly move the ruler up the image, scanning all the way to the edges for candidate craters. You should work on one image at a time very carefully highlighting all craters within this size range.. *Hint: the ‘Lunar Highlands’ picture should take longer to complete. When you have finished, record the total number of craters in each image on the worksheet.

Crater Counting Graph

Crater Counts:

Lunar Lowlands

1st Count____________________

2nd Count____________________

Average____________________

Lunar Highlands

1st Count____________________

2nd Count____________________

Average____________________

1. The y-axis on the above plot is calibrated for a lunar surface area of 106 km2 The area we used was smaller than this: about 1.9 × 105 km2 So we need to find the scale factor: Divide 106 km2 by 1.9 × 105 km2. The scale factor is _______________ .

2. Multiply the Average values from each average count by the scale factor from 1:

Lunar Lowlands __________Lunar Highlands __________

 

3. Look at the y-axis on the plot above. If your values from 2 are NOT between 100 and 600, please try counting again. If they are, draw two horizontal lines (use the ruler), one at the y-axis value for Lunar Lowlands from 2, the second at the y-axis value for Lunar Highlands from 2.

4. Draw two vertical lines (use a ruler) where each of your horizontal lines intersects the solid line – the data for the moon. (Ignore the dashed line – it’s for Mars). Your vertical lines will intersect the x-axis, which is time in years ago. For example, if your line intersected at –2, then the surface would be 2 billion years old. Estimate the ages from your lines:

 

Lunar Lowlands __________Lunar Highlands __________

 

Activity II

 

 

1. For ”= 271.385 arcseconds, find the following distance to an asteroid:

Distance = 206,265* ⦘ if the baseline is 5000 km.

_______________________________________________

2. Compare this distance the average Earth – Moon distance by dividing your

Answer in the above calculation by the Earth – Moon distance (384,400 km)

_______________________________________________

3. Using your answer to number 2 would you classify this asteroid as a Near Earth Asteroid? Why or why not? Consider the fact that Mars, when it is closest to Earth is about 203.7 Moon distances away.

_______________________________________________

 

 

1.1 ASTEROIDS QUESTIONS

1. Assume that your crater count for Activity I was 150. Use the plot on page 7 to determine

The age of the lunar surface ______________ years

The age of the Martian surface ______________ years

2. How would these ages change if your crater count was 425?

The age of the lunar surface ______________ years

The age of the Martian surface ______________ years

3. If the parallax angle for an asteroid viewed in Activity II was π”= 457.657 arcseconds, find the distance to the asteroid in kilometers. Show work.

 

 

 

4. For a time of 36 hrs, 27 min, 36.54 sec, calculate the total number of seconds in this interval.

 

 

 

5. For an asteroid moving with a velocity of 12 km/hr, how far (in km) would it travel in a time of 48 hours? Show work.

 

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A home gets its water from the public supply. Which of the following would be the best way for the homeowner to obtain a water-quality report?

Purchase a home sampling kit on the Internet Record observations made by smelling and tasting the tap water Request data from the local water treatment facility Ask neighbors for a sample of their water to compare

 

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Question 1

 

Why is a “ready” investigative kit so important and valuable to accident preparedness?

 

Your response must be at least 75 words in length.

 

Question 2

 

There are several interviewing tips; which, in your opinion, is the most important?

 

Your response must be at least 75 words in length.

 

Question 3

 

One step in the accident investigation process is preserving the scene of the accident. How do you preserve an accident scene?

 

Your response must be at least 75 words in length.

 

Question 4

Consider the following accident scenario:

 

Three workers were assigned to replace a water valve located in an underground concrete vault. After removing the manhole cover, worker #1 climbed down the ladder into the vault. Worker #1 collapsed and became unconscious within seconds of reaching the bottom. Worker #2 went down the ladder to rescue worker #1 but was quickly overcome by the lack of oxygen. Both workers died at the bottom of the vault. Worker #3 stayed outside the vault and called for emergency response after worker #2 collapsed.

 

Develop a list of five questions you would ask a witness to the accident. Explain why you chose each question.

 

Your response must be at least 200 words in length.

 

Question 5

 

Consider the following accident scenario:

 

Two workers were assigned to replace a water valve located in an underground concrete vault. After removing the manhole cover, worker #1 climbed down the ladder into the vault. Worker #1 collapsed and became unconscious within seconds of reaching the bottom. Worker #2 went down the ladder to rescue worker #1 but was quickly overcome by the lack of oxygen. Both workers died at the bottom of the vault. Worker #3 stayed outside the vault and called for emergency response after worker #2 collapsed.

 

Applying the “four P” evidence concept (physical, paper, people, and photographic), discuss the evidence related to the accident that you would want to collect. Explain the reasons for your choices.

 

Your response must be at least 500 words in length.

 

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MATH INVOLVED

Instructions: Municipalities make every effort to best use resources and technologies in their management of non-hazardous wastes.  It can take 5 five to 10 ten years to construct and to permit a new landfill site.  It is to everyone advantage to use the space in a manner that the right types of waste are disposed of and that compaction levels of the waste are high. This is accomplished when easily degradable wastes are composted, when particle sizes are uniform and every opportunity is made to remove recyclable content.  The technologies in this chapter are examples of the available tools that engineers use to accomplish these objectives, and this assignment will allow you to further explore this topic.

Answer the questions directly on this document. When you are finished, select “Save As,” and save the document using this format: Student ID_Unit# (ex. 1234567_UnitI). Upload this document to BlackBoard as a .doc, docx, or .rtf file. The specified word count is given for each question. At a minimum, you must use your textbook as a resource for these questions. Other sources may be used as needed. All material from outside sources (including your textbook) must be cited and referenced in APA format. Please include a reference list after each question.

1) Consider the residential waste components (1st column in Table 2-6 on page p. 53 in the textbook) and answer the following questions: (Your total response for all parts of this question should be at least 300 words.)

a. What components of mixed municipal solid waste (MSW) are rejected in storage and sent via truck to the landfill?

b. What components pass through the trommel screen? What components are screened out through the trommel screen?

c. What components that passed through the trommel screen are captured in the magnetic separator? What components are sent to the flattener?

d. What components are removed in the sorting step? See Figure 5-38 (on p.age 225) for additional details.

e. What materials pass through the sorting step and go into the Hammermill shredding operation?

f. What materials are separated in the air classifier operation?

g. How do these processes demonstrate best practices of solid waste management?

2) A local municipality has plans to annex a suburb community of 80,000 people. Neither the municipality nor the community has a curbside recyclinge program as they both put all of their refuse into the trash bin for collection. The municipality hand sorts the refuse and recognizes that they it will need to hire new employees and establish a budget to hand sort a larger amount of waste. Assume the following: (1) hand sorting is done 8 eight hours per day; 5 five days per week and (2) employees are paid $21/hr, and that includes allotted benefits. (For Parts A and B of this question, show all of your work.)

a. How many new full-time employees will need to be hired?

b. What additional budget should be planned to cover the cost of the new employees?

c. What do you think would happen if these additional employees were not hired? Describe how this would affect the municipality and why it is best to hire these additional employees. (Your response for Part C of this question should be at least 100 words).

3) Your facility has purchased an air classification system with a fan that can generate an air flow rate in the system that goes up to 15 ft/sec. Your hammermill Hammermill shredder is able to provide a wastestream containing plastic that passes a 2 cm grate. The density of the plastic is 0.955 g/cm. The facility does not have the means to conduct a drop test, but as the site consultant, they want you to make your best estimate about whether the unit will separate out the plastic from the shredded waste. Show all work before you give your estimate. (Your total response for all parts of this question should be at least 200 words.)

4) Describe how the terms coding and switching are used in relation to MSW. Show how these terms apply to picking and hand- sorting operations, and describe best practices for each. (Your total response for all parts of this question should be at least 200 words.)

5) a. Describe how these separation technologies have evolved over the last decade. Include the factors that are driving the development and commercialization of these operations to be used in treating municipal solid waste.

b. In your opinion, which of the separation technologies in use today would qualify to be classified as best in class? State your criteria for what qualifies as best in class and state your reasons for your selection. (Your total response for all parts of this question should be at least 200 words.)

 

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