Archive for year: 2023

Choose two of the four topics as listed below: Decontamination Principles, Sterilization Methods, Preparation of Medical Equipment and Supplies, and Inventory Control and Distribution Systems. Once the two case studies are chosen, answer the questions using your own words and address the conflict or issue with a solution specific to the topics chosen. You can utilize your text or other credible sources to build a thorough paper that contains at least six main ideas with supporting details regarding the topic chosen and a minimum of three credible references. The paper must be written in APA or MLA format with an introduction, body, and conclusion. Please refer to rubric regarding specific grading criteria.

1. Decontamination Principles: Dr. Frankie is a prestigious neurosurgeon

at Glory Medical Center. During the last week, the surgical technician

in the operating room has noticed that dirty instruments have made it

into the OR. The technician finally decides to consult with the supervisor

because the incident has now occurred three days in a row. What issue

has occurred, and what may be the cause of this/these errors? What

might the sterile processing department have to do to resolve this issue?

Explain the decontamination process. What extra efforts can be made to

ensure that clean instruments are delivered to the surgical suite?

2. Sterilization Methods: Kristine, a technician in the sterile processing

department, has noticed that after sterilization at least two out of

every four loads sterilized for the day are moist. She has consulted with

her supervisor on effective ways in which she could troubleshoot the

concerns with wet loads, because it has now affected the department’s

work efficiency and quality control. Why might the loads be wet? What

solutions can Kristine apply to ensure that the processed instrument sets

aren’t moist? Define a wet load. Discuss how this issue can affect both

the operating room and the sterile processing department. How should

Kristine handle the wet packages to ensure quality control?

3. Preparation of Medical Equipment and Supplies: Over the last

month, the operating room has received rigid containers without

filters, assembled instruments in sterilized sets, and closed versus

open packaged and processed instruments. Why are all three of these

occurrences an issue? Discuss the instrument preparation process.

What can the sterile processing technician do to ensure that all items

are prepared and packaged correctly? What might the operating room

staff have to do if items are received closed, assembled, or without the

appropriate filters, chemical indicators, etc.? How can it affect the patient

if those items are used?

4. Inventory Control and Distribution: The sterile processing department

at Hershey-Chocolate Medical Center has an excessive amount of

inventory. Discuss what issues or concerns may occur due to this

excessive inventory. What inventory system may work well for their

department? Discuss at least four types of inventory systems and how

each could initiate a more controlled environment of inventory for the

facility. How can distribution be affected by excessive inventory?

Do you need a similar assignment done for you from scratch? Order now!
Use Discount Code "Newclient" for a 15% Discount!

1. Go to the link http://media.hhmi.org/biointeractive/click/shells_online/index.html and work through the lab sorting sea shells based on morphological characteristics to study evolutionary relationships.
2. Please take notes for your laboratory report. You will add an introduction later. Write a short note describing each step of identifying and selecting snails as you work through the lab. Please take a screen shot of the final drawing showing the evolutionary relationship of all snails listed.Please answer the following questions:
   1. Why was the scallop among the snails? (HINT: Watch “Dr. Olivera discusses major molluscan groups”)
   2. What additional tests could be used to examine evolutionary relationships among molluscs (snail species)? (HINT: Watch “Dr. Olivera discusses how to classify shells”)
   3. How was the name of different cone snail specied decided? (HINT: Watch the video “Dr. Olivera discusses species names”)
   4. Where are cone snails found and what are their feeding habits? (HINT: Click on snail images on the final evolutionary tree for more information about species).
   5. Describe the evolutionary history of snails (Molluscs). In which eon, era and period did the first snails evolve? (HINT: Textbook, chapter 14.3)
3. The laboratory report will have a title page (APA format), and an introduction. Summarize the life history of cone snails. List your steps to classify the snails under methods, post the final picture of snail specis under results and discuss limits of morphological classification in the discussion section of the lab report. Suggest additional tests which may clarify cone shell taxonomy. You should also have a reference section, with the textbook and web page listed in APA format.
4. Please review the grading rubric for the assignment for additional details and grade criteria. Also use the “How to write a lab report” links in the Grading Rubrics  folder for futhur guidance.
5. Save your completed lab report in .rtf, .doc, or .docx format. Name it as “Taxonomy Lab Report_Your Last Name.”
6. Submit your lab report via the submission link above. Please only submit the completed lab report for grading.

Do you need a similar assignment done for you from scratch? Order now!
Use Discount Code "Newclient" for a 15% Discount!

GENETIC PROBLEMS:
This is the base sequence on one strand of a certain DNA molecule:

3’ T A C A A T G C C A G T G G T T C G C A C A T T 5’

1. Give the base sequence on the complementary DNA strand (the other side).

2. Give the base sequence of the strand of mRNA which would be constructed from the original DNA strand.

3. What amino acid sequence would this mRNA code for?

4. If the seventh nucleotide of the original strand of DNA were changed from G to C, what would the resulting mRNA read? Include the entire strand.

5. What would the resulting amino acid sequence be? Include the entire sequence. What type of mutation is this?

6. If a G were added to the original DNA strand after the 6th nucleotide, what would the resulting mRNA read? Include the entire strand.

7. What would the resulting amino acid sequence be? Include the entire sequence. What type of mutation is this?

8. If the 11th nucleotide on the original DNA strand were changed from G to C, what would the resulting mRNA strand read? Include the entire strand.

9. What would be the resulting amino acid sequence? Include the entire sequence. What type of mutation is this?

Consider the following DNA base sequence:

3’ T A C C A C G T G G A C T G A G G A C T C C T C A C T 5’
10. What is the mRNA sequence that would result from this DNA sequence ?

11. What is the amino acid sequence that result from this mRNA sequence?

12. If the 8th nucleotide in the original DNA molecule were changed from T to A, what mRNA would the new DNA code for? Include the entire strand.

13. What is the amino acid sequence that would result from this mRNA sequence? What type of mutation is this?

SHORT ESSAY: This is the change that results in sickle cell anemia. Using your textbook as a reference, describe the occurrence of sickle cell anemia, the phenotype and genotype of the disease, and the relationship of sickle cell anemia and malaria.

Do you need a similar assignment done for you from scratch? Order now!
Use Discount Code "Newclient" for a 15% Discount!

“High Altitude Adaptation, Co-evolution, and Rodenticides in Ludwigschafen”

For your primary post, please respond to one of the following three topics with a post of at least 125 words that addresses each point given in the instructions. Also, please reply to at least one fellow student on any topic.

Topic 1

:  High Altitude Adaptation. In the recorded interview (1)*, Emilia Huerta-Sanchez describes some research her team conducted. Watch the video, then address the following issues:

• (a) What data did they collect, who did they collect it from, and what were they looking for?
• (b) Which gene was implicated as a gene associated with high altitude adaptation, and what does it do?
• (c) Why do they think that the high incidence of this gene in populations who live at high altitudes is due to natural selection?

Topic 2 [reading]: Co-evolution of rattlesnakes and squirrels. Read at least one of the following articles (2)* and/or (3)*, and then address the following issues:

• (a) How do squirrels adapt to rattlesnake venom?
• (b) How do rattlesnakes adapt to squirrel’s defenses against rattlesnake venom?
• (c) What do the results of this research tell us about evolution?

Topic 3 [reading];  Resistance to Rodenticides in Wild Rat Populations. Refer to the ‘Digging into Data’ box on page 216 of the textbook.  Review the situation and the address the following:

• (a) In which town do you think that past application of the rodenticide bromadialone was most intensive?  Explain.
• (b)  Suppose that a group of rodenticide-resistant rats hitches a ride on a grain truck from Olfen to Ludwigshafen, where they start to breed with the Ludwigshafen rats.  Which of the following concepts (genetic drift, gene flow or founder effect) is most applicable to this situation?
• (c)  Make a prediction about the future status of rodenticide resistance in Ludwigshafen after the hitchhiker rats from Olfen arrive. Explain.

*References (in Strayer Writing Standards format).

1. NESCent, October 2010. High Altitude Adaptation, https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/anims/altitudevideo2_pop.php
2. May 18, 2016. How is rattlesnake venom like fine wine? Both have regional varieties, https://news.osu.edu/how-is-rattlesnake-venom-like-fine-wine-both-have-regional-varieties/
3. Sarah Kaplan, May 20, 2016. Snake venom evolved to kill specific squirrels with shocking precision. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2016/05/20/snake-venom-evolved-to-kill-specific-squirrels-with-shocking-precision/

Do you need a similar assignment done for you from scratch? Order now!
Use Discount Code "Newclient" for a 15% Discount!

Subconscious Persuasion

In a footnote appended to the 1919 edition of his book, The Interpretation of Dreams, Sigmund Freud called attention to the work of Dr. Poetzl, an Austrian neurologist, who had recently published a paper describing his experiments with the tachistoscope. (The tachistoscope is an instrument that comes in two forms — a viewing box, into which the subject looks at an image that is exposed for a small fraction of a second; a magic lantern with a high-speed shutter, capable of projecting an image very briefly upon a screen.) In these experiments Poetzl required the subjects to make a drawing of what they had consciously noted of a picture exposed to their view in a tachistoscope. . . . He then turned his attention to the dreams dreamed by the subjects during the following night and required them once more to make drawings of appropriate portions of these dreams. It was shown unmistakably that those details of the exposed picture which had not been noted by the subject provided material for the construction of the dream.”

With various modifications and refinements Poetzl’s experiments have been repeated several times, most recently by Dr. Charles Fisher, who has contributed three excellent papers on the subject of dreams and “preconscious perception” to the Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association. Meanwhile the academic psychologists have not been idle. Confirming Poetzl’s findings, their studies have shown that people actually see and hear a great deal more than they consciously know they see and hear, and that what they see and hear without knowing it is recorded by the subconscious mind and may affect their conscious thoughts, feelings and behavior.

Pure science does not remain pure indefinitely. Sooner or later it is apt to turn into applied science and finally into technology. Theory modulates into industrial practice, knowledge becomes power, formulas and laboratory experiments undergo a metamorphosis, and emerge as the H-bomb. In the present case, Poetzl’s nice little piece of pure science, and all the other nice little pieces of pure science in the field of preconscious perception, retained their pristine purity for a surprisingly long time. Then, in the early autumn of 1957, exactly forty years after the publication of Poetzl’s original paper, it was announced that their purity was a thing of the past; they had been applied, they had entered the realm of technology. The announcement made a considerable stir, and was talked and written about all over the civilized world. And no wonder; for the new technique of “subliminal projection,” as it was called, was intimately associated with mass entertainment, and in the life of civilized human beings mass entertainment now plays a part comparable to that played in the Middle Ages by religion. Our epoch has been given many nicknames — the Age of Anxiety, the Atomic Age, the Space Age. It might, with equally good reason, be called the Age of Television Addiction, the Age of Soap Opera, the Age of the Disk Jockey. In such an age the announcement that Poetzl’s pure science had been applied in the form of a technique of subliminal projection could not fail to arouse the most intense interest among the world’s mass entertainees. For the new technique was aimed directly at them, and its purpose was to manipulate their minds without their being aware of what was being done to them. By means of specially designed tachistoscopes words or images were to be flashed for a millisecond or less upon the screens of television sets and motion picture theaters during (not before or after) the program. “Drink Coca-Cola” or “Light up a Camel” would be superimposed upon the lovers’ embrace, the tears of the broken-hearted mother, and the optic nerves of the viewers would record these secret messages, their subconscious minds would respond to them and in due course they would consciously feel a craving for soda pop and tobacco. And meanwhile other secret messages would be whispered too softly, or squeaked too shrilly, for conscious hearing. Consciously the listener might be paying attention to some phrase as “Darling, I love you”; but subliminally, beneath the threshold of awareness, his incredibly sensitive ears and his subconscious mind would be taking in the latest good news about deodorants and laxatives.

Does this kind of commercial propaganda really work? The evidence produced by the commercial firm that first unveiled a technique for subliminal projection was vague and, from a scientific point of view, very unsatisfactory. Repeated at regular intervals during the showing of a picture in a movie theater, the command to buy more popcorn was said to have resulted in a 50 per cent increase in popcorn sales during the intermission. But a single experiment proves very little. Moreover, this particular experiment was poorly set up. There were no controls and no attempt was made to allow for the many variables that undoubtedly affect the consumption of popcorn by a theater audience. And anyhow was this the most effective way of applying the knowledge accumulated over the years by the scientific investigators of subconscious perception? Was it intrinsically probable that, by merely flashing the name of a product and a command to buy it, you would be able to break down sales resistance and recruit new customers? The answer to both these questions is pretty obviously in the negative. But this does not mean, of course, that the findings of the neurologists and psychologists are without any practical importance. Skilfully applied, Poetzl’s nice little piece of pure science might well become a powerful instrument for the manipulation of unsuspecting minds.

For a few suggestive hints let us now turn from the popcorn vendors to those who, with less noise but more imagination and better methods, have been experimenting in the same field. In Britain, where the process of manipulating minds below the level of consciousness is known as “strobonic injection,” investigators have stressed the practical importance of creating the right psychological conditions for subconscious persuasion. A suggestion above the threshold of awareness is more likely to take effect when the recipient is in a light hypnotic trance, under the influence of certain drugs, or has been debilitated by illness, starvation, or any kind of physical or emotional stress. But what is true for suggestions above the threshold of consciousness is also true for suggestions beneath that threshold. In a word, the lower the level of a person’s psychological resistance, the greater will be the effectiveness of strobonically injected suggestions. The scientific dictator of tomorrow will set up his whispering machines and subliminal projectors in schools and hospitals (children and the sick are highly suggestible), and in all public places where audiences can be given a preliminary softening up by suggestibility-increasing oratory or rituals.

From the conditions under which we may expect subliminal suggestion to be effective we now pass to the suggestions themselves. In what terms should the propagandist address himself to his victims’ subconscious minds? Direct commands (“Buy popcorn” or “Vote for Jones”) and unqualified statements (“Socialism stinks” or “X’s toothpaste cures halitosis”) are likely to take effect only upon those minds that are already partial to Jones and popcorn, already alive to the dangers of body odors and the public ownership of the means of production. But to strengthen existing faith is not enough; the propagandist, if he is worth his salt, must create new faith, must know how to bring the indifferent and the undecided over to his side, must be able to mollify and perhaps even convert the hostile. To subliminal assertion and command he knows that he must add subliminal persuasion. Above the threshold of awareness, one of the most effective methods of nonrational persuasion is what may be called persuasion-by-association. The propagandist arbitrarily associates his chosen product, candidate or cause with some idea, some image of a person or thing which most people, in a given culture, unquestioningly regard as good. Thus, in a selling campaign female beauty may be arbitrarily associated with anything from a bulldozer to a diuretic; in a political campaign patriotism may be associated with any cause from apartheid to integration, and with any kind of person, from a Mahatma Gandhi to a Senator McCarthy. Years ago, in Central America, I observed an example of persuasion-by-association which filled me with an appalled admiration for the men who had devised it. In the mountains of Guatemala the only imported art works are the colored calendars distributed free of charge by the foreign companies whose products are sold to the Indians. The American calendars showed pictures of dogs, of landscapes, of young women in a state of partial nudity. But to the Indian dogs are merely utilitarian objects, landscapes are what he sees only too much of, every day of his life, and halfnaked blondes are uninteresting, perhaps a little repulsive. American calendars were, in consequence, far less popular than German calendars; for the German advertisers had taken the trouble to find out what the Indians valued and were interested in. I remember in particular one masterpiece of commercial propaganda. It was a calendar put out by a manufacturer of aspirin. At the bottom of the picture one saw the familiar trademark on the familiar bottle of white tablets. Above it were no snow scenes or autumnal woods, no cocker spaniels or bosomy chorus girls. No — the wily Germans had associated their pain-relievers with a brightly colored and extremely lifelike picture of the Holy Trinity sitting on a cumulus cloud and surrounded by St. Joseph, the Virgin Mary, assorted saints and a large number of angels. The miraculous virtues of acetyl salicylic acid were thus guaranteed, in the Indians’ simple and deeply religious minds, by God the Father and the entire heavenly host.

This kind of persuasion-by-association is something to which the techniques of subliminal projection seem to lend themselves particularly well. In a series of experiments carried out at New York University, under the auspices of the National Institute of Health, it was found that a person’s feelings about some consciously seen image could be modified by associating it, on the subconscious level, with another image, or, better still, with value-bearing words. Thus, when associated, on the subconscious level, with the word “happy,” a blank expressionless face would seem to the observer to smile, to look friendly, amiable, outgoing. When the same face was associated, also on the subconscious level, with the word “angry,” it took on a forbidding expression, and seemed to the observer to have become hostile and disagreeable. (To a group of young women, it also came to seem very masculine — whereas when it was associated with “happy,” they saw the face as belonging to a member of their own sex. Fathers and husbands, please take note.) For the commercial and political propagandist, these findings, it is obvious, are highly significant. If he can put his victims into a state of abnormally high suggestibility, if he can show them, while they are in that state, the thing, the person or, through a symbol, the cause he has to sell, and if, on the subconscious level, he can associate this thing, person or symbol with some value-bearing word or image, he may be able to modify their feelings and opinions without their having any idea of what he is doing. It should be possible, according to an enterprising commercial group in New Orleans, to enhance the entertainment value of films and television plays by using this technique. People like to feel strong emotions and therefore enjoy tragedies, thrillers, murder mysteries and tales of passion. The dramatization of a fight or an embrace produces strong emotions in the spectators. It might produce even stronger emotions if it were associated, on the subconscious level, with appropriate words or symbols. For example, in the film version of A Farewell to Arms, the death of the heroine in childbirth might be made even more distressing than it already is by subliminally flashing upon the screen, again and again, during the playing of the scene, such ominous words as “pain,” “blood” and “death.” Consciously, the words would not be seen; but their effect upon the subconscious mind might be very great and these effects might powerfully reinforce the emotions evoked, on the conscious level, by the acting and the dialogue. If, as seems pretty certain, subliminal projection can consistently intensify the emotions felt by moviegoers, the motion picture industry may yet be saved from bankruptcy — that is, if the producers of television plays don’t get there first.

In the light of what has been said about persuasion-by-association and the enhancement of emotions by subliminal suggestion, let us try to imagine what the political meeting of tomorrow will be like. The candidate (if there is still a question of candidates), or the appointed representative of the ruling oligarchy, will make his speech for all to hear. Meanwhile the tachistoscopes, the whispering and squeaking machines, the projectors of images so dim that only the subconscious mind can respond to them, will be reinforcing what he says by systematically associating the man and his cause with positively charged words and hallowed images, and by strobonically injecting negatively charged words and odious symbols whenever he mentions the enemies of the State or the Party. In the United States brief flashes of Abraham Lincoln and the words “government by the people” will be projected upon the rostrum. In Russia the speaker will, of course, be associated with glimpses of Lenin, with the words “people’s democracy,” with the prophetic beard of Father Marx. Because all this is still safely in the future, we can afford to smile. Ten or twenty years from now, it will probably seem a good deal less amusing. For what is now merely science fiction will have become everyday political fact.

Poetzl was one of the portents which, when writing Brave New World, I somehow overlooked. There is no reference in my fable to subliminal projection. It is a mistake of omission which, if I were to rewrite the book today, I should most certainly correct.

Do you need a similar assignment done for you from scratch? Order now!
Use Discount Code "Newclient" for a 15% Discount!