Archive for year: 2023

International Journal of Pediatrics , Vol.2, N.4-1, Serial No.10, October 2014 339

Review Article

 

http:// ijp.mums.ac.ir

The Importance of Breastfeeding in Holy Quran

Saeed Bayyenat 1 , Seyed Amirhosein Ghazizade Hashemi

2 ,

Abbasali Purbafrani 3 , Masumeh Saeidi

4 , *Gholam Hasan Khodaee

5

 

1 Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology , Department of Anesthesiology, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences,

Tehran, Iran. 2 Assistant Professor of Otorhinolaryngology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

3 Medical Education, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran.

134 Students Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.

5 Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.

 

Abstract

Breastfeeding is the ideal and most natural way of nurturing infants. The importance of breastfeeding has

been proved unequivocally, and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and World Health

Organization (WHO) have issued guidelines to ensure breastfeeding. More than 14 centuries is that in

Islamic teachings with the most comprehensive, most beautiful and most powerful motivation, is raised important points in the form of advice and education about breastfeeding. Included in Islam

recommended every mother to breastfeed her children up to the age of two years if the lactation period

was to be completed. Aware of these recommendations and the usage of them, will lead to the most efficient and effective incentives to promote breast-feeding.

Keywords: Breastfeeding, Quran, Infants.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Corresponding Author: Gholam Hasan Khodaee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.

Email: Khodaeegh@mums.ac.ir

Received date: Sep 26, 2014 ; Accepted date: Sep 27, 2014

 

 

 

Breastfeeding in Quran

International Journal of Pediatrics , Vol.2, N.4-1, Serial No.10, October 2014 340

Introduction

The History of Breastfeeding

1. Infants have been breast-fed since the beginning of humanity. Only since the

20th century have reasonable alternatives to

breastfeeding become available.

2. Alternatives to breastfeeding include:

a. Modified mammalian milk

(cow’s milk based formula became available

only in the 20th century).

b. Unmodified mammalian milk (such as

cows milk or goat milk) can cause metabolic

problems in the young infant.

c. Grain or legume based beverages

– soy milk based formula (only available

recently).

– other gruels based on carbohydrates are

usually low in fat and protein and do not

support adequate infant growth.

d. Wet nurse – a woman who nurses

another’s baby:

– many upper class women hired wet nurses

during various periods of history.

– infants orphaned due to maternal death

have been wet-nursed.

– women worked as wet nurses for pay.

3. Inability to keep non-human milk clean led to very high infant mortality rates

until the 20th century. This is still true in

many parts of the developing world.

Human breast milk is uniquely composed

to meet the needs of human infants

1. It has a high concentration of lactose (milk sugar). This is an excellent source of

carbohydrates.

2. There are 3 different categories of proteins in human milk: whey proteins,

casein proteins, and non-protein nitrogen.

The predominant type of protein in cows

milk is the casein protein (curds). The whey

proteins which are predominant in human

milk are much easier for infants to digest.

Human milk protein is 40% casein and 60%

whey compared to 80% casein and 20%

whey protein in cows’ milk.

3. Infants fed human milk tend to have stools that are less foul smelling and softer

than those of infants who are fed cow’s milk

or soymilk based formula. This is due to the

large number of Bifidobacterium and

Lactobacillus bacteria, and the resulting

lower PH in the gastrointestinal tract of

infants who are solely breast fed.

Constipation, defined as hard stools (not the

absence of a daily stool), does not occur in

healthy breast fed infants.

4. The composition of the milk of mothers who are breastfeeding varies during

the time of the day and during the feeding.

The hind milk (latter part of a breastfeeding)

has a much higher fat content than milk

produced during the beginning portion of the

feeding.

5. The odor and/or taste of breast milk may change depending on the mother’s diet.

This may help infants get used to different

tastes.

6. More information on nutritional factors in breast milk is found in the section

on Mature Milk Components (1-3).

Breastfeeding is the act of milk transference

from mother to baby (4) that is needed for

the survival and healthy growth of the baby

into an adult (5,6). Breastfeeding creates an

inimitable psychosocial bond between the

mother and baby (7,8), enhances modest

cognitive development (9) and it is the

underpinning of the infant’s wellbeing in the

first year of life (8,10) even into the second

year of life with appropriate complementary

foods from 6 months (11). Furthermore,

breastfeeding reduces the risk of neonatal

complications (15), respiratory and other

varieties of illnesses (13-16).

 

 

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International Journal of Pediatrics , Vol.2, N.4-1, Serial No.10, October 2014 341

Based on anecdotal and empirical evidence

on the benefits of breastfeeding to the

mother and baby, the World Health

Organization (WHO) (11) has recommended

2 year breastfeeding; first 6 months

exclusive breastfeeding; more than 8 times

breastfeeding of the baby per day in the first

3 months of an infant’s life. The WHO and

the United Nations Children’s Fund

(UNICEF) global effort to implement

practices that protect, promote and support

breastfeeding through the Baby-Friendly

Hospital Initiative has recorded attendant

successes (17).

Results is shown that breastfeeding has

numerous benefits both for infants and

mothers. It provides all the nutrients that

infants need for healthy development and

protects children from common childhood

illnesses such as diarrhea, asthma, lower

respiratory infections, and ear infections.

Furthermore, it is positively associated with

children’s cognitive development.

Breastfeeding also benefits mothers by

lowering the risks of breast cancer, ovarian

cancer, and obesity, as well as by cutting

back on household expenses (18-23).

Breastfeeding in Eastern Mediterranean

Region

Infants should be exclusively breastfed for

the first six months of life to achieve optimal

growth, development and health. Thereafter,

to meet their evolving nutritional

requirements, infants should receive

nutritionally-adequate and safe

complementary foods while breastfeeding

continues for up to two years or beyond.

Special attention and practical support is

needed for feeding in exceptionally difficult

circumstances. WHO regional policy for

breastfeeding is to implement the Global

Strategy for Infant and Young Child Feeding

by protecting, promoting and supporting

breastfeeding and timely, adequate and safe

complementary feeding of infants and young

children. The circumstances where specific

recommendations apply include: infants less

than six months of age who are

malnourished, low birth-weight infants,

infants and children in emergencies, infants

born to HIV-positive women and children

living in special circumstances, such as

orphans and vulnerable children or infants

born to adolescent mothers. Many countries

in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region

report high rates (>60%) of early initiation

of breastfeeding of infants and more than

60% of infants continue to be breastfed at

one year. However, rates of exclusive

breastfeeding seem to have declined, with

only 40% or less of infants under six months

in countries of the Region being exclusively

breastfed.

Breastfeeding in European Region

The WHO European Region has one of the

lowest average proportions in the world of

children exclusively breastfed at 6 months of

age. Strong evidence shows that exclusive

breastfeeding is the natural and most

efficient method to ensure optimal child

growth and development. The theme of

World Breastfeeding Week (1–7 August

2013) is supporting mothers through peer

counselling. Although mothers may begin

well, breastfeeding rates decline sharply

over time. The proportion of children

exclusively breastfed at 3 months of age was

50% or less in 24 out of 36 countries in the

European Region that participated in

 

 

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International Journal of Pediatrics , Vol.2, N.4-1, Serial No.10, October 2014 342

national surveys in 2005–2010. Only in 1

country in the Region were more than 50%

of 6-month-olds exclusively breastfed.

Breastfeeding in Pacific Region

 In the Western Pacific Region,

breastfeeding initiation within the first hour

of life is not yet optimal across several

countries. The rates in the following

countries are as follows: Samoa (88%),

Nauru (76%), Solomon Islands (75%),

Vanuatu (72%), the Marshall Islands (73%),

Mongolia (71%), Cambodia (65%), Fiji

(57%), the Philippines (54%), China (41%),

Viet Nam (40%), the Lao People’s

Democratic Republic (30%) and Tuvalu

(15%).

National surveys in 2005–2010. Only in 1

country in the Region were more than 50%

of 6-month-olds exclusively breastfed.

Breastfeeding in Pacific Region

 In the Western Pacific Region,

breastfeeding initiation within the first hour

of life is not yet optimal across several

countries. The rates in the following

countries are as follows: Samoa (88%),

Nauru (76%), Solomon Islands (75%),

Vanuatu (72%), the Marshall Islands (73%),

Mongolia (71%), Cambodia (65%), Fiji

(57%), the Philippines (54%), China (41%),

Viet Nam (40%), the Lao People’s

Democratic Republic (30%) and Tuvalu

(15%).

Breastfeeding in Region of the Americas

The United Nations and governments set

eight Millennium Development Goals

(MDGs) to be reached by 2015. Protection,

promotion and support of exclusive and

continued breastfeeding can contribute to all

eight. The WHO recommends that infants

are exclusively breastfed for 6 months and

that breastfeeding continue with

complementary foods for 2 years or more.

However, in the Americas, practices are far

from optimal as well as highly variable.

Although virtually all babies initiate

breastfeeding at birth, the proportion less

than 6 months of age who are exclusively

breastfed ranges from a low of 7.7% to a

high of 68.3%. The median duration of

breastfeeding is equally variable, ranging

from a low of 6 months to a high of 21.7

months. Countries that have made tremen-

dous progress are starting to show evidence

of stagnation while in others no progress and

sometimes deterioration has been observed.

U.S National (%):

 

 Ever Breastfed: 76.5;

 Breastfeeding at 6 months: 49;

 Breastfeeding at 12 months: 27;

 Breastfeeding at 3 months: 37.7;

Exclusive Breastfeeding at 6 months: 16.4.

 

Breastfeeding in African Region

Breastfeeding has a lifelong impact on

health and survival of newborns, infants and

young children. Breast milk is the ideal food

for newborns and infants: it gives all the

nutrients they need and contains antibodies

that help protect them from common

childhood illnesses, such as diarrhoea and

pneumonia, two leading causes of mortality

in children under 5 years old in the African

Region. Proper infant and young child

feeding is key to improving child survival

 

 

Bayyenat et al.

International Journal of Pediatrics , Vol.2, N.4-1, Serial No.10, October 2014 343

and promoting healthy growth and

development, thus contributing to the

attainment of Millennium Development

Goal 4 of reducing by two thirds, between

1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate.

WHO recommends that all infants should be

exclusively breastfed starting within one

hour of birth and for the first 6 months of

life. Exclusive breastfeeding, according to

the Innocenti Declaration, means that no

other drink or food is given to the infant.

Worldwide, the actual practice is low at

38%. after 6 months, nutritious

complementary foods should be added while

continuing to breastfeed for up to 2 years or

beyond. Globally, only about half of

children aged between 20 and 23 months are

still breastfed. Data from the African Health

Observatory shows that in the great majority

of countries of the African Region the rate

of children exclusively breastfed in the first

six months is quite low, with an average of

35% for the 2007-2012 period. WHO global

target is to increase exclusive breastfeeding

in the first 6 months to at least 50% by 2025.

Early initiation of breastfeeding in the

Region shows a similar trend (48%) between

2006 and 2011. The percentage of children

6–8 months introduced to solid, semi-solid

or soft foods is high, with a regional average

of 71% in 2011.

 

Breastfeeding in South-East Asia Region

Initiation of breastfeeding within one hour

of birth and exclusive breastfeeding for the

first six months of an infant’s life is a key

factor for the survival of a newborn.

Ensuring optimal breastfeeding depends on

the care and support a mother receives

during pregnancy, child birth and

immediately after delivery. Healthcare

providers play a critical role in assisting

mothers and their families to initiate and

promote breastfeeding and enable all infants

to reach the goal of survival, optimum

growth and development. In the Member

States of WHO’s South-East Asia Region an

estimated 51% of the infants are exclusively

breastfed, with a range varying from 15% to

85%. Sustained efforts are required to

enhance the breastfeeding rates further in the

countries. Nearly a million newborns die

every year in WHO’s South-East Asia

Region, many of whom can be saved by

early and exclusive breastfeeding. High

newborn mortality in this Region is one of

the reasons that the Millennium

Development Goal’s target of reducing child

mortality by two-thirds by 2015 is unlikely

to be achieved. In recognition of this

constraint, WHO promotes a package of

‘Essential Newborn Care Interventions’ that

includes breastfeeding as an important

component (24).

10 facts on breastfeeding

1.WHO recommends exclusive breastfeeding

for the first six months of life. At six months,

solid foods, such as mashed fruits and

vegetables, should be introduced to

complement breastfeeding for up to two

years or more. In addition:

 breastfeeding should begin within

one hour of birth;

 breastfeeding should be “on demand”,

as often as the child wants day and night; and

 bottles or pacifiers should be avoided.

2. Breast milk is the ideal food for newborns

and infants. It gives infants all the nutrients

they need for healthy development. It is safe

and contains antibodies that help protect

infants from common childhood illnesses

such as diarrhoea and pneumonia, the two

primary causes of child mortality

worldwide. Breast milk is readily available

and affordable, which helps to ensure that

infants get adequate nutrition.

 

 

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International Journal of Pediatrics , Vol.2, N.4-1, Serial No.10, October 2014 344

3. Breastfeeding also benefits mothers.

Exclusive breastfeeding is associated with a

natural (though not fail-safe) method of birth

control (98% protection in the first six

months after birth). It reduces risks of breast

and ovarian cancer later in life, helps women

return to their pre-pregnancy weight faster,

and lowers rates of obesity.

4. Beyond the immediate benefits for

children, breastfeeding contributes to a

lifetime of good health. Adolescents and

adults who were breastfed as babies are less

likely to be overweight or obese. They are

less likely to have type-2 diabetes and

perform better in intelligence tests.

5. Infant formula does not contain the

antibodies found in breast milk. When infant

formula is not properly prepared, there are

risks arising from the use of unsafe water

and unsterilized equipment or the potential

presence of bacteria in powdered formula.

Malnutrition can result from over-diluting

formula to “stretch” supplies. While frequent

feeding maintains breast milk supply, if

formula is used but becomes unavailable, a

return to breastfeeding may not be an option

due to diminished breast milk production.

6. An the human immunodeficiency virus

(HIV-infected) mother can pass the infection

to her infant during pregnancy, delivery and

through breastfeeding. Antiretroviral (ARV)

drugs given to either the mother or HIV-

exposed infant reduces the risk of

transmission. Together, breastfeeding and

ARVs have the potential to significantly

improve infants’ chances of surviving while

remaining HIV uninfected. WHO

recommends that when HIV-infected

mothers breastfeed, they should receive

ARVs and follow WHO guidance for infant

feeding.

7. An international code to regulate the

marketing of breast-milk substitutes was

adopted in 1981. It calls for:

 all formula labels and information to

state the benefits of breastfeeding and the

health risks of substitutes;

 no promotion of breast-milk

substitutes;

 no free samples of substitutes to be

given to pregnant women, mothers or their

families;

 no distribution of free or subsidized

substitutes to health workers or facilities.

8. Breastfeeding has to be learned and

many women encounter difficulties at the

beginning. Nipple pain, and fear that there is

not enough milk to sustain the baby are

common. Health facilities that support

breastfeeding by making trained

breastfeeding counsellors available to new

mothers encourage higher rates of the

practice. To provide this support and

improve care for mothers and newborns,

there are “baby-friendly” facilities in about

152 countries thanks to the WHO-UNICEF

Baby-friendly Hospital initiative.

9. Many mothers who return to work

abandon breastfeeding partially or

completely because they do not have

sufficient time, or a place to breastfeed,

express and store their milk. Mothers need a

safe, clean and private place in or near their

workplace to continue breastfeeding.

Enabling conditions at work, such as paid

maternity leave, part-time work

arrangements, on-site crèches, facilities for

expressing and storing breast milk, and

breastfeeding breaks, can help.

10. To meet the growing needs of babies at

six months of age, mashed solid foods

should be introduced as a complement to

continued breastfeeding. Foods for the baby

can be specially prepared or modified from

family meals. WHO notes that:

 breastfeeding should not be

decreased when starting on solids;

 

 

Bayyenat et al.

International Journal of Pediatrics , Vol.2, N.4-1, Serial No.10, October 2014 345

 food should be given with a spoon or

cup, not in a bottle;

 food should be clean, safe and

locally available; and

 ample time is needed for young

children to learn to eat solid foods (24-27).

Results

 

More than 14 centuries ago, before any

medical knowledge on health values and the

benefits of breastfeeding was available, Islam

recommended every mother to breastfed her

children up to the age of two years if the

lactation period was to be completed.

Breastfeeding is very clearly encouraged in

the Quran and breast feeding by the mother

to her new born infant is greatly beneficial as

science had proven, and it is mandatory in the

Quran. Allah Almighty Commanded the

mother to breast feed her child for two full

years:

“The mothers shall give such to their

offspring for two whole years, if the father

desires to complete the term. But he shall

bear the cost of their food and clothing on

equitable terms. No soul shall have a burden

laid on it greater than it can bear. No mother

shall be treated unfairly on account of her

child. Nor father on account of his child, an

heir shall be chargeable in the same way. If

they both decide on weaning, by mutual

consent, and after due consultation, there is

no blame on them. If ye decide on a foster-

mother for your offspring, there is no blame

on you, provided ye pay (the mother) what ye

offered, on equitable terms. But fear God and

know that God sees well what ye do” (28).

“And We have commended unto man

kindness toward parents. His mother beareth

him with reluctance, and bringeth him forth

with reluctance, and the bearing of him and

the weaning of him is thirty months, till,

when he attaineth full strength and reacheth

forty years, he saith: My Lord! Arouse me

that I may give thanks for the favour

wherewith Thou hast favoured me and my

parents, and that I may do right acceptable

unto Thee. And be gracious unto me in the

matter of my seed. Lo! I have turned unto

Thee repentant, and lo! I am of those who

surrender (unto Thee)” (29).

“And We have enjoined upon man

concerning his partners – His mother beareth

him in weakness upon weakness, and his

weaning is in two years – Give thanks unto

Me and unto thy parents. Unto Me is the

journeying” (30).

“Forbidden unto you are your mothers, and

your daughters, and your sisters, and your

father’s sisters, and your mother’s sisters,

and your brother’s daughters and your

sister’s daughters, and your foster-mothers,

and your foster-sisters, and your mothers-in-

law, and your step-daughters who are under

your protection (born) of your women unto

whom ye have gone in – but if ye have not

gone in unto them, then it is no sin for you

(to marry their daughters) – and the wives of

your sons who (spring) from your own loins.

And (it is forbidden unto you) that ye should

have two sisters together, except what hath

already happened (of that nature) in the past.

Lo! Allah is ever Forgiving, Merciful. (This

verse refers to foster the relationship)” (31).

“Lodge them where ye dwell, according to

your wealth, and harass them not so as to

straiten life for them. And if they are with

child, then spend for them till they bring

forth their burden. Then, if they give suck

for you, give them their due payment and

consult together in kindness; but if ye make

difficulties for one another, then let some

other woman give suck for him (the father of

the child)” (32).

 

 

Breastfeeding in Quran

International Journal of Pediatrics , Vol.2, N.4-1, Serial No.10, October 2014 346

“On the day when ye behold it, every

nursing mother will forget her nursling and

every pregnant one will be delivered of her

burden, and thou (Muhammad) wilt see

mankind as drunken, yet they will not be

drunken, but the Doom of Allah will be

strong (upon them)” (33).

“And We inspired the mother of Moses,

saying: Suckle him and, when thou fearest

for him, then cast him into the river and fear

not nor grieve. Lo! We shall bring him back

unto thee and shall make him (one) of Our

messengers” (34).

“And We had before forbidden foster-

mothers for him, so she said: Shall I show

you a household who will rear him for you

and take care of him?” (35).

Conclusion

Breastfeeding is the ideal and most

natural way of nurturing infants. The

importance of breastfeeding has been proved

unequivocally, and UNICEF and WHO have

issued guidelines to ensure breastfeeding.

Breastfeeding is very clearly encouraged in

the Quran. Breast feeding had been proven

to be extremely important to the infant’s

health and body growth. It is so amazing

that Allah Almighty’s Divine Claims in the

Noble Quran are always scientifically

proven to be accurate and Greatly beneficial

to humanity. It is now very evident why

breastfeeding is to be done for two complete

years, as illustrated in the Quran. Modern

science has further highlighted the

miraculous recommendation of the Quran

regarding this matter, that was revealed

more than one thousand four hundred years

ago. Allaah The Almighty Says (what

means): “We will show them Our signs in

the horizons and within themselves until it

becomes clear to them that it is the truth. But

is it not sufficient concerning your Lord that

He is, over all things, a Witness?” (36).

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