Lab: Scientific Method

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Lab 1: Scientific Method

 

General Instructions

 

Be sure to read the general instructions from the Lessons portion of the class prior to completing this packet.

 

Remember, you are to upload this packet with your quiz for the week!

 

Background

In this lab, we are going to explore elephants, their current status, and discuss why it is so important to survey them. This ties in to the scientific method:

· Ask A Question

· Do Background Research

· Construct A Hypothesis

· Test with an Experiment

· Analyze Data and Draw Conclusions

· Communicate Results

 

Specific Lab Instructions

 

Name:

Date:

 

Go to: Survey Methods for African Elephants https://media.hhmi.org/biointeractive/click/elephants/survey/

 

 

Read the “Why Study Elephants” page and answer the following questions:

1. What is the question that scientists are trying to address with this study?

 

2. What is a potential hypothesis for an experiment involving these elephants?

 

3. Elephants are considered to be a keystone species. What does that mean?

 

4. Name three elephant activities or functions that justify the term “keystone species” and describe how the activity changes African ecosystems.

Elephant Activity Change in Ecosystem

5. Why have elephant populations been declining for the past several decades?

 

 

Click on the Species Range

6. Click on the Forest Elephant Range, then the Savanna Elephant Range. Which is larger?

|_|Forest Elephant Range

|_|Savanna Elephant Range

 

7. Review the Methods, Advantages and Disadvantages of the Species Range data collection; add your thoughts in the table on the last page of this packet.

 

Click on Individual Range.

8. Take the time to watch the video! In general, why to elephants move across the land?

 

9. Why do we only have to collar one mature female to get a lot of data of movement of a group and not all individuals?

 

10. Review the Methods, Advantages and Disadvantages of the Individual Range; add your thoughts in the table on the last page of this packet.

 

Review the methods in the How Many section.

 

11. Discuss the methods, sample type, advantages and disadvantages of each in the table at the end of this packet.

 

Click on the Population Change. Review the video, and read the introductory material.

 

12. Turn on both the 1979 and 2007 range for the elephants on the map. How did the range change? Did it increase, decrease or stay the same?

 

13. Turn off the 1979 and 2007 range layers, and turn on the 2016 trends layer. What types of changes do you notice? Are there specific areas where the population is decreasing or increasing? Why do you think this is?

 

 

 

Adapted from: Click and Learn “Survey Methods.” (2016). HHMI Biointeractive Teaching Materials.

Scientific Method

 

  Information Gathered Methods Used Method (Direct or Indirect) & Type of Count (Total or Sample) Advantages Disadvantages
Species Range

N/A

Individual Range

N/A

Aerial Survey

Individual Registration

Acoustic Surveys

Dung Transects

 
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Bio Lab

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SCIN 130 Lab 7: CSI Wildlife, Case 1

 

General Instructions

 

Be sure to read the general instructions from the Lessons portion of the class prior to completing this packet.

 

Remember, you are to upload this packet with your quiz for the week!

 

Background

 

The scenarios investigated are based on the recently published literature: Wasser, S. K., Brown, L., Mailand, C., Mondol, S., Clark, W., Laurie, C., & Weir, B. S. (2015). Genetic assignment of large seizures of elephant ivory reveals Africa’s major poaching hotspots. Science, 349(6243), 84–87. The underlying data are available on the Dryad Digital Repository: http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.435p4.

 

Remember, DNA is made up of nucleotides and an allele is an alternative form of a gene which may be from mutation, but is found on the same place in a chromosome in individuals and functions similarly. If you are unfamiliar with these terms, make sure to review them in your book prior to completing the lab.

 

 

Specific Lab Instructions

 

Name: Sarah Springle

Date:12/16/2020

 

Go to: CSI Wildlife on HHMI Biointeractive

 

Part 1: The Introduction

1. Read the instructions on the home page. Then, watch the opening video from the CSI Wildlife Introduction.

2. What is a keystone species?

SCIN 130 Lab 7: CSI Wildlife, Case 1

 

V1 04.2018 Felicetti

Page 2 of 9

 

3. Dr. Wasser states that approximately 50,000 African elephants are killed each year. According to the video, it is estimated that there are around 470,000 African elephants. If these numbers are correct, approximately what percentage of African elephants are killed each year? (Show your work.)

 

4. In one or two sentences, summarize Dr. Wasser’s research and how it is being used to conserve elephants.

 

 

 

Part 2: Case One

1. Watch the crime scene video on the first slide of Case One. Explain the goal of the case.

 

2. Look at the map provided; in what type of location are the majority of African elephants located?

3. Proceed to the How DNA Profiling Works section.

a.

b. What does “STR” stand for and how are they important for identification?

 

c. Look at the gel on the screen. What do the bands on the agarose gel represent?

d. What is the purpose of the DNA ladder on the agarose gel?

 

e. DNA profiling is also called DNA fingerprinting. A common misconception about DNA fingerprinting is that the analysis has to do with actual fingerprints. Explain one similarity and one difference between a human being’s pattern of bands on an electrophoresis gel and a human fingerprint.

 

4.

5. Click on Technique.

a. List three sources to obtain elephant DNA for analysis.

 

b. Watch the animation on the polymerase chain reaction under Technique. What is the purpose of heating the DNA strand? What is the purpose of cooling the DNA strand?

 

c. What is the relationship between the size of a DNA fragment and the distance it migrates in the gel?

 

d. Why does DNA migrate to the positive electrode?

 

e. Run the gel in the Technique section by pressing the Start button. Which elephant (left or right) has both the largest and smallest fragments?       Approximately what size is the largest fragment (bp)?       Smallest?      .

6. Proceed to the Application section and look at the gel.

a. For Marker C, are the two elephants in the gel on the left homozygous or heterozygous? How do you know?

 

7. Read the Review section, and make sure you can answer the questions.

8.

9. Go to Finding a Match

a. Click on the “+” next to each marker. Compare the bands in the agarose gel from the unidentified elephant and the known elephants. Which elephant (there are two pages of them) matches the unidentified elephant?

10. Watch the video on the “Case Solved” slide.

a.

b. Name two properties of a good marker and explain why good markers are important.

 

Adapted from: Click and Learn “CSI Wildlife” (2016). CSI Wildlife Explorer Worksheet. HHMI Biointeractive Teaching Materials.

 
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Discussion Board 3: Designer Babies

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The topic of your lesson this week is Biotechnology and Genomics. A designer baby is a human embryo which has been genetically modified, usually following guidelines set by the parent or scientist, to produce desirable traits. This is done using various methods, such as germline engineering or pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). This technology is the subject of ethical debate, bringing up the concept of genetically modified “superhumans” to interbreed with and eventually replace modern humans.

Creating genetically modified children is no longer a science fiction fantasy, it’s likely a future scenario. Biologist Paul Knoepfler estimates that within fifteen years, scientists could use the gene editing technology CRISPR to make certain ‘upgrades’ to human embryos-from altering appearances to eliminating the risk of auto-immune diseases.

Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis has the ability to select an embryo based on gender preferences. Since changing a gender is not needed, but desired this could cause much controversy. Additionally, the procedure is able to create a donor offspring or a “savior sibling”, which can assist a pre-existing offspring for medical purposes. PGD can help select for desirable traits by avoiding implanting embryos with genes that have serious diseases or disabilities.

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing is used to match patients and donors for bone marrow or cord blood transplants. HLA are proteins, or markers, found on most cells of your body. Your immune system uses these markers to recognize which cells belong in your body and which do not. It’s a donor whose HLA are very closely matched to the recipients. The best donors for HLA are siblings. Siblings are more closely matched than non siblings.

In vitro fertilization (IVF) is an assisted reproductive technology (ART) commonly referred to as IVF. IVF is the process of fertilization by extracting eggs, retrieving a sperm sample, and then manually combining an egg and sperm in a laboratory dish. The embryo(s) is then transferred to the uterus.

The first designer baby in the United States was Adam Nash was from Colorado in 1990. In 1989 Adam Nash was conceived to save his 6 year old sister Molly, who was dying from an extremely rare genetic disease called Fanconi anemia. This rare bone marrow failure disease is passed down through families as an autosomal recessive disease. It results in decreased production of all types of red blood cells. Molly was unable to find a bone marrow match for a transplant. Through IVF, HLA Typing, and PGD, the Nash family had Adam. He had the stem cells in his umbilical cord that would save her life. Molly is now 23 years old. The Nash family went on to have a third, healthy child through IVF, again selecting an embryo without the Fanconi gene. The book My Sister’s Keeper (2009) was written by Jodi Picoult and loosely based on the Nash family. It is now a movie starring Cameron Diaz and Abigail Breslin.

Britain’s first designer baby was Jodie, born in 2005. Her older brother Joshua had a rare, incurable bone marrow disease called Diamond Blackfin Anemia.

Take it one step further…In 2018 in China, genetics researcher He Jiankui at the Southern University of Science and Technology used a DNA editing technique called CRISPR-Cas9 on human embryos to create twin girls with a modification to reduce the rick of HIV infection. His team performed “gene surgery” on embryos created from their parents’ sperm and eggs to protect the children from the human immunodeficiency virus which causes AIDS. The father is HIV positive.

For this discussion board:

From the information given in the videos and the reading, answer each question below in numbered paragraphs

1. In the TEDTalk, Paul Knoepfler talked about two hypothetical kids, Jenna and Maryann. Describe what he said were the differences between a “natural’ kid and a “GM’ kid.
2. Describe what kind of risks/issues, good and bad, can be seen with these “GM” kids?
3. Explain how CRISPR-Cas9 is used to create GM kids.
4. Is it wrong to produce designer babies, tested to ensure the absence of harmful genes, to be tissue donors for sick siblings? Share your thoughts.
5. Read your classmate’s posts and respond to one student whose thoughts about designer babies used to treat sick siblings was different from yours.

It will be necessary for you to find sources to get information on your stories. Remember to always give credit or cite your source information. This should be written in your own words. You show understanding of the topic when you can summarize it without using the same phrases or word choice as the original sites or videos. Changing a few words in a sentence is still plagiarism. The link below is a good tutorial about avoiding plagiarism in your writing.

https://library.tccd.edu/resources/tutorials/plagiarism/index.php

Cite your sources using APA style. The website below has information to help you cite your source(s) correctly.

https://library.purdueglobal.edu/writingcenter/citationguides

Hover over “Citation Guides” to choose the correct type of source.

Below is another resource regarding APA style from the TCC Library.

https://library.tccd.edu/academic_support/citations

Choose reliable sources like those found using the article database from the TCC library (Today’s Science and Science in Context by Gale are great), information from universities, and governmental websites (https://www.choosemyplate.gov

https://www.usda.gov/topics/food-and-nutrition) Wikipedia and personal websites/blogs are not good sources.

Grading criteria (Please see Grading Rubric for more detailed criteria):

10 points – grammar and source information, numbered paragraphs

8 points – described the differences between a ‘natural’ kid and a “GM’ kid.

8 points – described risks/issues for “GM” kids

8 points – explained how CRISPR-Cas9 is used to make “GM” kids

8 points – gave thoughts on designer babies being used to treat sick siblings

8 points – read your classmate’s posts and responded to thoughts different from yours about designer babies used to treat sick siblings

0

 
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Ii Have An Exam Right Now And I Need To Solve These Questions Below ,, I Need The Answers ASAP , I Just Have One Hour Lef

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6. An example of how nonverbals can regulate communication would be:

b. Closing your eyes and covering your mouth with your hand when telling the nurse you feel nauseous

 

c. Quickly placing your hand over your two-year-old’s mouth to stop her from telling your mother-in-law how her breath smells like “poop

8. Melissa is preparing to complete a physical therapy evaluation on Mrs. Ruffner, who had a left hip replacement two days ago. According to Mrs. Ruffner’s medical chart, she is only 50 years old and was healthy, active, and independent before her surgery. However, when Melissa enters the patient’s room, she observes Mrs. Ruffner grimacing in pain; her skin is cold and clammy; she is short of breath; and she tells Melissa that she may vomit at any moment. The best course of action for Melissa to take would be to:

A. Complete the physical therapy evaluation as quickly as possible, avoiding any unnecessary movement of the patient, so the evaluation form can be placed in the medical chart

B. Leave Mrs. Ruffner’s room and immediately verbally report these physical changes and the patient’s complaints directly to the nurse who is responsible for Mrs. Ruffner’s daily medical care

C. Document the following in the patient’s medical chart: “Physical therapy evaluation attempted this date; however, the patient presented with numerous physical complaints and illnesses. Nursing immediately informed me of the patient’s declining physical condition. I will perform an evaluation as patient’s medical condition improves.”

D: Both b and c

15. What are the four basic resources that managers in the health care environment have to accomplish the goals and objectives of the organization?

A. Financial

B. Material

C. Informational

D. Contractual

E. Directional

F. Human

A, B, C, F or  A, B, C, D ????

 

 

16. All of the following are found in a formal organization except:

A: Focuses more on the behavioral style of management

B. Focuses more on the classical style of management

Aliza is a new graduate in occupational therapy and is now working in an outpatient clinic. She believes that one of her patients would benefit from electrical stimulation to get muscle movement in his right arm. Aliza has never been formally trained in using this modality and tries it on the patient anyway. The patient asks “Are you sure you know what you are doing?,” and then makes a complaint to Aliza’s supervisor. When Aliza’s supervisor approaches her about this, Aliza takes responsibility for her actions and follows the supervisor’s recommendation on taking a continuing education course on electrical stimulation. This is an example of what core health care value?

20. In the question above, if Aliza had caused a tissue burn to her patient because of her lack of skill in using electrical stimulation, she would have violated which principle of medical ethics?

A- Autonomy

b- Beneficence

c-Justice

d-All of the above

 

6. When discussing a patient’s Bill of Rights in class, we reviewed the case of Terri Schiavo. Her situation could have been resolved more quickly if, prior to her hospitalization, she would’ve expressed her desires against extraordinary measures to prolong her life, assigned someone to make care decisions for her when she was unable, and created a plan concerning the type of treatment she wanted. These ideas correspond to which of the following specific terms?

A. medical advice

B. informed consent

C. living will

D. ombudsmen

E. health care power of attorney

F. advanced directive

C, D, E, or C, E, F????

 
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Nerve Impulses Responsible For The Sensation Of Taste Are Carried In All Of The Following Cranial Nerves Except:

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1-Nerve impulses responsible for the sensation of taste are carried in all of the following cranial nerves except:
VII
VIII
IX
X
2- Which of the following is not a part of the bony labyrinth?
Vestibule
Semicircular canals
Stapes
Cochlea
3- Nissl bodies are comparable to this organelle in other cells:
golgi apparatus
endoplasmic reticulum
mitochondria
lysosomes
4- Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by filtration of blood in the:
central canal
choroid plexus
Subarachnoid space
Arachnoid villi
5- If the ventral nerve root of a spinal nerve were destroyed, a person would lose.
Sensory perception related to that pathway
Willed movement related to that pathway
Reflex activity only, related to that pathway
Both reflex activity and willed movement related to that pathway
6- An abnormally high metabolic rate could be associated with the functioning of the:
thyroid gland
parathyroid gland
posterior pituitary
thymus
7- Which of the following is a monoamine?
Insulin
Epinephrine
Testosterone
Parathyroid hormone
8- Regarding fetal circulation, the small vessel connecting the pulmonary artery with the aortic arch is called the:
ductus arteriosus
foramen ovale
ductus venosus
umbilical artery
9- Which of the following is not a leukocyte?
Basophil
Reticulocyte
Neutrophil
Monocyte
10- Depolarization of the SA node occurs during:
T wave
P wave
QRS complex
P-Q interval
11- Which of the following is not a chemcial buffer used in the blood?
Bicarbonate
Phosphate
Potassium
Protein
12- Lymph from the lower abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs is received by the:
right lymphatic duct
inguinal duct
thoracic duct
aorta
13- Which of the following is not an antigen presenting cell?
Dendritic cell
Macrophage
T cell
B cell
14- The type of immunity produced by vaccination would be:
active natural immunity
passive natural immunity
active artificial immunity
passive artificial immunity
15- Which of the following is involved in nonspecific resistance?
NK cell
B cell
T cell
C cell
16-If the blood ph decreases below normal:
the kidney tubules secrete less hydrogen ions blood to urine
the kidney tubules secrete more hydrogen ions from blood to urine
the kidney tubules secrete more sodium ions the urine
both a and c
17-Which of the following is not a normal constituent of urine?
nitrogenous wastes
hormones
pigments
plasma protoins
18-The most dangerous of the electrolyte imbalances is:
Na+
K+
CI+
Ca++
19-Which blood vessel carries absorbed food from the GI tract to the liver?
hepatic artery
hepatic portal vein
ductus venosus
renal artery
20-Which of the following vitamins is not stored in significant amounts in the body and must be continually supplied to the diet?
vitamin D
vitamin K
vitamin C
vitamin E

 
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Biology

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O-      

Blood group questions:

1. For each of the given blood types, give the expected agglutination (clumping) results when the blood is mixed with anti-A, anti-B, and anti-Rh antibodies. Enter ‘Yes’ for presence of agglutination and ‘No’ for absence of agglutination

2. At 1 a.m., someone breaks a window in the back of a store and robs the safe. On the way out, the thief cuts himself (or herself) on a piece of broken glass. You are a forensic detective called to the scene. You test a sample of blood left behind by the thief. It is O-. While you are there, police bring in a suspect with a cut forearm who was arrested just three blocks from the store. You take a sample of the suspect’s blood and mix it with anti-A. You immediately know that the suspect is not the person who cut himself on broken glass in the store. How do you know this?

3. (Continued from question 2): Suppose the suspect’s blood does not agglutinate when tested with anti-A or anti-B but does agglutinate when tested with anti-Rh. Would this connect the suspect with the crime scene? Explain your answer.

 
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This Is A Biology 1408 Non-Science Major, Final Review-10 Questions.

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BIOL 1408 Fall 2016 Lecture Final Exam Review 3 DEC. 2016

Dr. Basham Saturday 11:30 AM Dr. Basham Saturday 9 – 11:20 AM

Name ________________________

 

BIOLOGY CONCEPTS AND INVESTIGATIONS. MARIELLE HOEFNAGELS. THIRD EDITION

1. Imagine that you are a scientist working with one of the first research teams sent to the planet Mars. One day, while digging in one of your research plots, you discover something new in the soil. You think it might be alive!

a. How will you determine whether it is alive or not?

b. How will you know whether it is a prokaryote or a eukaryote?

c. How will you determine in which of the three Domains of life it might be classified?

2. Explain how energy enters and travels through most living systems on Earth.

a. What is the original source of the energy?

b. How is energy transferred within living systems? You may answer in written text and/or by drawing and labeling a diagram of a generalized system.

c. Why are there always more primary producers than there are consumers in living systems?

d. Include the following terms in your answer: autotroph, heterotroph, decomposers, primary producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers.

3. Explain why photosynthesis and aerobic respiration are considered to be opposite reactions. Use the following terms in your explanation: exergonic reaction, endergonic reaction, potential energy and kinetic energy.

4. Hypothesis testing and experimental design:

a. State an observation about your environment.

b. List three hypotheses (ideas that you can test) that might explain the mechanism(s) responsible for the phenomenon that you observed.

c. Choose one of those hypotheses to test. State your null hypothesis.

d. Design an experiment or a set of observations that you could perform to test your chosen hypothesis.

i. What would your control group be?

ii. What would your treatment group(s) be?

iii. What variables would you standardize?

iv. What variables would you measure?

e. What would the outcome of your experiment be if your hypothesis is correct?

f. What would the outcome of your experiment be if your hypothesis is incorrect?

5. How can a failed checkpoint during the cell cycle result in cancer? Describe some of the mistakes that can result if a checkpoint fails at each of the following stages of the cell cycle:

a. Gap Phase 1:

b. Synthesis Phase:

c. Gap Phase 2:

d. Metaphase of Mitosis:

6. Why is sexual reproduction so costly? If sexual reproduction is so costly, why do so many organisms have sex?

7. Draw a pair of un-replicated homologous chromosomes.

8. Imagine that you are a herpetologist (i.e., a scientist who studies reptiles) working in West Texas. You specialize in studying checkered whiptail lizard species, some of which reproduce sexually and some of which reproduce asexually. The asexual species are thought to have arisen from a hybridization event between two sexual species. One day you come across what you think is a new species of checkered whiptail lizards. It appears to reproduce asexually, but after some lab work, you discover that it does NOT replicate its DNA twice before undergoing meiosis like some of the other asexual species do. You also observe that the offspring of these asexual lizards still have the same number of chromosomes as their parents. What else could these lizards be doing (besides two rounds of DNA replication prior to meiosis) to reproduce themselves without reducing the number of chromosomes in their offspring?

a. Draw and label a normal sexual reproductive life cycle.

b. Draw and label your hypothesized asexual reproductive life cycle for the newly discovered lizard species.

9. If you have a plant that expresses a dominant trait, how can you determine its genotype?

Tall (L) = Dominant allele Short (l) = Recessive allele

a. What are the possible genotypes for a tall plant?

b. With what genotype/phenotype plant could you cross a “mystery” tall plant to determine its genotype?

c. Draw the punnette square for the possible crosses?

d. What phenotypic ratios would you expect in the offspring if the “mystery” plant were homozygous dominant?

e. What phenotypic ratios would you expect in the offspring if the “mystery” plant were heterozygous?

f. What is the term for this type of cross?

10. Sex-linked Traits:

a. What is the probability that a human couple will give birth to a girl?

b. Hemophilia is an X-linked recessive trait. What is the probability that a woman who is a heterozygous carrier and a hemophiliac man will give birth to a daughter with hemophilia?

11.

 
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Assignment

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Environmental Science

Population Biology Guidelines

Population Biology Lab paper **: Lab reports are written to describe and analyze a laboratory experiment that explores a scientific concept. The purposes of lab report are to enable students to conduct scientific research, formulate a hypothesis about a particular stimulus, event or behavior. The main reason for this activity is to understand the processes that influence the size, growth, characteristics and distribution of populations.

Do a lab report paper based on the guidelines outlined below. There is a two page (900 word minimum) for the paper. Use at least two sources for the paper and make sure you use the proper format for referencing your sources. **title page & APA references are not included with total page requirements.

Examples of a Lab Report can be seen at http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/maderinquiry/writing.html.

Purpose

In this investigation student will conduct a virtual population experiment by growing two species of freshwater protozoan Paramecium, alone and together. Students will then compare growth curves of the populations of each species.

Learning Objective(s) Addressed by This Activity

  • Demonstrate how competition for natural resources in the environment can affect population growth.
  • Explain how availability of resources, such as food, can be limiting for populations.

Description

Students are to complete the virtual lab found at the following website: http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/virtual_labs_2K8/pages/PopulationBiology.html

Students will follow the instructions of the lab, which are posted online. Before beginning the virtual lab students should download and read both the instructions and post lab quiz and lab report documents. Student can then complete the virtual lab using the table in the Lab Report to record their results. PLEASE note that student do not have to take the Post Lab Quiz, instead a lab report will be submitted.

Evaluation Criteria and Guidelines:

Page Guidelines

 
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Power Of Belief

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For this discussion board, you will watch “The Power of Belief” a 6 part documentary by John Stossel  (Under exemplary speeches, it should take about 45 minutes to watch all 6 parts) . The documentary explores the supernatural, ESP, psychic powers, astrology, voodoo, and other ideas that many people believe because they want to believe.

** Your response should be at least 450 words.

1.Can we discount these claims as “impossible” given the evidence that refutes the claims?

2.Were the controlled tests illustrated in the program fair? Were they valid tests of paranormal phenomena?

3. What are the dangers of true belief illustrated in this documentary?

4.How do we find this juxtaposed to the importance of research our book describes?

 
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IDE501:Disease & Epidemiology

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Topic of the assignment is Disease & EpidemiologyTurnit Score below 10%

This week you have been introduced to the specific mechanisms (example: A-B toxin) that elicit the symptoms of disease in a host. Pick three of these mechanisms and describe each in a research paper. Please follow the expectations that are listed below.

Assignment Expectations:

  • Length should be 1250–1500 words, not including Title and References pages (typed, 12-point font, double-spaced).
  • These subheadings are required (content expectation are also provided)
    • Introduction (list the three mechanisms that you have picked and provide a brief overview)
    • Mechanism 1: (Describe the cellular source of the mechanism.). Explain how this mechanism produces an effect inside the host. Provide an example pathogen that utilizes this mechanism.
    • Mechanism 2: (Describe the cellular source of the mechanism.). Explain how this mechanism produces an effect inside the host. Provide an example pathogen that utilizes this mechanism.
    • Mechanism 3 (Describe the cellular source of the mechanism.). Explain how this mechanism produces an effect inside the host. Provide an example pathogen that utilizes this mechanism.
    • Professional application: explain how understanding these mechanisms increases the effectiveness of a nurse.
  • Support your content with at least three (3) citations. Make sure to reference the citations using APA writing style for the presentation.
 
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