Study Guide

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Chapter 6

HISTORY AND GLOBAL

DISTRIBUTION 1

6.1 HISTORY AND GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION

6.1.1 INTRODUCTION

A population is a group of individuals living together in a given area at a given time. Changes in populations are termed population dynamics. The current human population is made up of all of the people who currently share the earth. The �rst humans walked the planet millions of years ago. Since that time, the number of humans living on the planet and where they live has constantly changed over time. Every birth and death is a part of human population dynamics. Each time a person moves from one location to another, the spatial arrangement of the population is changed, and this, too, is an element of population dynamics. While humans are unique in many ways as a species, they are subject to many of the same limiting forces and unexpected events of all populations of organisms.

In 1999, the human population crossed the six billion mark. At current growth rates, the population will double within 50 years. Long ago, when the human population was small, the doubling of the population had little impact on the human population or its environment. However, with the size of today’s population, the e�ect of doubling the population is quite signi�cant. Already, most of the people of the world do not have adequate clean water, food, housing and medical care, and these de�ciencies are at least partially the result of over population. As the population continues to grow, competition for resources will increase. Natural disasters and political con�icts will exacerbate the problems, especially in the more stressed regions of developing nations. The survivors of this competition will likely be determined by factors such as place of birth and educational opportunities.

6.1.2 POPULATION GROWTH

Human populations are not stagnant. They naturally change in size, density and predominance of age groups in response to environmental factors such as resources availability and disease, as well as social and cultural factors. The increases and decreases in human population size make up what is known as human population dynamics. If resources are not limited, then populations experience exponential growth. A plot of exponential growth over time resembles a “J” curve. Absolute numbers are relatively small at �rst along the base of the J curve, but the population rapidly skyrockets when the critical time near the stem of the J curve is reached.

For most of the history of modern humans (Homo sapiens), people were hunter-gatherers. Food, especially meat from large mammals, was usually plentiful. However, populations were small because the nomadic life

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30 CHAPTER 6. HISTORY AND GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION

did not favor large family sizes. During those times, the human population was probably not more than a few million worldwide. It was still in the base of the J growth curve.

With the end of the last Ice Age, roughly 10,000 years ago, the climates worldwide changed and many large mammals that had been the mainstay of human diet became extinct. This forced a change in diet and lifestyle, from one of the nomadic hunter-gatherer to that of a more stationary agricultural society.

Humans began cultivating food and started eating more plants and less meat. Having larger families was possible with the more stationary lifestyle. In fact, having a large family increasingly became an asset, as extra hands were needed for maintaining crops and homes. As agriculture became the mainstay of human life, the population increased.

As the population increased, people began living in villages, then in towns and �nally in cities. This led to problems associated with overcrowded conditions, such as the buildup of wastes, poverty and disease. Large families were no longer advantageous. Infanticide was common during medieval times in Europe, and communicable diseases also limited the human population numbers. Easily spread in crowded, rat-infested urban areas, Black Death, the �rst major outbreak of the Bubonic Plague (1347-1351) drastically reduced the populations in Europe and Asia, possibly by as much as 50 percent.

Starting in the 17th Century, advances in science, medicine, agriculture and industry allowed rapid growth of human population and infanticide again became a common practice.

The next big in�uence on the human population occurred with the start of the Industrial Revolution in the late 18th century. With the advent of factories, children became valuable labor resources, thereby contributing to survival, and family sizes increased. The resulting population boom was further aided by improvements in agricultural technology that led to increased food production. Medical advancements increased control over disease and lengthened the average lifespan. By the early 19th century, the human population worldwide reached one billion. It was now in the stem of the J curve graph. As the world approached the 20th century, the human population was growing at an exponential rate.

During the 20th century, another important event in human population dynamics occurred. The birth rates in the highly developed countries decreased dramatically. Factors contributing to this decrease included: a rise in the standard of living, the availability of practical birth control methods and the establishment of child education and labor laws. These factors made large families economically impractical. In Japan, the birth rate has been so low in recent years that the government and corporations are worried about future labor shortages. Therefore, they are actively encouraging population growth. In contrast, the populations in less well-developed countries continue to soar. Worldwide, the human population currently exceeds six billion and continues to grow exponentially. How much more the world population will grow is a topic of intense speculation. One thing is certain: exponential growth cannot continue forever, as earth’s resources are limited.

6.1.3 POPULATION DEMOGRAPHICS

Human demography (population change) is usually described in terms of the births and deaths per 1000 people. When births of an area exceed deaths, population increases. When the births of an area are fewer than deaths, the population decreases. The annual rate at which the size of a population changes is:

Figure 6.1

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During the year 2000, the birth rate for the world was 22 and the death rate was 9. Thus, the world’s population grew at a rate of 1.3 percent. The annual rate of population change for a particular city or region is also a�ected by immigration (movement of people into a region) and emigration (movement out of a region).

Figure 6.2

Highly industrialized nations, like the United States, Canada, Japan and Germany, generally have low birth and death rates. Annual rates of natural population change vary from -0.1% to 0.5%. In some industrial nations (e.g. Germany and Russia) death rates exceed birth rates so the net population decreases over time. Newly industrialized countries (e.g. South Korea, Mexico and China) have moderate birth rates and low death rates. The low death rates result from better sanitation, better heath care and stable food production that accompany industrialization. The annual rates of natural population change are about 1 percent to 2 percent in these countries. Countries with limited industrial development (e.g. Pakistan and Ethiopia) tend to have high birth rates and moderate to low death rates. These nations are growing rapidly with annual rates of natural population change exceeding 2 percent.

Several factors in�uence human fertility. Important factors in�uencing birth and fertility rates in human populations are: a�uence, average marriage age, availability of birth control, family labor needs, cultural beliefs, religious beliefs and the cost of raising and educating children.

The rapid growth of the world’s population over the past 100 years is mainly results from a decline in death rates. Reasons for the drop in death rates include: better nutrition, fewer infant deaths, increased average life span and improvements in medical technology.

As countries become developed and industrialized, they experience a movement from high population growth to low population growth. Both death and birth rates decline.

These countries usually move from rapid population growth, to slow growth, to zero growth and �nally to a reduction in population. This shift in growth rate with development is called the “demographic transition.” Four distinct stages occur during the transition: pre-industrial, transitional, industrial and post-industrial.

During the pre-industrial stage, harsh living conditions result in a high birth rate and a high death rate. The population grows very slowly, if at all. The transitional stage begins shortly after industrialization. During this phase, the death rate drops because of increased food production and better sanitation and health conditions, but, the birth rate remains high. Therefore, the population grows rapidly.

During the industrial stage, industrialization is well established in the country. The birth rate drops and eventually approaches the death rate. Couples in cities realize that children are expensive to raise and that having large families restrict their job opportunities. The post-industrial stage occurs when the birth rate declines even further to equal the death rate, thus population growth reaches zero. The birth rate may eventually fall below the death rate, resulting in negative population growth.

The United States and most European countries have experienced this gradual transition over the past 150 years. The transition moves much faster for today’s developing countries. This is because improvements in preventive health and medical care in recent decades have dramatically reduced mortality � especially infant mortality � and increased life expectancy. In a growing number of countries, couples are having fewer children than the two they need to “replace” themselves. However, even if the level of “replacement fertility” were reached today, populations would continue to grow for several decades because of the large

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32 CHAPTER 6. HISTORY AND GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION

numbers of people now entering their reproductive years. As a result of reduced fertility and mortality, there will be a gradual demographic shift in all countries

over the next few decades towards an older population. In developed countries, the proportion of people over age 65 has increased from 8 to 14 percent since 1950, and is expected to reach 25 percent by 2050. Within the next 35 years, those over age 65 will represent 30 percent or more of the populations in Japan and Germany. In some countries, the number of residents over age 85 will more than double.

6.1.4 PATTERNS OF RESOURCE USE

Humans have always made an impact on the environment through their use of resources. Early humans were primarily hunter-gatherers who used tools to survive. They fashioned wood and stone tools for hunting and food preparation, and used �re for cooking. Early humans developed methods for changing habitat to suit their needs and herding wild animals. As time passed, humans developed more tools and techniques and came to rely on that technology in their daily lives. Although the tools of early humans were primitive by today’s standards, they signi�cantly a�ected the environment and probably hastened the extinction of some large Ice Age mammals.

After the end of the last Ice Age, some eight to 10,000 years ago, humans began domesticating wild animals and plants. The �rst known instance of farming started in a region extending from southeastern Turkey to western Iran, known as the fertile crescent.

These early farmers domesticated crops such as chickpea, bitter vetch, grapes, olives, barley, emmer wheat, lentils, and �ax. They hybridized wheat for making bread from wild grass and emmer wheat. They also domesticated animals such as sheep, goats, cattle and pigs. The fertile crescent’s unique diversity of wild crops and animals o�ered humans a mix of basic agricultural commodities that allowed a revolution in the development of human society. With a reliable food supply, humans were able to stay in one place and be assured of having a constant supply of carbohydrates, protein, milk and oil. They had animals for transportation and plant and animal materials for producing clothing and rope. Agricultural economies soon displaced hunter-gatherer economies. Within 2,000 years, farming ranged from Pakistan to southern Italy.

Most early agriculture was subsistence farming in which farmers grew only enough food to feed their families. Agriculture underwent another important revolution about 5,000 years ago with the invention of the plow. The plow allowed humans to clear and farm larger plots of land than was otherwise possible. This increased the food supply and a concomitant increase in human population growth. More e�cient farming methods also resulted in urbanization because a few farmers could produce a large surplus of food to feed those in the urban areas.

Over the last 10,000 years, land clearing for agriculture has destroyed and degraded the habitats of many species of plants and animals. Today, growing populations in less developed countries are rapidly clearing tropical forests and savannas for agricultural use. These tropical rainforests and savannas provide habitat for most of the earth’s species. It has become clear that modern agricultural practices are not sustainable. Once-fertile areas are becoming infertile because of overgrazing, erosion and nutrient depletion. Furthermore, modern agriculture requires large inputs of energy and fertilizers, usually produced from nonrenewable fossil fuels.

The next major cultural change, the Industrial Revolution, began in England in the mid-18th century. It involved a shift from small-scale production of goods by hand to large-scale production of goods by ma- chines. Industrial production of goods increased the consumption of natural resources such as minerals fuel, timber and water by cities. After World War I, more e�cient mass production techniques were developed, and industrialization became prevalent in the economies of the United States, Canada, Japan and western Europe.

Advanced industrialization leads to many changes in human society, and some of those changes negatively a�ect the supply of natural resources and result in environmental degradation. These changes include: increased production and consumption of goods by humans, dependence on non-renewable resources such as oil and coal, production of synthetic materials (which may be toxic or non-biodegradable) and consumption of large amounts of energy at home and work.

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Other changes may have positive bene�ts. These include: creation and mass production of useful and a�ordable products, signi�cant increases in the average Gross National Product per person, large increases in agricultural productivity, sharp rises in average life expectancy and a gradual decline in population growth rates.

The information age was born with the invention of miniaturized electronics such as integrated circuits and computer central processing units. This stage in human development has changed and continues to change society as we know it. Information and communication have become the most-valued resources. This shift in turn, may lessen our in�uence on the earth’s environment through reduced natural resource consumption. For instance, in recent years energy use in the United States has not increased to the extent expected from economic growth. Online shopping, telecommuting and other Internet activities may be lessening human energy consumption.

By making good use of information technologies, less developed countries may be able to reduce potential environmental problems as their economies expand in the future. With so much information easily available, developing countries may not repeat the environmental mistakes that more developed countries made as they became industrialized.

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Chapter 7

CARRYING CAPACITY 1

7.1 CARRYING CAPACITY

7.1.1 INTRODUCTION

The human carrying capacity is a concept explored by many people, most famously Thomas Robert Malthus (1766 – 1834), for hundreds of years. Carrying capacity, “K,” refers to the number of individuals of a population that can be sustained inde�nitely by a given area. At carrying capacity, the population will have an impact on the resources of the given area, but not to the point where the area can no longer sustain the population. Just as a population of wildebeest or algae has a carrying capacity, so does a human population.

Humans, while subject to the same ecological constraints as any other species (a need for nutrients, water, etc.), have some features as individuals and some as a population that make them a unique species. Unlike most other organisms, humans have the capacity to alter their number of o�spring, level of resource consumption and distribution. While most women around the world could potentially have the same number of children during their lives, the number they actually have is a�ected by many factors. Depending upon technological, cultural, economic and educational factors, people around the world have families of di�erent sizes. Additionally, unlike other organisms, humans invent and alter technology, which allows them to change their environment. This ability makes it di�cult to determine the human K.

7.1.2 EFFECTS OF TECHNOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT

When scholars in the 1700’s estimated the total number of people that today earth could sustain, they were living in a very di�erent world than our world. Today airplanes can transport people and food half way around the world in a matter of hours, not weeks or months, as was the case with ships in the 1700s. Today we have sophisticated, powered farm equipment that can rapidly plow, plant, fertilize and harvest acres of crops a day. One farmer can cultivate hundreds of acres of land. This is a far cry from the draft-animal plowing, hand planting and hand harvesting performed by farmers in the 1700s. Additionally, synthetic fertilizers, pesticides and modern irrigation methods allow us to produce crops on formerly marginal lands and increase the productivity of other agricultural lands. With the increase in the amount of land that each individual can farm, the food production has increased. This increased food production, in turn, has increased the potential human K relative to estimates from the 1700s.

Whereas technological advances have increased the human K, changes in environmental conditions could potentially decrease it. For example, a global or even a large regional change in the climate could reduce K below current estimates. Coastal �ooding due to rising ocean levels associated with global warming and deserti�cation of agricultural lands resulting from poor farming practices or natural climate variation could cause food production to be less than that upon which the human carrying capacity was originally estimated.

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There are those who believe that advances in technology and other knowledge will continue to provide the means to feed virtually any human population size. Those who subscribe to this philosophy believe that this continuous innovation will “save us” from ourselves and changes in the environment.

Others believe that technology will itself reach a limit to its capabilities. This group argues that resources on earth � including physical space � are limited and that eventually we must learn to live within our means. Aside from the physical limitations of the earth’s natural resources and food production capabilities, we must consider the conditions we are willing to live with.

7.1.3 EFFECT OF STANDARD OF LIVING

Given the wherewithal to do so, humans have aesthetic expectations in their daily lives. This is a considera- tion that is less evident in other species. While the earth might be able to hold many more than the current human population of six billion (estimates of the human K with current technology go as high as 50 billion) at some point people will �nd it unacceptable to live with the crowding and pollution issues associated with a dramatic increase in population. The qualitative measure of a person’s or population’s quality of life is called its standard of living. It is associated not only with aesthetics of surroundings and levels of noise, air and water pollution, but also with levels of resource consumption.

Americans have one of the world’s highest standards of living. While there are many who live in poverty in the United States, on average we have relatively small families, large homes, many possessions, plentiful food supplies, clean water and good medical care. This is not the case in most of the developing world.

While many nations have larger average family sizes, they have smaller homes, fewer possessions and less food. Supplies of clean water may be scarce and medical care may be inadequate. All people desire to have adequate resources to provide good care for their families, and thus population in most developing countries are striving for standard of living of developed nations.

Is it possible for all six billion people on earth to live at the same level of resource use as in the United States, Japan and Western Europe? With current technology, the answer is “no.” However, this does not mean that the people of one nation are more or less entitled to a given standard of living than those of another. What it does mean for citizens of nations like the United States is that we must reduce our current use of resources. Of all of the food purchased by the average American family, 10 percent is wasted. In addition, because most Americans are not vegetarians, we tend to eat high on the food chain, which requires more resources than a vegetarian diet.

Calculation of ecological e�ciency indicate that from one trophic level on the food chain to the next, there is only a 10 percent e�ciency in the transfer of energy. Thus people who predominately eat more grains, fruits and vegetables are getting more out of the energy required to produce the food than those who eat a lot of meat. The calories that a person gets from beef are much fewer than the calories in the grain required to raise the cattle. The person is better o� skipping the middleman � or middle cow in this case � and eating the grain. This is why many more people can be sustained on a diet that consists of a larger percentage of rice, millet or wheat, rather than of �sh, beef or chicken.

In addition to resources used to provide food, Americans use disproportionate amounts of natural re- sources such as trees (for paper, furniture and building, among other things) and fossil fuels (for automobiles, homes and industry). We also produce a great amount of “quick waste.” Packaging that comes on food in the grocery store is a good example of quick waste. The hard plastic packaging used for snack foods that is immediately removed and thrown away and plastic grocery bags are both examples of quick waste. Thus, patronizing fast food restaurants increases resource consumption and solid waste production at the same time.

The good news for the environment (from both a solid waste and a resource use standpoint) is that we can easily reduce the amount of goods and resources that we use and waste without drastically a�ecting our standard of living. By properly in�ating car tires, America could save millions of barrels of oil annually. If we were to use more renewable energy resources � like solar and wind power as opposed to petroleum and nuclear energy �there would be a reduced need to extract non-renewable resources from the earth. The amount of packaging used for goods could also be reduced. Reusable canvas bags could be used for shopping and plastic and paper grocery bags could be reused.

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At home, many waste materials could be recycled, instead of being thrown away. These relatively easy steps could reduce the overall ecological impact that each person has on the earth. This impact is sometimes termed a person’s ecological footprint. The smaller each person’s ecological footprint, the greater the standard of living possible for each person.

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Environmental Science Discussion 3

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For the past 5 decades, African-American women have consistently experienced an almost 4-times greater risk of death from pregnancy complications than have Caucasian-American women. The literature has supported that this increased risk of pregnancy-related death among African-American women is independent of age, parity, or education. An increased risk of death from other conditions, such as breast and gynecological cancer, has also been reported for African-American women. African-American women are also more likely to die from complications of pregnancy, including hemorrhage, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, and cardiomyopathy. However, the reasons for this excess mortality remain unclear.

We now know that excess mortality from a condition can be caused by a higher prevalence of the condition, a higher case-fatality rate, or a combination of these factors. Several factors may contribute to the elevated case-fatality rates among African-American women, including patient attributes, such as disease severity, coexisting medical conditions, and the timing of entry into care, and health system factors, such as access to care and the quality and consistency of care. Although researchers have increasingly accepted the idea that race is more of a social rather than a biological construct, race can have biological consequences, when operating through a variety of factors, that we were unable to measure in this study.

Nonetheless, our lack of knowledge about what factors cause the disparity in pregnancy-related mortality between African-American and Caucasian-American women impedes our ability to formulate appropriate research and to design interventions to eliminate this disparity.

Discussion: Carefully examine and discuss one (1) biological or health services factor that has contributed to increase disparity in case-fatality rates for the pregnancy-related conditions. Cite and reference statistics and or case examples if necessary.

 
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Essay

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V Assignment

In a well-organized and detailed essay, identify a handful of leading metrics that you think your organization is using or could implement to help with the continuous improvement efforts of the company’s management systems. Reflect on the key risks faced by the workforce. Include the following information:

 Describe each metric with regard to its method of determination, established target, and time duration upon which it is based (are these quarterly goals, yearly, bi-annual, or other?)

 Describe why you think these indicators are, or could be, helpful to your organization.

Keep in mind that you may use this information in your final recommendation report in Unit VIII.

Your response should be a minimum of 700 words in length. You are required to use at least your textbook as source material for your response. All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations.

 
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Unit 6 CS

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Review Case Study 14-

1: Physical Fitness and Wellness Program – Annual Medical Exam, found on page 184 in the textbook. Weimer v. City of Baton Rouge, 915 So.2d 875 (La.App. May 6, 2005). The full decision is available at http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=1814941207931918549&hl=en&as_sdt=2&as_vis=1&oi=scholarr This case addressed the legality of imposing a health and wellness program on firefighters. Describe the nature of the health and wellness program in your fire department or another department in your state. Explain the process by which the program was implemented and the union’s part, if any, in that process. Address the aspects of the program requiring voluntary or mandatory participation and, if applicable, disciplinary or non-disciplinary actions resulting from refusal to participate. Your response should be at least 300 words in length. You are required to use at least your textbook as source material for your response. All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations.

 

Case Study 2: 50 points Review Case Study 14-3: Physical Ability Testing, Adverse Impact on Female Firefighters, found on page 187 in the textbook. Victoria Pietras v. Board of Fire Commissioners of the Farmingdale Fire District, 180 F.3d 468 (2nd Cir. 1999). The full decision is available at http://openjurist.org/180/f3d/468/pietras-v-board-of-fire-commissioners-of-the-farmingville-fire-district This case addressed the disparate impact of a physical agility test on female firefighters. Describe the physical agility testing done by your fire department or a department in your state. Address whether the testing is work related and reflects a “real world” scenario. Also, discuss whether you believe the testing has a disparate impact based upon sex or age. Your response should be at least 300 words in length. You are required to use at least your textbook as source material for your response. All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations.

Please submit your Case Study 1 and 2 responses as one Word document. Information about accessing the Blackboard Grading Rubric for this assignment

 
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Who Can You Provide A+ Work?

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Construction Safety

1. Imagine you are the supervisor of a construction crew in which half of the workers speak only limited English. What steps should you take to ensure everyone fully understands the hazards of the job and how to work safely? Your response should be at least 75 words in length.

2. What might be some reasons that the construction industry has a higher fatality rate than other industries?  Your response should be at least 75 words in length.

3. Explain the rationale for workers’ compensation. What are the objectives of workers’ compensation? Who is covered by this program, and how does it help prevent future accidents?  Your essay should be at least 200 words in length and include an introduction, a body, and a conclusion

4. Discuss some criteria for selecting members of a worksite inspection team. Which one do you think is the most important, and why?  Your response should be at least 75 words in length.

5. What is the relationship between employee factors and management factors in accident causation? Why do you think many accidents result in “employee error” as the major cause?  Your response should be at least 200 words in length.

6. Think of a job common to construction worksites (for example, hanging drywall). List the steps for the job. For one of the steps, describe the potential hazards and suggest some possible control measures.  Your response should be at least 200 words in length.

 

 

 

World Religion

1. How has the Christian movement changed from its early beginnings when the Church was holding councils and discussing the theology of the Holy Trinity, to the Church in modern times?

Your response should be at least 150 words in length.

2. What major differences do you see in the denominations and is there any room for theological agreement?

Your response should be at least 150 words in length.

 
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Nuclear Power.

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Please read and understand:

 

NUCLEAR POWER

1-2 pages. All original content. Apply APA standards to citation of sources. Support your statements with examples. Provide a minimum of two scholarly references (Please see below sites), And No References More Than Five (5) Years Old.

The term nuclear power refers to the production of electrical energy via controlled nuclear reactions. These reactions generate heat that, in turn, creates steam that runs the generators to produce electricity. Approximately 1/8th of the electricity produced in the world is derived from nuclear power. In this assignment, you will analyze the use of nuclear power as an energy resource.

Answer the following:

First, discuss the scientific and technical concepts related to the use of nuclear power as an energy resource. Address the following in your response: One, how is energy released in a nuclear reaction? Two, how are nuclear reactions controlled?  Three, what elements are involved in nuclear power production?  Four, what nuclear forces are involved?

Second, explain the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear energy, detailing issues related to production, delivery, cost, radiation, air quality, and waste.

Third, identify a country whose electricity production infrastructure relies heavily on nuclear power. Compare and contrast the use of nuclear power in the United States with the use of nuclear power in this country. Provide examples of the use of nuclear power in your community or state.

Fourth, consider the three major nuclear accidents in the history of the industry: 3-Mile Island (USA), Chernobyl (Ukraine), and Fukushima Dai-Ichi (Japan). What lessons have been learned from these nuclear accidents that can be or have been used to make nuclear power safer?

Again, 1-2 pages. Due by Friday, August 30th, 2013. All Original Content. Apply APA standards to citation of sources. Support your statements with examples. Provide a minimum of two scholarly references, And No References More Than Five (5) Years Old.

 

********PLEASE NOTE:

 – The below sites were recommended sites that are and will be considered Reliable for this paper and TWO REFERENCES MUST BE FROM ONE OF THEM:

– Scientific American website (http://www.scientificamerican.com/) will have a number of good articles linked. But, sometimes charge a fee, unless you dig further.

– The Science Daily website (http://www.sciencedaily.com/) is a great place to go for reliable information.

– Discover magazine (http://discovermagazine.com/).

–          Popular Science (http://www.popsci.com/) and Popular Mechanics

(http://www.popularmechanics.com/)can also be very good sources.

–          Various “dot gov” sites are considered reliable (some more so than others).

–          NIH or the CDC are great places to go for information regarding medical issues.

–          For peer reviewed and pre-print material; Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/)

–          http://sciencenetlinks.com/  American Association for the Advancement of Science

–          http://www.si.edu/ Smithsonian

–           http://www.amnh.org/ American Museum of Natural History

In addition, NY Times Articles will be mostly acceptable.

 
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Nuclear Medicine.

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Please read and understand the following before offering a handshake – thank you:

3 pages. All Original Content. Apply APA standards to citation of sources. Support your statements with examples. Provide a minimum of THREE scholarly references, And No References More Than Five (5) Years Old.

In addition, every paragraph must be cited. In other words, at the end of each paragraph please show where the information came from – This is a must with this paper! Thank you.

Nuclear Medicine

Nuclear medicine is a specialized branch of modern medicine that exploits the process of radioactivity for imaging, diagnosis, and treatment. Many imaging techniques inject small amounts of radioactive material into the body, which are then tracked by a sensing device specific to the type of radiation emitted from that material. Radiation has also been used to destroy diseased tissue, typically beyond the reach of standard surgical techniques.

Write a paper on nuclear medicine and address the following:

First, Explain the scientific and technical concepts related to nuclear medicine. Consider the following questions when you construct your response:

–          What type of radiation is typically exploited in most nuclear medicine procedures?

–          How are patients prepared for nuclear medicine procedures?

–          What are the advantages and limitations of nuclear medicine?

–          What ailments are typically diagnosed and treated via nuclear medicine procedures?

Second, Evaluate what GAMMA KNIFE SURGERY IS AND/OR WHAT IT PROMISES TO BE, And a minimum of two, below listed, applications of nuclear medicine relating to any of the following topics:

–          Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scans

–          Gallium scans

–          Indium white blood cell scans

–          Iobenguane scans (MIBG)

–          Octreotide scans

–          Hybrid scanning techniques employing X-ray computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

–          Nuclear medicine therapy using radiopharmaceuticals

 

PLEASE NOTE:

 – The below sites were recommended sites that are and will be considered Reliable for this paper and, at least, TWO REFERENCES MUST BE FROM ONE OF THEM:

– Scientific American website (http://www.scientificamerican.com/) will have a number of good articles linked. But, sometimes charge a fee, unless you dig further.

– The Science Daily website (http://www.sciencedaily.com/) is a great place to go for reliable information.

– Discover magazine (http://discovermagazine.com/).

–          Popular Science (http://www.popsci.com/) and Popular Mechanics

(http://www.popularmechanics.com/)can also be very good sources.

–          Various “dot gov” sites are considered reliable (some more so than others).

–          NIH or the CDC are great places to go for information regarding medical issues.

–          For peer reviewed and pre-print material; Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/)

–          http://sciencenetlinks.com/  American Association for the Advancement of Science

–          http://www.si.edu/ Smithsonian

–           http://www.amnh.org/ American Museum of Natural History

In addition, NY Times Articles will be mostly acceptable.

For your consideration & Thank you

 
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Unit 8 CS

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Review Case Study 18-1: EMT Injured by Toxic Fumes – Files Suit Against Chemical Company, found on page 231 in the textbook. Kapherr v. MFG Chemical, Inc., No. A06A0184, December 28, 2005.
The full decision is available at
http://caselaw.findlaw.com/ga-court-of-appeals/1005355.html
In Kapherr, the Georgia Court of Appeals found that the fireman’s rule does apply to emergency medical technicians. Address the argument that Kapherr maintained regarding treating the injured only if the scene had been secured. Do you agree with the court’s reasoning in responding to this defense? Explain why, or why not.
Describe a set of circumstances under which it would not be reasonable to consider that the emergency responder has assumed the risk of the hazardous circumstances at the scene.
Research and determine the status of the fireman’s rule in Georgia. Identify whether there has been any change to the law since Kapherr. Research and determine the status of the Fireman’s rule in your state. If your state is Georgia or Florida, please select a neighboring state. Has the rule been adopted and enacted into law? Have there been any exceptions enacted into law?
Your response should be at least 300 words in length. You are required to use at least your textbook as source material for your response. All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations.
FIR 4301, Political and Legal Foundations of Fire Protection 8

 

Case Study 2: 50 points
Read Espinoza v. Schulenburg, CV-05-0158-PR, Arizona Supreme Court, 2006.
To view the full decision copy and paste the following web address into a web browser:
http://www.myazbar.org/AZAttorney/PDF_Articles/0706appellate.pdf
Espinoza was an off duty firefighter and emergency medical technician who was injured while providing roadside assistance to the Schulenburgs. The trial court granted summary judgment to the Schulenburgs, holding that the firefighter’s rule bars Espinoza’s claim. The court of appeals reversed that decision, holding that the firefighter’s rule should be narrowly construed so as not to bar the claims of off duty firefighters.
To see the full Court of Appeals decision, copy and paste the following web address into a web browser: http://statecasefiles.justia.com/documents/arizona/court-of-appeals-division-one-published/CV040438.pdf
However, the appeals court remanded for determination of whether Espinoza had a duty as part of her job as a firefighter to render assistance, in which case the court would apparently conclude that the rule should apply to bar her suit. On appeal to the Arizona Supreme Court, a more conclusive decision was handed down. That Court made the clear distinction between on-duty and off duty, finding that Espinoza volunteered to render aid and, therefore, the fireman’s rule did not apply.
Discuss how the Arizona Supreme Court distinguished between on-duty and off duty. Do you agree with this distinction? Can you suggest other distinguishing factors that should have been considered? Should the fact that one receives workers’ compensation for the injury enter into the distinction? Describe how your department addresses rendering aid off duty. Is it part of your “duty” as a firefighter, or is it more so an ethical duty? Also, describe how your department addresses off duty injuries incurred as a result of rendering aid.
Your response should be at least 300 words in length. You are required to use at least your textbook as source material for your response. All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations.
Please submit your Case Study 1 and 2 responses as one Word document.
Information about accessing the Blackboard Grading Rubric for this assignment is provided below.

 
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Northern Territory (Australia) Fracking Implementation Plan: A Policy Review

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Follow the task- helpful for structure. But main topic is in the PowerPoint presentation slide..

 

Assessment Item 3

Description/Focus: Policy case study ─ CRITICAL REVIEW
Value: 50%
Due date: 26th may
Length: 3500 Words
References APA (20+)
Task: Consider a policy you would like to see implemented or which currently exists. As you work on the review, you should consider the key questions you have been answering for each case study which are 1) describing the imperative and purpose of the policy, 2) the development of the policy, 3) the implementation and 4) the monitoring and evaluation of the policy. Use the life cycle analysis outlined in Chapters 4-8 in the textbook to help frame and conduct your review.
Preparation: Consider the following elements when developing your cases study review:

Introduction

1. Description of the environmental problem and other social concerns that are being addressed by the policy (i.e. the policy goals).

2. Describe the interaction between different levels of stakeholders in the policy – i.e. responsible parties and those affected by the policy

3. Describe the aim of your critical review.

Review and analysis of the chosen policy

4. Discuss how the policy was developed; give the history

5. Describe and discuss factors that have influenced the implementation of the policy

6. Describe and discuss the impacts of the policy. Are these intended?

7. Investigate the intended monitoring and evaluation of the policy.

8. How can the policy be improved? For whom and why?

 

Prepare your review with reference to appropriate policy, technical and scientific literature.

 

Write with a specific reader or audience in mind.

 

Specifically state the aim of your review.

 
Presentation: Your review should be in a research report format, which includes a table of contents and a well-structured heading system, and correctly and consistently formatted reference list, as you would present a review report in a professional setting. Include appropriate tables, figures.

· Identify the audience for your document (not the lecturers)

 
Assessment criteria: Presentation (15%)

1. Does the review neatly present the required information in the appropriate length? (3 marks)

2. Is the written expression concise and clear, and free of spelling and grammatical errors? (3 marks)

3. Are references included and correctly cited and listed? (6 marks)

4. Are figures, tables formatted neatly with a numbered title? (3 marks)

Development of ideas, arguments and organisation of text (15%)

5. Are individual paragraphs well-structured, to include an opening sentence stating the key point of the paragraph, with the body of the paragraph presenting evidence to support, further elaborate on or critique that key point? (5 marks)

6. Is there logical and clear presentation of ideas in a well-structured paragraph sequence? (5 marks)

7. Have appropriate headings been used to clearly outline the report structure for the reader, and to guide the reader through the ideas arguments or rationale of the report? (5 marks)

 

Introduction and context (20%)

8. Does the introduction adequately explain the context of the review topic, specifically the definition of selected policy(ies), the reason these are needed (so what is the problem that needs to be solved through this policy?); any historical aspects of the policy (how has it evolved?). (10 marks)

9. Are the aims of the review clearly stated (10 marks)

 

Analysis of the case study policy (50%)

10. Are factors affecting policy framing explained? (10 marks)

11. Are factors that influenced the implementation identified and critically discussed? (10 marks)

12. Is there critical discussion of the success of the policy and how its effectiveness was/is measured? (10 marks)

13. Are recommendations for policy review proposed? (10 marks)

14. Is the text sufficiently supported by reference to the literature? (10 marks)

 

Report structure as follows

Table of content

List of figure

List of Tables

Chapter: Introduction (250-300 words)

Chapter: Background of fracking

· What is fracking (150 words)

· History of Fracking (200 word)

· Pros and cons (150 -200 words)

· Global uses of fracking

· Australian Fracking History

· Northern Territory Fracking History (Focus on this paragraph): detailed history of the development of fracking and policy and responses in the NT (use a timeline or a table to summarize developments)

 

Chapter: Problem Framing (Northern Territory context)

…. Please follow the powerpoint presentation

· Add a compensation plan

· Environmental recovery requires

· Safety and precaution measurement

· Impact assessment

· Community engagement (provide education training and information about fracking)

Policy Framing (Northern Territory context)

… Please focus on the Fracking Implementation Plan in Northern Territory

…. Please follow the powerpoint presentation

Policy Implementation (including who are stake holders and their role)

Monitoring and Evaluation

Conclusion

References

 

 

 

 

To get some help

https://www.claytonutz.com/knowledge/2019/august/the-nt-opens-the-door-to-onshore-gas-exploration-drilling-and-fracking
https://www.protectcountrynt.org.au/
https://hydraulicfracturing.nt.gov.au/
 
and the Plan https://cmsexternal.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/673123/fracking_implementation_plan.pd
 
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Source Of Energy

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Examining Your Community’s(Reno, Nevada, USA) Source of Energy

**RENO, NEVADA**

It is easy to criticize society for not using renewable resources, but in reality, how difficult would this transition be? What processes and procedures would be involved? How would such a transition be made?

The purpose of this assignment is for you to consider what type of energy your neighborhood is currently powered by and what it would really take to convert this source to a renewable one. How much would it take to switch your community to a renewable resource and what would this mean for the environment?

For the assignment, complete the following:

  • Identify three primary types of energy that powers your home as well as all of the homes in your community. You may find this information on your community Web site or the Web sites of the local power companies. For example, your community may use electricity and solar panels.
  • Explain how the sources of energy you identified impact the environment. Consider the following:
    • Does the use of these types of energy resource have a negative impact on the environment in your area?
    • Does your community have nuclear waste to dispose of?
    • Has your community always used these three power sources? If so, how do you feel this has impacted the environment over time?
    • How much of an impact have these sources of energy had on local air and water quality?
  • Considering the current source(s) of power available, determine how much energy your house uses each month. You can find this information on your monthly energy bill.Calculate your annual usage for a year. Using this value, estimate the energy consumption for your community. The US Census Bureau is one resource you can use to estimate the number of households in your community.

    You can use the following formulae for this calculation:

     

    (monthly energy usage) × (12 months per year) = (household energy usage per year);
    (yearly energy estimate for your house) × (estimated number of houses in your community) = (estimated yearly energy use for your community)

    The following is an example of the above calculation:

    52.8 kilowatt hours (kwh) per month × 12 months = 633.6 kwh;
    633.6 kwh × 200 houses in your community = 126,720 kwh
  • Recommend a realistic, renewable resource to power your community, using your calculated power needs. Consider the following sources: hydropower, solar power, wind turbines, and geothermal energy.
    • Which source would be the best for your community?
    • Justify your choice based on the kind of resources that are available, how much power these alternative sources can produce, and your estimated energy demands for the community.
  • Having recommended an alternative power source, conclude by addressing the following:
    • How realistic is this alternative power source for your community?
    • How will people in your community respond to energy conversion? Will they support it or be against it? Give reasons.
    • How expensive would it be to convert to the alternative power source you recommended? How would this new source impact the environment?
    • What organisms would benefit most from this conversion?
  • THE COMMUNITY WILL BE RENO, NEVADA

Support your statements with appropriate examples and approximately 4–6 credible resources.

Write an 8–10-page paper in Word format. Apply APA standards to citation of sources. Use the following file naming convention: LastnameFirstInitial_M5_A1.doc.

By Monday, July 3, 2017, deliver your assignment to the M5: Assignment 1 Dropbox.

Grading Criteria and Rubric

Download the rubric and carefully read it to understand the expectations.

Assignment 1 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
Identify three primary types of energy that powers your home as well as all of the homes in your community.
36
Explain how your current sources of energy impact the environment, and answer all additional required questions in the assignment.
52
Determine how much energy your house uses each month and calculate the energy consumption for your entire city.
40
Recommend a realistic renewable resource to power your city, using your calculated power needs. Justify your response.
40
Explain how realistic this new resource is for your area, what the expense to convert energy sources would be, and whether you feel that people would support an energy conversion.
40
Explain how this new energy source would impact the environment and what organisms would benefit most from this conversion.
28
Writing Components:
Organization (16)
Usage and Mechanics (16)
APA Elements (24)
Style (8)
64
Total:
300
 
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