Age-Related Diseases

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Age-Related Diseases

After studying Module 5: Lecture Materials & Resources, discuss the following:

Define presbycusis, name signs and symptoms, etiology and differential diagnosis.

Create 3 interventions-education measures with a patient with Presbycusis.

List, define and elaborate on three different retinal and macular diseases age-related.

Submission Instructions: Your initial post should be at least 500 words, formatted and cited in current APA style with support from at least 2 academic sources. Your initial post is worth 8 points. All replies must be constructive and use literature where possible.

 

Presbycusis: Definition, Signs, Symptoms, Etiology, and Differential Diagnosis

Definition of Presbycusis
Presbycusis refers to age-related hearing loss that occurs gradually as individuals age. It primarily affects the ability to hear higher frequencies, which may lead to difficulties in understanding speech, particularly in noisy environments. This condition is typically bilateral and can significantly impact communication and quality of life.

Signs and Symptoms
The signs and symptoms of presbycusis include:

  1. Difficulty hearing high-frequency sounds: Individuals may struggle to hear consonants, which can result in miscommunication.
  2. Tinnitus: Many people with presbycusis report ringing, buzzing, or hissing sounds in the ears.
  3. Need for increased volume: Individuals may find themselves frequently increasing the volume of the television or radio.
  4. Difficulty following conversations: Especially in group settings or noisy environments, individuals may have trouble understanding speech.
  5. Social withdrawal: Over time, challenges with hearing may lead individuals to avoid social interactions, resulting in feelings of isolation.

Etiology
Presbycusis results from a combination of genetic, environmental, and physiological factors. The primary causes include:

  • Cochlear changes: Degeneration of hair cells in the cochlea affects the ability to transduce sound.
  • Neural changes: Loss of neurons in the auditory nerve pathways reduces auditory processing efficiency.
  • Metabolic changes: Alterations in blood flow to the inner ear may contribute to hearing loss.
  • Accumulated exposure to loud noises: Long-term exposure to loud sounds can exacerbate age-related hearing loss.

Differential Diagnosis
It is essential to distinguish presbycusis from other conditions that can cause hearing loss, including:

  • Conductive hearing loss: Resulting from obstructions in the outer or middle ear (e.g., earwax buildup, fluid in the middle ear).
  • Sensorineural hearing loss: This includes sudden sensorineural hearing loss due to viral infections or trauma.
  • Meniere’s disease: A disorder characterized by episodes of vertigo, tinnitus, and fluctuating hearing loss.
  • Ototoxicity: Hearing loss caused by medications that are toxic to the ear, often from chemotherapy or certain antibiotics.

Interventions for Patients with Presbycusis

  1. Patient Education on Hearing Loss Management
    Educating patients about presbycusis is crucial. This involves discussing the nature of age-related hearing loss, its effects on communication, and the importance of early intervention. Patients should be encouraged to seek hearing evaluations and consider hearing aids or assistive listening devices as needed. Providing informational materials or resources about hearing loss can empower patients to understand their condition better.
  2. Communication Strategies
    Teaching effective communication strategies is essential for patients and their families. Strategies may include speaking clearly and slowly, using visual cues, reducing background noise, and ensuring proper lighting when conversing. Role-playing exercises can help patients and caregivers practice these strategies, enhancing their communication effectiveness.
  3. Support Groups and Community Resources
    Encouraging patients to participate in support groups can provide a platform for sharing experiences and coping strategies. Connecting patients with local resources, such as hearing specialists and audiologists, can facilitate access to assistive technologies and community programs designed for individuals with hearing loss.

Age-Related Retinal and Macular Diseases

  1. Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
    AMD is a leading cause of vision loss in older adults. It affects the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for sharp vision. Symptoms include blurred or distorted central vision, difficulty recognizing faces, and dark or empty areas in the visual field. The disease is categorized into dry (atrophic) and wet (exudative) forms, with wet AMD being more severe and associated with abnormal blood vessel growth.
  2. Diabetic Retinopathy
    This complication of diabetes affects blood vessels in the retina. It can lead to vision impairment or blindness if not treated. Symptoms may include floaters, blurred vision, and difficulties seeing at night. Diabetic retinopathy is characterized by microaneurysms, hemorrhages, and neovascularization. Regular eye exams and managing blood sugar levels are crucial for prevention.
  3. Retinal Detachment
    Retinal detachment occurs when the retina separates from the underlying tissue, leading to potential vision loss. Symptoms include sudden flashes of light, floaters, and a curtain-like shadow over the visual field. Risk factors include aging, previous eye surgeries, and high myopia. Prompt medical intervention is essential to restore vision and prevent permanent damage.

Conclusion

Understanding presbycusis and its implications is crucial for healthcare providers, particularly in managing the health of aging populations. The interventions designed to educate and empower patients can significantly enhance their quality of life and promote better health outcomes. Additionally, being aware of age-related retinal and macular diseases allows for comprehensive patient care that addresses both hearing and vision needs.

References

Keating, S. B., & DeBoor, S. S. (2018). Curriculum development and evaluation in nursing (4th ed.). New York, NY: Springer.

Chi, N.-C., & Demiris, G. (2017). Family caregivers’ pain management in end-of-life care: A systematic review. American Journal of Hospice & Palliative Medicine, 34(5), 470–485. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1177/1049909116637359

Lau, D. T., Kasper, J. D., Hauser, J. M., Berdes, C., Chang, C. H., Berman, R. L., Masin-Peters, J., Paice, J., & Emanuel, L. (2009). Family caregiver skills in medication management for hospice patients: A qualitative study to define a construct. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 64(6), 799–807. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbp033

 
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Animal Therapy and Autistic Disorder

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Animal Therapy and Autistic Disorder

Term Paper Instructions

  1. Choose Topic for the Term Paper. Build a theoretical framework for your research paper. Choose a research question, hypotheses, and/or clinical question you wish to address.

    Here is my Topic (Research Question):

    • Does animal therapy provide benefits in regards to learning skills and social interactions in children diagnosed with Autistic Disorder?
  2. Once you picked your topic:
    • Explain the interrelationship between the theory, research, and Evidence-Based Practice.
    • Identify and discuss the research questions, sampling and sampling size, research designs, hypothesis, data collection methods, and research findings from each study.
    • Identify the goals, health outcomes, and implementation strategies in the healthcare setting (EBP) based on the articles.
    • Discuss the credibility of the sources and the research/researchers’ findings.
    • Minimum 5/maximum 7 page paper (the body of the paper), without the references, in APA format.
    • Minimum of 1 reference per page of the body of the paper (the course textbook must be one of the references); articles must be peer-reviewed and must have been published within the last 3-5 years.

Animal Therapy and Autistic Disorder

 Animal Therapy and Children with Autistic Disorder

Animal therapy, or animal-assisted therapy, involves interactions between patients and trained animals, primarily for therapeutic purposes. Research has increasingly shown that animal therapy can significantly enhance learning skills and improve social interactions in children diagnosed with Autistic Disorder. This term paper will explore the theoretical framework supporting this intervention, analyze recent studies, and discuss how animal therapy aligns with evidence-based practice in healthcare settings.

Theoretical Framework

The interrelationship between theory, research, and Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) is vital in understanding the benefits of animal therapy. The Social Learning Theory posits that learning occurs through observation and imitation, making it relevant when considering how children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) might learn from interacting with animals. Research supporting animal therapy often draws upon this theory, indicating that children can model social behaviors exhibited by therapy animals. Additionally, the Biopsychosocial Model emphasizes the importance of biological, psychological, and social factors in health. Animal therapy addresses these aspects by improving emotional well-being, reducing anxiety, and fostering social interactions, thus enhancing the overall quality of life for children with ASD.

Research Questions and Design

The central research question for this term paper is: Does animal therapy provide benefits in regards to learning skills and social interactions in children diagnosed with Autistic Disorder?

Research Design

Studies investigating this topic typically employ a mixed-methods research design, combining quantitative and qualitative approaches. This allows researchers to gather comprehensive data on the effectiveness of animal therapy. For instance, a study might utilize pre- and post-intervention assessments to quantify improvements in social skills, alongside interviews with caregivers to provide qualitative insights into the children’s experiences.

Sampling and Size

Most studies have small to moderate sample sizes, often ranging from 20 to 100 participants. This is due to the specific nature of the population being studied—children with ASD—and the need for tailored interventions. Convenience sampling is often employed, where participants are recruited from therapy centers or schools specializing in special education.

Hypotheses and Data Collection

A common hypothesis in these studies is that “children with Autism Spectrum Disorder who participate in animal therapy will demonstrate greater improvements in learning skills and social interactions compared to those who do not participate in such therapy.”

Data collection methods may include standardized assessments, behavioral observations, and caregiver reports to measure social interactions and learning outcomes. Tools like the Social Skills Improvement System (SSIS) or the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales are frequently used to assess social skills in children.

Research Findings

Research findings generally indicate positive outcomes for children with ASD participating in animal therapy. For example, studies have shown that children exhibit increased verbal communication, enhanced emotional regulation, and improved social interactions with peers and adults. One study by O’Haire (2017) found that children engaging with therapy dogs demonstrated significant improvements in socialization and reduced levels of anxiety compared to a control group.

Goals and Health Outcomes

The goals of implementing animal therapy in healthcare settings for children with ASD include enhancing social skills, improving emotional well-being, and promoting engagement in therapeutic activities. Health outcomes may include reduced anxiety levels, improved social interactions, and enhanced learning capabilities.

Implementation strategies might involve collaboration between healthcare providers, therapists, and animal therapy organizations to create structured programs that facilitate regular interaction with therapy animals.

Credibility of Sources

When assessing the credibility of research on animal therapy, it is crucial to consider the publication source, the methodology used, and the peer-review status of the articles. Studies published in reputable journals, such as the “Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders” or “American Journal of Occupational Therapy,” provide reliable evidence due to their rigorous peer-review processes. Furthermore, articles published within the last 3-5 years ensure that the information is current and relevant to today’s practices.

Conclusion

Animal therapy shows promise as an effective intervention for improving learning skills and social interactions in children diagnosed with Autistic Disorder. By leveraging theoretical frameworks like Social Learning Theory and the Biopsychosocial Model, researchers can better understand how animal interactions can foster positive changes in this population. Ongoing research, supported by credible sources, continues to validate the importance of animal therapy as a viable option within the broader spectrum of evidence-based practices in healthcare.

References

O’Haire, M. E. (2017). Animal-assisted intervention for trauma and mental health in children and adolescents: A systematic review. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 10(3), 263-270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-017-0135-2

Anderson, K. L., & McMillan, F. D. (2016). The effects of animal-assisted therapy on the socialization of children with autism. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 70(5), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2016.020437

Gee, N. R., & Baun, M. M. (2012). Animal-assisted therapy: A review of the literature. Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 39(4), 449-462. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-012-9271-4

 
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Culture And Health Care System

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Culture and Health Care System

(Culture and Health Care System) Should be 0ne page. Should be submitted in APA style (7th edition). Requires at least 2 outside sources (Please choose a reliable source, sources such as Wikipedia are unacceptable).

You are working in an ICU where a 16-year-old girl is in critical condition after an auto accident. Her mother comes in and begins to sing, sprinkle tobacco around the bed, hang eagle feathers and crystals around the room, and move her hands back and forth above the girl’s body. The girl’s nurse tells the mother that visiting time is over and that she should take all these dirty things out of the room.

The mother insists on staying by the bedside and says that if she had placed rosary beads or Bibles in the room she would not have been questioned.

What cultural and spiritual issues are evident in this situation? Apply cultural competence to this case. Discuss complementary therapies evident in this situation. How would you incorporate spiritual care? How would you approach this situation? What principles would guide you?

Culture and Health Care System

Culture and Health Care System

In the scenario presented, several cultural and spiritual issues are evident, highlighting the complexities of providing care in a multicultural healthcare environment. The mother’s actions—singing, sprinkling tobacco, hanging eagle feathers, and using crystals—reflect a spiritual and cultural practice rooted in her beliefs, likely indicative of Indigenous traditions. These actions serve as a means of connecting with the spiritual realm and seeking comfort for her critically ill daughter. The nurse’s response to these practices, labeling them as “dirty things,” suggests a lack of understanding and appreciation for the mother’s cultural context. This highlights the need for cultural competence within healthcare settings.

Cultural Competence in Care

Cultural competence involves recognizing and respecting diverse cultural beliefs and practices. In this case, healthcare providers should strive to understand the mother’s perspective and the significance of her actions. By engaging in open dialogue, the nurse could inquire about the mother’s beliefs and the importance of the rituals she is performing. This approach would foster an environment of trust and respect, ultimately enhancing the quality of care provided to the patient. Training healthcare professionals in cultural competence can mitigate biases and facilitate better communication with patients and families from diverse backgrounds (Campinha-Bacote, 2002).

Complementary Therapies

The complementary therapies evident in this situation include the use of tobacco, crystals, and other rituals. Tobacco is often used in many Indigenous cultures for purification and spiritual connection, while crystals may be used for healing and energy balancing. The integration of these practices into the patient’s care plan could provide emotional and spiritual support during a challenging time. Healthcare providers can incorporate these therapies by allowing space for such rituals in the ICU, provided they do not interfere with medical care. This approach aligns with holistic care, addressing the physical, emotional, and spiritual needs of the patient and family (Bennett et al., 2018).

Incorporating Spiritual Care

To incorporate spiritual care, nurses should create a supportive environment that honors the beliefs of patients and their families. This could involve facilitating discussions about spiritual practices, allowing family members to engage in their rituals, and providing resources for spiritual support, such as chaplaincy services. The nurse could ask the mother how she wishes to care for her daughter spiritually and what would make her feel supported during this time. This collaborative approach demonstrates respect for the family’s beliefs and enhances the overall care experience (Puchalski et al., 2009).

Approach to the Situation

In approaching this situation, the nurse should prioritize effective communication and cultural sensitivity. Acknowledging the mother’s cultural practices as valid and meaningful can help bridge the gap between healthcare practices and the family’s beliefs. Establishing a respectful dialogue may allow the nurse to explain the importance of certain hospital protocols while also accommodating the mother’s need for spiritual expression. Principles guiding this approach include respect, empathy, and a commitment to holistic care.

Conclusion

Cultural and spiritual issues play a significant role in healthcare settings, particularly in critical situations. By embracing cultural competence, recognizing complementary therapies, and incorporating spiritual care, healthcare providers can create a supportive environment for patients and their families. This not only improves the quality of care but also fosters trust and healing in the face of adversity.

References

Bennett, M. I., Smith, D. W., & McCreary, C. (2018). Exploring the relationship between spirituality and quality of life in palliative care patients: A systematic review. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine, 35(9), 1182-1190. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049909117751345

Campinha-Bacote, J. (2002). The process of cultural competence in the delivery of healthcare services: A model of care. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 13(3), 181-184.  https://doi.org/10.1177/10459602013003003

Puchalski, C. M., Ferrell, B. R., & Otis-Green, S. (2009). Improving the quality of spiritual care as a dimension of palliative care: The report of the consensus conference. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 12(10), 885-904. https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2009.0151

 

 
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Skin and Abdomen Assessment

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Skin and Abdomen Assessment

Topic 5: Problem Focus Exams: Skin and Abdomen, Male and Female Genitourinary, and Female Breast

Complete a 250-350-word reflection of what you have learned during this topic. Include the following in your reflection: Think about an experience you’ve encountered when viewing or completing the particular assessment. Discuss difficulties that could potentially arise or specific questions related to completing this type of assessment.

Include illustrative examples of potential strategies used to overcome the difficulties encountered when completing (the particular) assessment. Describe how the Christian worldview and compassion for all plays a role in this type of assessment.

APA style is not required, but solid academic writing is expected. This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion. You are not required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite.

(Skin and Abdomen Assessment )

Reflection on Problem-Focused Exams

During the recent topic on problem-focused examinations, specifically related to skin, abdomen, genitourinary systems, and breast assessments, I gained significant insights into the complexities and nuances involved in conducting these evaluations. One notable experience involved a practical session where I observed a skin assessment on a patient with various dermatological conditions. The challenges arose primarily from the need to differentiate between similar-looking skin lesions, which required not only clinical knowledge but also careful observation and examination skills.

One major difficulty in conducting these assessments is the potential for misinterpretation of findings. For example, distinguishing between benign and malignant lesions can be challenging, especially for those who are still developing their clinical assessment skills. Questions often arise, such as how to best communicate findings to the patient and when to refer to a specialist.

To overcome these challenges, several strategies can be implemented. First, thorough training in recognizing the characteristics of different skin conditions through case studies and visual aids can enhance assessment accuracy. Additionally, using a systematic approach, such as the ABCDE method for skin lesions (Asymmetry, Border, Color, Diameter, and Evolving), can serve as a practical guide for assessments. Engaging in peer discussions and case reviews also promotes knowledge-sharing, which is essential for developing proficiency in physical examinations.

Furthermore, integrating the Christian worldview and compassion into these assessments is vital. The principle of treating every patient with dignity and respect aligns with the core teachings of Christianity. This perspective encourages healthcare providers to approach each assessment with empathy, recognizing the emotional and psychological impact of health conditions on patients. For instance, when conducting sensitive assessments like breast examinations, it is crucial to create a safe and comfortable environment, ensuring that the patient feels valued and understood.

In conclusion, the journey of learning about problem-focused examinations has been enriching, highlighting both the technical skills required and the compassion needed in patient interactions. Emphasizing continuous learning, utilizing effective strategies, and integrating a compassionate worldview will significantly enhance the quality of care provided to patients.

 

References

Gordon, M. (2020). Nursing assessment: The importance of an accurate and complete assessment in nursing. Nursing Management, 51(4), 18-24.
https://journals.lww.com/nursingmanagement/Abstract/2020/04000/Nursing_assessment__The_importance_of_an.3.aspx

McGowan, M. L., & O’Neill, D. (2019). Developing a compassionate approach to patient care: The role of healthcare professionals. Journal of Healthcare Management, 64(5), 350-358. https://www.ache.org/-/media/ache/about-ache/our-story/our-history/jhcm/jhcm-sept-oct-2019.pdf

Huang, H., & Lee, W. (2018). Using the ABCDE method for assessing skin lesions. International Journal of Dermatology, 57(6), 705-711.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1468-3083.14144

Johnson, S., & Hu, Y. (2021). Compassionate care in nursing: Theory and practice. Nurse Education Today, 97, 104646.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0260691720305052

 
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Procedures for Compliance Plans

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Procedures for Compliance Plans

In a 4-page paper, describe the procedures for each of the two compliance plans.

Break each procedure section into 2 pages each.

Remember to support your procedures for each of two plans with a total of three research sources (1-2 per procedure), cited at the end in APA format.

Write your procedures in a way that all employees will understand at a large medical facility where you are the Compliance Officer.

Remember, you chose two compliance policy plans under the key compliance areas of Compliance Standards, High-Level Responsibility, Education, Communication, Monitoring/Auditing (for Safety), Enforcement/Discipline, and Response/Prevention.

(Check them out if you forget! Remember, you may have written about different policies for the two different compliance plans.)

 

Compliance Plans for a Large Medical Facility

In this paper, I will describe two compliance plans that are essential for ensuring ethical practices and regulatory adherence in a large medical facility. The two plans are the Patient Privacy Compliance Plan and the Infection Control Compliance Plan. Each plan will be broken down into procedures that are straightforward, making them accessible for all employees.

Patient Privacy Compliance Plan

Procedures for Patient Privacy Compliance

  1. Education and Training
    • All employees must complete mandatory training on the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) regulations upon hiring and annually thereafter.
    • Training sessions should include topics such as patient rights, data security, and the proper handling of protected health information (PHI).
    • The Compliance Officer will coordinate these training sessions, ensuring they are engaging and informative.
  2. Monitoring and Auditing
    • Regular audits will be conducted to assess compliance with patient privacy policies.
    • The Compliance Officer will implement a random sampling method to review employee interactions with patient data.
    • Employees will be notified of audit results and provided with additional training if compliance gaps are identified.
  3. Reporting and Response
    • Employees must report any suspected breaches of patient privacy immediately to their supervisor or the Compliance Officer.
    • The facility will maintain a confidential reporting system that protects whistleblowers from retaliation.
    • Upon receiving a report, the Compliance Officer will investigate and take corrective action as necessary, which may include disciplinary measures or additional training.

Supporting Research Sources

HHS.gov. (n.d.). Summary of the HIPAA Privacy Rule. Retrieved from https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-professionals/privacy/laws-regulations/index.html

Koo, J., & Sullivan, M. (2019). HIPAA compliance in healthcare: Strategies for success. Journal of Healthcare Compliance, 21(4), 11-18. Retrieved from https://www.journalofhealthcarecompliance.com

Infection Control Compliance Plan

Procedures for Infection Control Compliance

  1. Education and Training
    • All employees will participate in infection control training that includes proper hand hygiene, the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), and protocols for handling infectious materials.
    • The Infection Control Officer will lead these training sessions, which should be held during orientation and at least bi-annually thereafter.
  2. Monitoring and Auditing
    • Regular monitoring of infection control practices will be conducted, including hand hygiene compliance rates and PPE usage.
    • Infection rates within the facility will be tracked, and employees will receive feedback on their adherence to infection control protocols.
    • Quarterly reports will be provided to the medical facility’s leadership to promote transparency and accountability.
  3. Reporting and Response
    • Employees are required to report any potential infection control breaches, such as a failure to follow hygiene protocols, to their supervisors immediately.
    • A designated infection control team will investigate reported breaches and implement corrective actions, including retraining or disciplinary measures if necessary.

Supporting Research Sources

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2020). Guidelines for infection control in health care personnel. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/guidelines/healthcare-personnel/index.html

Siegel, J. D., Rhinehart, E., Jackson, M., & Chiarello, L. (2019). Management of multi-drug resistant organisms in healthcare settings. American Journal of Infection Control, 47(1), 1-14. Retrieved from https://www.ajicjournal.org

Conclusion

Effective compliance plans are vital for maintaining ethical standards and regulatory adherence in a large medical facility. The procedures outlined in the Patient Privacy Compliance Plan and Infection Control Compliance Plan ensure that employees are well-informed and capable of performing their duties in a compliant manner. By implementing these plans, we can foster a culture of accountability and safety within our organization.

 

 
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Healthy People 2020 Initiative

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Healthy People 2020 Initiative

Turnitin Assignment!!!

Please be aware that the percentage of plagiarism for this assignment is 35%.

  1. Go to http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/default.aspx and review the Healthy People 2020 initiative. Pay close attention to the objectives, goals, and the indicators.
  2. Using your city or county public health department: http://miamidade.floridahealth.gov/ You can choose any of these two counties (Miami-Dade County, Florida, or Broward County, Florida), identify epidemiological and surveillance data related to population-based communicable illnesses.

Illnesses chosen:

  1. Tuberculosis
  2. Hepatitis B
  3. Gonorrhea
  4. Based on these chosen communicable illnesses, prepare an analysis discussing how these 3 communicable illnesses affect your community, how they were identified, and a plan of action to contain them based on Healthy People 2020.
  • Presentation must be in APA format.
  • Arial 12 font attach to the forum/thread in the assignment tab and turnitin with a minimum of 1000 words (excluding first and references page).
  • A minimum of 3 evidence-based references no older than 5 years are required.
  • The assignment must include the zip code of the city or county chosen.

Once again, the assignment will be posted in Turnitin to verify originality!

 

Analysis of Communicable Diseases in Miami-Dade County: Tuberculosis, Hepatitis B, and Gonorrhea

The communicable diseases chosen for this analysis—Tuberculosis (TB), Hepatitis B, and Gonorrhea—pose significant public health challenges in Miami-Dade County, Florida. Understanding how these diseases affect the community and how they are identified and contained is critical for the development of effective public health interventions. In line with Healthy People 2020, public health efforts focus on controlling the spread of communicable diseases through epidemiological surveillance, data analysis, and targeted action plans.

Tuberculosis in Miami-Dade County

Impact on the Community
Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a major public health issue in Miami-Dade County. Although TB rates have decreased over the years, the county still faces higher rates than other parts of Florida, primarily due to its large immigrant population and socioeconomic challenges. TB spreads through airborne particles and primarily affects the lungs, but it can also impact other parts of the body. Delays in diagnosis and treatment can lead to serious health complications and increased transmission within the community.

Identification
Epidemiological data from Miami-Dade County’s public health department indicates that TB cases are identified through a combination of active and passive surveillance. Active surveillance involves screening high-risk populations, such as immigrants, individuals in correctional facilities, and those with weakened immune systems. Passive surveillance relies on health care providers reporting diagnosed cases to public health authorities. The use of tuberculin skin tests, chest X-rays, and bacteriological examinations is critical in identifying active and latent TB cases.

Plan of Action
In alignment with Healthy People 2020, Miami-Dade County has developed a comprehensive plan of action to contain TB. The plan includes increasing public awareness, expanding access to diagnostic services, and ensuring timely treatment. Directly Observed Therapy (DOT), in which health workers observe patients taking their medication, is also implemented to ensure adherence to treatment. The county works closely with community organizations to provide education and resources for vulnerable populations, emphasizing early detection and prevention.

Hepatitis B in Miami-Dade County

Impact on the Community
Hepatitis B is a viral infection that attacks the liver and can lead to chronic liver disease or liver cancer. Miami-Dade County, with its diverse and transient population, experiences a higher prevalence of Hepatitis B compared to other regions in Florida. Transmission occurs through contact with infected bodily fluids, making it prevalent among high-risk populations, including healthcare workers, people who inject drugs, and individuals engaging in unprotected sexual activity.

Identification
Hepatitis B is identified through blood tests that detect the presence of Hepatitis B surface antigens. Miami-Dade’s public health department conducts both passive and active surveillance to track Hepatitis B cases. Public health clinics offer routine screenings for pregnant women, high-risk individuals, and those showing symptoms of liver disease. Health care providers are required to report cases to the public health department, which helps in tracking the incidence of the disease.

Plan of Action
To combat Hepatitis B, Miami-Dade County follows Healthy People 2020 guidelines to increase vaccination rates, particularly in high-risk groups. Vaccination campaigns targeting healthcare workers, newborns, and other vulnerable populations have been implemented. The county also focuses on providing education about Hepatitis B transmission and prevention methods. Through partnerships with community organizations, outreach efforts aim to increase awareness and reduce stigma, which is often a barrier to treatment and vaccination.

Gonorrhea in Miami-Dade County

Impact on the Community
Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) that has seen rising rates in Miami-Dade County in recent years, particularly among young adults and adolescents. Untreated gonorrhea can lead to severe reproductive health issues, such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and infertility in women, as well as an increased risk of HIV transmission. The social determinants of health, such as access to healthcare and socioeconomic status, contribute to the higher rates of gonorrhea in certain communities within Miami-Dade.

Identification
Surveillance data shows that gonorrhea is primarily identified through routine STI screenings in health clinics, emergency rooms, and community health centers. Public health officials rely on both passive and active surveillance to track gonorrhea cases. Laboratory tests, including nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs), are used to confirm diagnoses. Providers are required to report positive cases to the local health department, which monitors trends and responds to outbreaks.

Plan of Action
Healthy People 2020 emphasizes the importance of reducing gonorrhea rates through education, prevention, and timely treatment. Miami-Dade County’s public health department has implemented community outreach programs targeting young adults to promote condom use, regular screenings, and safe sexual practices. The county also offers free or low-cost STI testing and treatment at public health clinics. Expanding access to STI education in schools and community centers has been a key strategy in combating gonorrhea.

Conclusion

The communicable diseases Tuberculosis, Hepatitis B, and Gonorrhea present significant challenges to public health in Miami-Dade County. Through active surveillance, public education, and targeted intervention strategies, the county works to contain the spread of these illnesses in accordance with the Healthy People 2020 initiative. Continued collaboration between healthcare providers, community organizations, and public health authorities is essential to reducing the burden of these diseases and improving the health outcomes of the community.

References

Florida Department of Health in Miami-Dade County. (2020). Tuberculosis prevention and control.  http://miamidade.floridahealth.gov/

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2020). Hepatitis B FAQs for health professionals. https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hbv/hbvfaq.htm

Healthy People 2020. (2020). Sexually transmitted diseases: Objectives.  https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/sexually-transmitted-diseases

 
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Define Conscious Sedation

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Define Conscious Sedation

Homework is to be presented as a short (50-100-word) paragraph response for each question. Be sure to clearly address each question.

The assignment is to be submitted as a Microsoft Word document electronically to the instructor.

Define the term conscious sedation.

Describe the symptoms of a patient needing conscious sedation and how this decision would be made.

What is the primary effect of sedation and why is it important for patients to be closely monitored for even the simplest procedure?

How would sedation dose affect different patients?

APA format is not required, but solid academic writing is expected.

 

Definition of Conscious Sedation

Conscious sedation is a medical technique where a patient is given medication to relax and reduce discomfort without losing consciousness. The patient remains awake and able to respond to verbal commands but is in a deeply relaxed state. This method is used during minor surgical or diagnostic procedures to alleviate anxiety and pain while keeping the patient alert.

Symptoms of a Patient Needing Conscious Sedation and Decision-Making

Patients requiring conscious sedation typically experience anxiety, fear, or discomfort about undergoing a medical procedure. They may also have low pain tolerance or a history of negative reactions to past procedures. The decision to use conscious sedation is made based on the patient’s medical history, the complexity of the procedure, and the level of discomfort expected during the procedure.

Primary Effect of Sedation and Monitoring Importance

The primary effect of conscious sedation is to induce relaxation and mild amnesia, ensuring that the patient feels comfortable without completely losing consciousness. Continuous monitoring is essential because even minor procedures can result in unforeseen complications like respiratory depression or allergic reactions. Monitoring ensures patient safety by detecting early signs of distress or adverse reactions.

Impact of Sedation Dose on Different Patients

The dosage of sedation can vary significantly depending on factors like age, weight, and individual tolerance to sedatives. For instance, older adults may require lower doses due to decreased metabolism, while heavier individuals might need higher doses to achieve the same effect. It is important to tailor the dose to each patient’s needs to prevent oversedation, which can lead to complications such as respiratory depression or prolonged recovery time.

 

References

American Society of Anesthesiologists. (2019). What is Sedation? https://www.asahq.org/madeforthismoment/anesthesia-101/types-of-anesthesia/sedation/

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). (2020). Sedation in children and young people: Indications and Patient Monitoring. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng143

Green, S. M., & Krauss, B. (2018). The semantics of sedation: The conundrum of conscious sedation. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 71(1), 93-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2017.05.026

 
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Nursing Benchmark

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Nursing Benchmark

The benchmark assesses the following competencies: 1.4 Participate in health care policy development to influence nursing practice and health care.

Research public health issues on the “Climate Change” or “Topics and Issues” pages of the American Public Health Association (APHA) website. Investigate a public health issue related to an environmental issue within the U.S. health care delivery system and examine its effect on a specific population.

Write a 750-1,000-word policy brief that summarizes the issue, explains the effect on the population, and proposes a solution to the issue.

Follow this outline when writing the policy brief: Describe the policy health issue. Include the following information: (a) what population is affected, (b) at what level does it occur (local, state, or national), and (c) evidence about the issues supported by resources.

Create a problem statement. Provide suggestions for addressing the health issue caused by the current policy. Describe what steps are required to initiate policy change. Include necessary stakeholders (government officials, administrators) and budget or funding considerations, if applicable.

Discuss the impact on the health care delivery system. Include three peer-reviewed sources and two other sources to support the policy brief.

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
(Nursing Benchmark)

References

World Health Organization. (2018). Climate change and health.
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/climate-change-and-health

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). Climate effects on health.
https://www.cdc.gov/climateandhealth/effects/default.htm

U.S. Global Change Research Program. (2016). The impacts of climate change on human health in the United States: A scientific assessment. https://health2016.globalchange.gov

American Public Health Association. (2021). Climate Change. https://www.apha.org/topics-and-issues/climate-change

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. (2020). Climate change and human health.
https://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/programs/climatechange/index.cfm

 
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Dealing with Stress

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Dealing with Stress

(Dealing with Stress) Some stress makes you react positively; stress can give runners the “edge” needed to make it through to the finish line. On the other hand, some stress can be harmful; it can increase the risk of developing health problems such as high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease.

For this reason, stress can be divided into either eustress (good) or distress (bad). What are some positive ways you deal with stress? What are some negative ways you deal with stress?

Be sure to include at least one goal that discerns a new coping skill you will utilize to decrease stress and cope healthy in the future.

(Dealing with Stress)

Key Components

Positive Ways to Deal with Stress
Engaging in physical activity is one of the most effective ways to manage stress. Exercise, such as running, swimming, or even brisk walking, releases endorphins, which are natural mood lifters. Another positive strategy is practicing mindfulness, such as meditation or deep breathing exercises, which helps calm the mind and reduce anxiety. Talking to supportive friends or family members can also help by providing emotional relief and perspective.

Negative Ways to Deal with Stress
Avoiding responsibilities or procrastinating can worsen stress in the long run. Some people might cope with stress by engaging in unhealthy habits like overeating, smoking, or excessive consumption of alcohol. These behaviors may temporarily distract from stress but often lead to additional health problems, including weight gain and addiction.

Goal for a New Coping Skill
A goal I will set for myself is to incorporate mindfulness techniques, specifically deep breathing exercises, into my daily routine. Practicing deep breathing for a few minutes each day can help me reduce stress more effectively and avoid falling into negative coping habits. By consistently applying this technique, I aim to improve my ability to manage stress in a healthy way.

Actionable Goals

  1. Exercise Regularly: Engage in at least 30 minutes of physical activity each day to release endorphins and reduce stress.
  2. Practice Mindfulness: Set aside 10 minutes daily for deep breathing or meditation to maintain calmness and emotional balance.
  3. Seek Support: Reach out to family or friends when stress becomes overwhelming to gain a new perspective or emotional release.
  4. Avoid Unhealthy Coping: Replace negative habits like overeating or procrastination with productive activities, such as reading or taking short breaks to refresh.

 

References

American Psychological Association (APA). (2023). Stress management: Improve your well-being by reducing stress. https://www.apa.org/topics/stress

Harvard Health Publishing. (2021). Relaxation techniques: Breath control helps quell errant stress response. https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/relaxation-techniques-breath-control-helps-quell-errant-stress-response

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). (2018). Coping with stress. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/coping-with-stress

Mayo Clinic. (2022). Stress management: Know your triggers. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/stress-management/in-depth/stress-relievers/art-20047257

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2023). Coping with stress. https://www.cdc.gov/mentalhealth/stress-coping/steps-to-cope-with-stress.html

 
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Impact of Nursing Informatics

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Impact of Nursing Informatics

Assignment: The Impact of Nursing Informatics on Patient Outcomes and Patient Care Efficiencies
In the Discussion for this module, you considered the interaction of nurse informaticists with other specialists to ensure successful care. How is that success determined?

Patient outcomes and the fulfillment of care goals is one of the major ways that healthcare success is measured. Measuring patient outcomes results in the generation of data that can be used to improve results. Nursing informatics can have a significant part in this process and can help to improve outcomes by improving processes, identifying at-risk patients, and enhancing efficiency.

To Prepare:
Review the concepts of technology application as presented in the Resources. Reflect on how emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence may help fortify nursing informatics as a specialty by leading to increased impact on patient outcomes or patient care efficiencies.

The Assignment: (4-5 pages not including the title and reference page)
In a 4- to 5-page project proposal written to the leadership of your healthcare organization, propose a nursing informatics project for your organization that you advocate to improve patient outcomes or patient-care efficiency.

Your project proposal should include the following:

  • Describe the project you propose.
  • Identify the stakeholders impacted by this project.
  • Explain the patient outcome(s) or patient-care efficiencies this project is aimed at improving and explain how this improvement would occur. Be specific and provide examples.
  • Identify the technologies required to implement this project and explain why.
  • Identify the project team (by roles) and explain how you would incorporate the nurse informaticist in the project team.

Use APA format and include a title page and reference page.
Use the Safe Assign Drafts to check your match percentage before submitting your work.

 

References

McGonigle, D., & Mastrian, K. G. (2021). Nursing informatics and the foundation of knowledge (5th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. https://www.jblearning.com/catalog/productdetails/9781284220469
Sweeney, J. (2017). Healthcare informatics. Online Journal of Nursing Informatics, 21(1). https://www.himss.org/resources/healthcare-informatics
Sensmeier, J. (2020). The role of nursing informatics in improving patient outcomes. Nursing Management, 51(8), 22-26. https://journals.lww.com/nursingmanagement/fulltext/2020/08000/the_role_of_nursing_informatics_in_improving.8.aspx
Balestra, M. (2017). Electronic health records: Patient care and ethical and legal implications for nurse practitioners. The Journal for Nurse Practitioners, 13(2), 105-111. https://www.npjournal.org/article/S1555-4155(16)30509-2/fulltext
Hebda, T., Hunter, K., & Czar, P. (2019). Handbook of informatics for nurses & healthcare professionals (6th ed.). Pearson.
https://www.pearson.com/store/p/handbook-of-informatics-for-nurses-healthcare-professionals/P100000304761

 
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