Causes of Health Disparities

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Causes of Health Disparities

(Causes of Health Disparities)

Health ed

What are health disparities and what are some of the causes of these health disparities? Expalin in detail some of the causes.

Remember to include your references at the bottom of the page.

Health disparities refer to preventable differences in health outcomes and access to healthcare services among various population groups. These disparities are often observed across dimensions such as race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, gender, geographic location, and education level. They manifest in various forms, including higher rates of disease incidence, increased mortality, and reduced access to quality healthcare services among disadvantaged groups.

Health Disparities and Their Causes

Health disparities refer to preventable differences in health outcomes and access to healthcare services that exist among various population groups. These disparities are often seen in morbidity, mortality, disease prevalence, and overall health status. They disproportionately affect racial and ethnic minorities, low-income populations, and other socially disadvantaged groups (CDC, 2020).

Socioeconomic Status (SES)

One of the most significant contributors to health disparities is socioeconomic status, which includes income, education level, and occupation. Lower SES is associated with limited access to healthcare, poor living conditions, and higher exposure to environmental health risks. Individuals with lower income may struggle to afford healthy food, safe housing, and medical services, leading to worse health outcomes (Braveman et al., 2017).

Racism and Discrimination

Structural racism and implicit bias within the healthcare system contribute to disparities in health outcomes. Studies have shown that racial and ethnic minorities often receive lower-quality care, face longer wait times, and experience discrimination in medical settings. Implicit bias among healthcare providers can result in misdiagnosis, undertreatment, or delayed treatment, exacerbating health inequities (Bailey et al., 2017).

Lack of Access to Healthcare

Geographic location, financial barriers, and a shortage of healthcare professionals in certain areas contribute to limited access to care. Rural populations, for example, often face long travel distances to medical facilities, while uninsured individuals may delay seeking care due to high costs. Preventive services, which are critical for managing chronic diseases, are less accessible to underserved communities (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2017).

Environmental and Neighborhood Factors

The social determinants of health include factors like housing quality, air and water pollution, and neighborhood safety. Communities with high poverty rates often lack access to grocery stores with fresh produce, have higher crime rates, and face greater exposure to environmental hazards, such as industrial pollution and poor sanitation. These conditions contribute to chronic illnesses like asthma, obesity, and cardiovascular disease (Williams et al., 2019).

Education and Health Literacy

Health literacy, or the ability to obtain, understand, and use health information, plays a crucial role in disease prevention and management. Individuals with lower education levels may struggle to navigate the healthcare system, understand prescription instructions, or recognize early signs of illness. Limited health literacy can lead to poor medication adherence, higher hospitalization rates, and lower engagement in preventive care (Berkman et al., 2011).

Cultural and Linguistic Barriers

Language barriers can prevent individuals from effectively communicating with healthcare providers, leading to misunderstandings about diagnoses, treatments, and medications. Cultural differences in health beliefs and practices may also result in hesitancy toward medical interventions, such as vaccinations or mental health treatments. Culturally competent care is essential to reducing these disparities (Flores, 2016).

Conclusion

Addressing health disparities requires a multi-faceted approach, including policy changes, community-based interventions, and improvements in healthcare access and quality. Efforts such as expanding insurance coverage, increasing diversity in the healthcare workforce, and promoting social determinants of health initiatives can help reduce these gaps and improve overall health equity.

References

Bailey, Z. D., Krieger, N., Agénor, M., Graves, J., Linos, N., & Bassett, M. T. (2017). Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: Evidence and interventions. The Lancet, 389(10077), 1453-1463. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30569-X

Berkman, N. D., Sheridan, S. L., Donahue, K. E., Halpern, D. J., & Crotty, K. (2011). Low health literacy and health outcomes: An updated systematic review. Annals of Internal Medicine, 155(2), 97-107. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-155-2-201107190-00005

Braveman, P., Egerter, S., & Williams, D. R. (2017). The social determinants of health: Coming of age. Annual Review of Public Health, 32(1), 381-398. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031811-124603

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2020). Health disparities: Definitions and examples. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. https://www.cdc.gov/

Flores, G. (2016). Language barriers to health care in the United States. The New England Journal of Medicine, 355(3), 229-231. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp058316

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2017). Communities in action: Pathways to health equity. The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/24624

Williams, D. R., Lawrence, J. A., & Davis, B. A. (2019). Racism and health: Evidence and needed research. Annual Review of Public Health, 40, 105-125. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040218-043750

 
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Cultural Perceptions and Reality

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Cultural Perceptions and Reality

(Cultural Perceptions and Reality)

Anthropology essay.

Here is our first discussion question. Choose ONE of the options below to respond to and please indicate which option you have chosen in your response.

1. Using the story Rosaldo tells about how the Ilongots reacted to his Vietnam War draft notice, discuss how the concept of “mental maps of reality” in Guest p. 38-40 relates to ethnocentrism and cultural relativism.

OR

2. Interpret the following quotation from the Rosaldo article: “In Java, Geertz tells us, they have a saying: ‘The person is not yet human.’ But the way they say it is: ‘The person is not yet Javanese.'” How does this quotation relate to the concept of culture employed by anthropologists? Hint: Look up the concept of culture in Guest before answering this question, particularly the role anthropologists believe culture plays in shaping us as individuals and as a species.

The Rosaldo’s readings is link:https://www.scu.edu/ethics/ethics-resources/ethica…

I don’t have the Guest book yet, Guest’s Cultural Anthropology: A Toolkit for a Global Age so far, sorry about that and please make some search.so for the Guest part, please make some google research, so sorry about that, need a clear citation also at the end of the essay.

 

Option 1: Analyzing Rosaldo’s Vietnam War Draft Notice through “Mental Maps of Reality,” Ethnocentrism, and Cultural Relativism

In his narrative “Of Headhunters and Soldiers,” anthropologist Renato Rosaldo recounts an incident where he received a draft notice during the Vietnam War while living among the Ilongot people in the Philippines. Sharing this distressing news with his Ilongot hosts, Rosaldo observed their reactions, which were shaped by their own cultural frameworks and understandings of conflict and duty.

This scenario provides a lens to examine the concept of “mental maps of reality,” as discussed in Kenneth J. Guest’s Cultural Anthropology: A Toolkit for a Global Age. Mental maps of reality refer to the cognitive frameworks that individuals use to interpret and navigate the world around them. These maps are deeply influenced by one’s culture, encompassing beliefs, values, and experiences that shape perceptions of reality.

The Ilongot’s reaction to Rosaldo’s draft notice can be understood through their unique mental map of reality. Their cultural context, which includes distinct beliefs about warfare, honor, and societal roles, informed their interpretation of Rosaldo’s situation. This contrasts with Rosaldo’s own mental map, shaped by Western perspectives on conscription, war, and individual agency.

Ethnocentrism, the tendency to view one’s own culture as superior and to judge other cultures by one’s own standards, can hinder understanding in such cross-cultural interactions. If Rosaldo had interpreted the Ilongot’s reactions solely through his own cultural lens, he might have misjudged or misunderstood their perspectives. Conversely, the Ilongot might have found Rosaldo’s concerns puzzling if assessed solely through their cultural norms.

Cultural relativism offers a counterbalance to ethnocentrism. It is the principle of understanding another culture based on its own standards and values, without imposing one’s own cultural biases. By adopting a culturally relativistic approach, Rosaldo could appreciate the Ilongot’s reactions within the context of their own mental maps of reality, leading to a deeper and more nuanced understanding of their worldview.

In summary, Rosaldo’s experience with the Ilongot during the Vietnam War draft highlights the importance of recognizing and respecting differing mental maps of reality. It underscores the need to move beyond ethnocentric judgments and embrace cultural relativism to truly understand and appreciate the diverse ways in which cultures interpret and engage with the world.

References:

Guest, Kenneth J. Cultural Anthropology: A Toolkit for a Global Age. W.W. Norton & Company.

Rosaldo, Renato. “Of Headhunters and Soldiers.” Markkula Center for Applied Ethics, Santa Clara University.

 
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Pregnancy and Newborn Essentials

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Pregnancy and Newborn Essentials

(Pregnancy and Newborn Essentials)

Childbirth and Baby Care Class Pamphlet.

You are a human services worker meeting with 16-year-old, Kathy who is seven months pregnant. You are trying to educate Kathy on the benefits of attending a series of childbirth and baby care classes that you have arranged for her to take. Baby Audrey will be born in approximately eight weeks, and Kathy has attended only half of one session, which comprised one and a half of the 18 hours of required class time. After you meet with Kathy, she still refuses to attend the classes, so you decide to provide her with a pamphlet that will provide education on pregnancy self-care and newborn care essentials.

Create a pamphlet that you will give to Kathy and other young mothers in similar circumstances, describing information from this week’s textbook readings and other sources that will help mothers through the prenatal stage and facilitate proper knowledge of, and attention to, their care and safety and those of the newborn babies.

This working draft of the pamphlet should be 2-3 pages in length with document and citation formatting per APA Requirements.

 

Childbirth and Baby Care: A Guide for Young Mothers

Introduction

Preparing for the birth of a baby can feel overwhelming, especially for young mothers. Childbirth and baby care classes provide essential knowledge and skills that will help you through labor, delivery, and early motherhood. This pamphlet will offer important information on pregnancy self-care, childbirth preparation, and newborn care to ensure a healthy and positive experience for both you and your baby.

Pregnancy Self-Care

Proper self-care during pregnancy is crucial for the health of both the mother and the baby. Here are some key practices:

  • Nutrition: Eating a balanced diet rich in proteins, healthy fats, and vitamins helps in the baby’s growth and development. Foods high in folic acid, iron, and calcium should be prioritized.
  • Prenatal Care: Attending regular prenatal check-ups allows doctors to monitor the baby’s development and address any complications early.
  • Physical Activity: Engaging in gentle exercises, such as walking and prenatal yoga, can reduce discomfort and prepare the body for labor.
  • Hydration: Drinking plenty of water helps prevent dehydration, swelling, and complications such as preterm labor.
  • Avoid Harmful Substances: Alcohol, smoking, and drugs should be avoided as they can cause birth defects and complications.
  • Rest and Stress Management: Adequate sleep and stress-reducing activities, such as meditation, can improve maternal health and well-being.

Childbirth Preparation

Understanding what to expect during labor and delivery can help reduce fear and anxiety. Childbirth classes provide valuable information on:

  • Labor Stages: Learning about the early, active, and transitional stages of labor helps mothers recognize signs of labor and when to seek medical attention.
  • Pain Management: Breathing techniques, relaxation exercises, and medical pain relief options can help manage labor pains.
  • Birth Plan: Creating a birth plan allows mothers to communicate their preferences for labor and delivery with their healthcare providers.
  • Support System: Having a trusted friend, family member, or doula can provide emotional and physical support during labor.

Newborn Care Essentials

Once the baby is born, proper care is essential for their health and development. Below are key aspects of newborn care:

  • Feeding: Breastfeeding is recommended for the first six months, but formula feeding is also a healthy option if needed. Newborns typically feed every 2-3 hours.
  • Diapering and Hygiene: Changing diapers regularly and cleaning the baby’s skin gently can prevent diaper rash and infections.
  • Safe Sleep Practices: Babies should be placed on their backs to sleep in a crib with a firm mattress and no loose bedding to prevent Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).
  • Bonding and Development: Holding, talking, and engaging with the baby helps build a strong emotional connection and supports brain development.
  • Recognizing Illness: Watching for signs of illness, such as fever, difficulty breathing, or unusual crying, and seeking medical attention when needed is crucial for a baby’s health.

Why Attend Childbirth and Baby Care Classes?

Attending childbirth and baby care classes provides firsthand guidance and support, helping young mothers gain confidence in their ability to care for their baby. These classes offer:

  • Hands-on demonstrations for baby care tasks, such as diapering and bathing.
  • Education on postpartum recovery and mental health support for new mothers.
  • Opportunities to connect with other young mothers for shared experiences and support.

By attending these classes, you can feel more prepared and empowered as you embark on your journey into motherhood. Taking these steps now will benefit both you and your baby, ensuring a healthier, safer, and more fulfilling experience.

Conclusion

Your health and your baby’s well-being are important. Taking the time to learn about pregnancy and newborn care will help ensure a safe delivery and a strong start for your baby’s life. If you have any questions or need support, reach out to healthcare professionals, family, or support groups. Remember, you are not alone in this journey.

References

American Academy of Pediatrics. (2021). Caring for your baby and young child: Birth to age 5. Bantam. Mayo Clinic. (2022). Pregnancy nutrition: Healthy-eating basics. Retrieved from www.mayoclinic.org World Health Organization. (2021). Infant and young child feeding. Retrieved from www.who.int

 

 
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Cultural Competency in Nursing

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Cultural Competency in Nursing

(Cultural Competency in Nursing)

3 to 5 page paper outlining the integration of cultural competency in nursing practice.

For this assignment, you will construct a 3 to 5 page paper outlining the integration of cultural competency in nursing practice. As in all writing assignments, use APA Style formatting to cite your sources in your paper and provide references for the citations.

1. Provide an overview (introduction) of cultural competence in nursing practice in the first paragraph of the paper.
2. Identify how culturally competent care is fundamental to the practice of nursing.
3. Identify and discuss the relationship between cultural competency and diversity, as well as patient- and family-centered care. Provide an example          from your experiences in nursing.
4. Analyze and/or identify a barrier(s) to providing culturally competent care to a diverse population (e.g., health disparities, communication, and             environment).
5. Recommendations for providing health promotion activities for a selected population. Include conclusion to the paper.
6. Include minimum of three (3) APA formatted in-text citations and references. The course text may only be used as one (1) reference; two (2)                  additional credible references must also be included.
7. Writing skills, grammar, spelling, style, and adherence to APA format in a 3-5 page paper (excluding title and reference page).

This assignment will be submitted through Turnitin, which checks the originality of your submission against other sources.

Integrating Cultural Competency in Nursing Practice

Introduction

Cultural competency in nursing is the ability to understand, appreciate, and effectively interact with patients from diverse cultural backgrounds. This skill is essential for delivering high-quality, patient-centered care in today’s multicultural healthcare environments. By embracing cultural differences, nurses can enhance patient satisfaction, improve health outcomes, and reduce healthcare disparities.

Culturally Competent Care in Nursing

Culturally competent care is fundamental to nursing practice as it ensures that healthcare services are respectful of and tailored to the cultural needs of patients. This approach involves recognizing and addressing cultural differences in health beliefs, practices, and communication styles. By doing so, nurses can build trust, improve patient compliance, and provide care that is both effective and respectful. For instance, understanding a patient’s cultural background can help nurses anticipate potential health practices or beliefs that may influence treatment decisions.

Cultural Competency, Diversity, and Patient-Centered Care

Cultural competency is closely linked to diversity and patient- and family-centered care. Diversity encompasses the various cultural, ethnic, and social backgrounds of patients, while patient- and family-centered care focuses on involving patients and their families in the healthcare process. Culturally competent nurses recognize the importance of these elements and strive to provide care that respects and incorporates patients’ cultural values and preferences. For example, a nurse working with a Hispanic family might consider the family’s preference for traditional remedies alongside medical treatments, ensuring that care plans are both effective and culturally appropriate.

Barriers to Providing Culturally Competent Care

Several barriers can impede the delivery of culturally competent care. These include:

  • Health Disparities: Certain populations experience higher rates of chronic diseases and limited access to healthcare services, leading to poorer health outcomes.

    Communication Challenges: Language differences and varying communication styles can hinder effective interactions between nurses and patients.

    Environmental Factors: Healthcare settings may lack resources or infrastructure to accommodate the needs of diverse populations, such as providing interpreter services or culturally appropriate dietary options.

Addressing these barriers requires targeted strategies, including cultural competence training for healthcare providers, recruitment of diverse staff, and the development of policies that promote inclusivity and equity in healthcare delivery.

Recommendations for Health Promotion Activities

To enhance health promotion among diverse populations, the following strategies are recommended:

  1. Cultural Competence Training: Implement ongoing education programs for healthcare professionals to improve their understanding of cultural differences and effective communication strategies.

    Community Engagement: Collaborate with community leaders and organizations to develop health initiatives that are culturally relevant and address specific health concerns within the community.

  2. Policy Development: Establish policies that support the provision of culturally competent care, including the availability of interpreter services and culturally appropriate health materials.

Conclusion

Integrating cultural competency into nursing practice is essential for providing high-quality, patient-centered care in diverse healthcare settings. By understanding and respecting cultural differences, nurses can overcome barriers to effective care, promote health equity, and improve patient outcomes. Ongoing education, community collaboration, and supportive policies are key to fostering cultural competence in nursing practice.

References

  • Cerezo, M. A., et al. (2014). Cultural competence in nursing: A pathway to patient-centered care. Nevada State College.
    nevadastate.edu
  • NurseJournal.org. (2023). Cultural Competence in Nursing.
    nursejournal.org
  • Paric, M., et al. (2021). Methods of increasing cultural competence in nurses working in multicultural environments. PMC.
    pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

 

 
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Formulating Research Problems Effectively

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Formulating Research Problems Effectively

(Formulating Research Problems Effectively)

Assignment: Developing a Premise and a Research Question

As highlighted in this week’s Discussion, the clear formulation of a research problem and research question(s) is central to all research, because this leads to the identification of relevant and useful variables for measurement.

For this Assignment, you will first develop the problem statement for your Premise, using the topic you selected for your Premise in Week 1, and then you will complete your development of 1 to 2 research questions that will help to address the problem.

develope  a 4-6 page paper that includes the following:

  • A brief review of the topic you chose for your Premise in Week 1 and the broader system or ecosystem of which your topic is a part
  • A clear and extended statement of the problem you plan to address in your doctoral study research
  • At least one research question that you plan to answer from a secondary data source that you will select next week
  • An explanation of why the research question(s) you have chosen will help in understanding and addressing the identified problem

1. Introduction

  • Provide a brief overview of your chosen topic from Week 1.
  • Explain the broader system or ecosystem in which your topic exists.
  • Discuss the significance of studying this topic in the context of your doctoral research.

2. Problem Statement

  • Clearly define the problem your research aims to address.
  • Explain why this problem is important and relevant to your field of study.
  • Provide background information, including any existing gaps in research or challenges associated with the problem.
  • Discuss potential implications if the problem remains unresolved.

3. Research Question(s)

  • Develop at least one research question that can be answered using secondary data sources.
  • Ensure that the question is specific, measurable, and directly linked to the problem statement.
  • If using two research questions, consider including both a primary and a supporting question.

4. Justification of Research Question(s)

  • Explain how your chosen research question(s) contribute to understanding and addressing the identified problem.
  • Discuss the potential insights and implications of answering these questions.
  • Describe how secondary data sources will provide valuable evidence or perspectives.

5. Conclusion

  • Summarize the key points from your paper.
  • Reiterate the importance of the problem and the relevance of your research question(s).
  • Highlight the next steps, including your selection of secondary data sources in the following week.
 
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Genetically Modified Crops’ Impact

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Genetically Modified Crops’ Impact

(Genetically Modified Crops’ Impact)

My topic is: Genetically Modified Crops and Food Security in US

Writing requirement:

Introduction paragraphs are where we gain our reader’s interest and convince them to both care about our topic – AKA our food justice problem – and read the rest of our essay. Everyone has slightly different strategies for doing this, but I provide some ideas here in this PowerPoint ( attached in file) that I use in my WR 121 classes. You don’t have to look at it to complete this discussion board thread, but it might be helpful.  When you’re ready, address the following prompts:

1) Either copy and paste the introduction paragraph from your Essay #1 into your initial reply OR write a new one for this post. After you’ve done so, respond to the following question: Do you think a classmate in this course (who’s your target audience, remember!) with no prior knowledge of your topic or question would want to continue reading the rest of the essay? Why, or why not? In explaining your answer, please point to specific places in the introduction paragraph. If you think a skeptical audience member would not want to keep reading, what do you think you need to change to grab their interests. Your reflection on your introduction paragraph should be between 4-6 sentences.

WRITE REQUIREMENT:

  1. Does the essay have an obvious introduction paragraph, and does that paragraph:
    • Make a clear attempt to “hook” the reader with a compelling question, a surprising statistic, an interesting quote from an expert, or a vivid anecdote related to the essay’s topic?
    • Present the actual definition of the food justice problem that I’ve selected, including who that problem affects, and where this problem is most relevant for the essay’s purposes?
    • Explain to the reader why this problem matters, and why it’s worth defining in more detail in the remainder of the essay?

TO FULL MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR THIS THREAD:

1) Your Initial Post (the intro paragraph) must be a minimum of 300 words, total.

2) The initial post should be a clear introduction paragraph to the essay that you’re planning on submitting this Sunday (7/22) for Essay #1 – however, it can and should change between this post and the final essay based on the feedback you receive.

3) You must also offer a productive reply to a classmate’s intro paragraph based on the criteria described in the second part of the prompt – described above.

  • I’ll be especially appreciative of replies to classmates who have not received any feedback yet, so if someone has already replied to an intro, see if there are others in the thread that you can help out before adding a second or third reply to someone’s intro paragraph.
 
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Influences on Drug Abuse

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Influences on Drug Abuse

(Influences on Drug Abuse)

In a 750-1000 word paper (double-spaced), present support for how ALL three factors influence drug abuse:

  • Psychological influences
  • Biological influences
  • Social-Cultural influences

This assignment is to extend their understanding of the factors that influence drug abuse in the United States.

When writing your essay, try connecting all the factors if possible, but at minimum you should be expected to discuss all the factors as they relate to drug use in the United States.

In addition, incorporate any statistics you find on the internet to lend support the influences they discuss.

**The word requirement only includes the body only (word requirement does NOT include your title page/reference page. If you include images/tables, they must be added at the END of your paper and they will NOT count towards the minimum word requirement). The paper should also be written in a 12pt Times New Roman Font size, double-spaced (in accordance with APA guidelines)

Paper must be written in APA style.

Paper Template :APA_Paper_Template.doc

APA Citation Examples: APA+Citation+Examples.pdf

APA Resource: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/ (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

You must include at least 2 (two) scholarly references. One of which can be your textbook.

Influences on Drug Abuse

Introduction

Drug abuse remains a significant public health concern in the United States, impacting individuals, families, and communities. The complexity of drug abuse arises from multiple interrelated factors, including psychological, biological, and socio-cultural influences. Understanding how these factors contribute to drug abuse can help in developing effective prevention and treatment strategies. This paper explores the role of psychological, biological, and socio-cultural influences on drug abuse, supported by relevant statistics and scholarly references.

Psychological Influences on Drug Abuse

Psychological factors play a crucial role in the initiation and maintenance of drug abuse. Mental health disorders, such as depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), are strongly correlated with substance abuse. Individuals suffering from these conditions may use drugs as a form of self-medication to alleviate distressing symptoms. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), individuals with mental illnesses are twice as likely to suffer from substance use disorders compared to those without mental health conditions (NIDA, 2023).

Personality traits also contribute to drug abuse. People with high impulsivity, sensation-seeking behaviors, and poor self-regulation are more likely to engage in substance use. Furthermore, cognitive distortions, such as believing that drug use will enhance social interactions or relieve stress, can perpetuate substance use. Psychological therapies, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), have been developed to address these maladaptive thought patterns and behaviors.

Biological Influences on Drug Abuse

Biological factors, including genetics and neurobiology, significantly influence drug abuse. Research has shown that genetic predisposition accounts for approximately 40-60% of an individual’s risk of developing a substance use disorder (Volkow et al., 2021). If a person has a family history of addiction, they are more likely to develop similar patterns of substance abuse due to inherited vulnerabilities in brain chemistry and function.

Neurobiologically, drugs impact the brain’s reward system, particularly the release of dopamine in the mesolimbic pathway. This system is responsible for reinforcing pleasurable behaviors, making drug use highly addictive. Over time, chronic drug use alters brain structure and function, impairing decision-making and impulse control, which can lead to compulsive substance-seeking behaviors. Adolescents, whose brains are still developing, are particularly vulnerable to these neurobiological changes, increasing their risk of long-term addiction.

Social-Cultural Influences on Drug Abuse

Social and cultural factors significantly impact drug abuse rates and patterns. Peer pressure, family dynamics, and socioeconomic status play essential roles in influencing an individual’s likelihood of engaging in substance use. Adolescents and young adults are especially susceptible to peer influence, often using drugs to fit in or gain social acceptance. Studies show that teenagers who associate with peers who use drugs are more likely to experiment with substances themselves (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration [SAMHSA], 2022).

Family structure and parental involvement also contribute to substance use behaviors. Children from homes with high levels of conflict, neglect, or parental substance abuse have an increased risk of developing drug abuse problems. Conversely, strong parental support and communication can act as protective factors.

Cultural attitudes and societal norms influence the prevalence and perception of drug use. In some communities, substance use is normalized or even encouraged, while in others, it is stigmatized. Economic disparities and access to education and healthcare also play a role in drug abuse rates. Individuals in lower-income communities may turn to drugs as a coping mechanism for stress or due to limited access to mental health resources.

Connecting the Factors

While psychological, biological, and social-cultural influences can be examined separately, they often interact in complex ways to contribute to drug abuse. For instance, an individual with a genetic predisposition to addiction (biological factor) who also experiences childhood trauma (psychological factor) and lives in an environment where drug use is prevalent (social factor) is at an increased risk of substance abuse. Therefore, effective intervention strategies must consider all three aspects to provide comprehensive prevention and treatment solutions.

Conclusion

Drug abuse is a multifaceted issue influenced by psychological, biological, and socio-cultural factors. Mental health disorders, genetic predisposition, and environmental influences all play critical roles in substance use and addiction. Addressing these factors through integrated prevention programs, early intervention, and comprehensive treatment approaches is essential in combating drug abuse in the United States. By understanding these influences, policymakers, healthcare providers, and communities can work together to develop more effective strategies to reduce the prevalence and impact of drug abuse.

References

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). (2023). The connection between substance use disorders and mental illness. Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (2022). Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2021 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Retrieved from https://www.samhsa.gov

Volkow, N. D., Koob, G. F., & McLellan, A. T. (2021). Neurobiologic advances from the brain disease model of addiction. New England Journal of Medicine, 374(4), 363-371.

 
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Ethical Practices in Accounting

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Ethical Practices in Accounting

(Ethical Practices in Accounting)

How do accountants stay ethical

First, reflect on how ethics (i.e., acting with intentional integrity) fits into the topics covered in this course. For example, consider how accountants stay ethical in their job or how respect for the profession maintains an accountant’s ethical conscience. What is your plan for making sure you remain an ethical accountant?

Ethical Practices

 

Ethics, particularly acting with intentional integrity, is a foundational aspect of accounting. Accountants are responsible for handling financial information with honesty, accuracy, and transparency, which directly impacts businesses, stakeholders, and the broader economy. Ethical considerations in accounting include adhering to principles such as objectivity, confidentiality, professional competence, and due care.

One way accountants maintain ethical standards is by following established guidelines like the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) or the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Additionally, professional organizations such as the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) provide ethical codes that outline expected behaviors, including avoiding conflicts of interest and ensuring financial statements are not misleading.

Respect for the accounting profession also plays a crucial role in upholding ethical conscience. Accountants must remain committed to integrity, even in challenging situations where financial misrepresentation or fraud may be tempting. Ethical behavior strengthens public trust in the profession and reinforces accountability.

My Plan for Remaining an Ethical Accountant

To ensure that I uphold ethical standards as an accountant, I will:

  1. Commit to Ongoing Education – Stay informed about accounting regulations, industry best practices, and ethical guidelines by attending professional development courses and obtaining certifications.
  2. Follow Ethical Frameworks – Adhere to the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct and internal company policies that promote honesty and transparency.
  3. Seek Guidance When Needed – Consult with supervisors, mentors, or ethics boards when facing ethical dilemmas to make informed, principled decisions.
  4. Maintain Professional Skepticism – Approach financial reporting with a critical mindset, verifying the accuracy of data and ensuring compliance with regulations.
  5. Lead by Example – Encourage ethical behavior among colleagues by promoting accountability and fostering a culture of integrity in the workplace.
  6. Report Unethical Practices – If I encounter unethical behavior, I will follow appropriate reporting procedures, such as whistleblowing protocols, to prevent fraud or misconduct.
 
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ICS Response to Mass Casualties

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ICS Response to Mass Casualties

(ICS Response to Mass Casualties)

Incident command system relation to mass casualty incident management

Research a recent mass casualty event. Provide links to articles related to the event.

Analyze and evaluate the event in relation to Mass Casualty Incident Management.

  • How would you have organized the event (ICS Chart), what resources do you feel should be summoned to the event, and how long would it take to assemble these resources in your area?
  • What plans are in place and how confident are you in the plans success to handle this type of event in your community? 400 words APA Format with no less than 3 peer reviewed sources.

Strategic Valuation Insights Explored

The Incident Command System (ICS) is a standardized, flexible framework designed to manage incidents of all sizes and complexities, including mass casualty incidents (MCIs). Its primary objective is to ensure effective coordination among various agencies, optimize resource utilization, and maintain clear communication during emergencies.

Recent Mass Casualty Event: New Orleans Truck Attack

On January 1, 2025, a tragic incident occurred in New Orleans when a driver rammed a pickup truck into a crowd on Bourbon Street, resulting in at least 14 fatalities and over 30 injuries. The FBI is investigating the attack as an act of terrorism.

Analysis and Evaluation in Relation to Mass Casualty Incident Management

In response to the New Orleans truck attack, the ICS framework would have been instrumental in organizing and coordinating the emergency response. The system’s structure, which includes roles such as Incident Commander, Operations Section Chief, Planning Section Chief, Logistics Section Chief, and Finance/Administration Section Chief, ensures a systematic approach to managing resources, information, and personnel.

Organizational Structure (ICS Chart) and Resource Allocation

In this scenario, the ICS chart would be organized as follows:

  • Incident Commander: Oversees the overall response efforts.
  • Operations Section Chief: Manages tactical operations, including medical care and law enforcement activities.
  • Planning Section Chief: Develops incident action plans and maintains situational awareness.
  • Logistics Section Chief: Provides necessary resources and services, such as medical supplies and transportation.
  • Finance/Administration Section Chief: Handles financial aspects and documentation.

Resources to be summoned would include:

  • Medical Teams: Emergency medical technicians (EMTs), paramedics, and trauma surgeons.
  • Law Enforcement: Local police, federal agencies, and bomb squads.
  • Fire Services: Firefighters equipped for rescue operations.
  • Emergency Medical Services (EMS): Ambulances and specialized medical units.
  • Support Services: Mental health counselors, public information officers, and logistical support teams.

The assembly time for these resources would depend on their proximity and availability. Given the urban setting of New Orleans, local resources could be mobilized within minutes, while additional support from neighboring regions might take several hours.

Community Preparedness and Confidence in Plans

New Orleans has established comprehensive plans for handling mass casualty incidents, including the implementation of the National Incident Management System (NIMS) to guide coordinated responses.

However, the tragic event on January 1, 2025, highlighted certain vulnerabilities, such as gaps in physical security measures and the need for enhanced interagency communication. The partially completed street barriers, intended to prevent such attacks, were not fully operational at the time, underscoring the importance of timely infrastructure improvements.

While the community has a solid foundation for emergency response, the incident revealed areas for improvement, particularly in infrastructure readiness and interagency coordination. Addressing these gaps is crucial to enhance the effectiveness of future responses to mass casualty incidents.

References

 
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Medical Coding and Reimbursement

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Medical Coding and Reimbursement

(Medical Coding and Reimbursement)

Medical coding questions.

the following procedures:

  • Endometrial biopsy
  • Pelvic ultrasound
  • TDAP immunization
  • Maxillofacial prosthetics, unlisted procedure
  • X-ray of stomach
  • Coombs test
  • Intracapsular lens extraction

Choose correct CPT codes and type the code next to its corresponding procedure. Also, within the Word document, underline the key term utilized to locate the code.

Create a scenario where HCPCS Level I and Level II are used together. Explain how the HCPCS level determines payer responsibility and why documenting this information accurately is directly linked to reimbursement from the insurance company.

CPT Codes for Procedures

  1. Endometrial biopsy – 58100
    Key term: Biopsy, endometrium
  2. Pelvic ultrasound – 76856
    Key term: Ultrasound, pelvis
  3. TDAP immunization – 90715
    Key term: Immunization, TDAP
  4. Maxillofacial prosthetics, unlisted procedure – 21089
    Key term: Prosthetics, maxillofacial
  5. X-ray of stomach – 74022
    Key term: X-ray, stomach
  6. Coombs test – 86880
    Key term: Test, Coombs
  7. Intracapsular lens extraction – 66920
    Key term: Extraction, lens, intracapsular

Scenario Using HCPCS Level I and Level II

Scenario:
A patient presents for a TDAP vaccination (CPT: 90715) and requires the use of an immune globulin product (HCPCS Level II: J1670) to address an allergy concern related to the vaccine.

  • Explanation of HCPCS Levels and Payer Responsibility:
    HCPCS Level I includes CPT codes for services and procedures performed by healthcare providers, such as the administration of the TDAP vaccine (90715). HCPCS Level II includes codes for supplies, medications, and other products not included in CPT, such as the immune globulin product (J1670).

    Payer responsibility is determined by the type of HCPCS code used. For example:

    • Level I (CPT codes): Covers professional services and procedures.
    • Level II: Covers supplies and medications, often reimbursed under durable medical equipment (DME) or drug formularies.

    Documenting this information accurately ensures proper reimbursement. Errors in coding or omissions (e.g., failing to include the Level II code for immune globulin) could result in claim denial or underpayment. Correct documentation ensures compliance with payer guidelines, mitigates audit risks, and improves revenue cycle management.

 
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