Strategic Management Action Plan.

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Strategic Management Action Plan.

(Strategic Management Action Plan.)

Question description

Unit VIII Final Project Throughout this course, you will be developing what is known as a strategic management action plan (MAP). When all the strategic planning is done and the written strategic plan document exists, then it is time for management action planning based upon our strategies. This is where so many health care organizations of all types fall short. The same level of effort that went into creating the strategic plan needs to continue as we take action, measure progress, and reassess over time. Management action planning is a step-by-step approach developed to help health care leaders plan the action steps that will lead to positive change for our organizations. The strategic plan sets the direction for us, and our MAPs get the work done, turning strategy into reality.

Developing a MAP is a six-step process, and you will actually be practicing this MAP process as you create your course project. Some suggested MAP topics are provided here, and you are certainly free to propose your own topic if you like, perhaps something which truly needs to be addressed in your own organization. You may even find the MAP to be a valuable tool as you lead your own organization. By the time you reach Unit II, you should have determined your topic. In Units II through VII, you will learn about each step of the six-step process. It is suggest that you work on each part of your MAP during the week it is discussed to ensure that you complete your project on time. The completed project is due at the end of Unit VIII and should be in one of the following formats: .doc, .docx, .rtf, .pdf, or .txt. The project should consist of a minimum of five double-spaced pages and should be in APA format. Remember to cite any outside sources used to avoid plagiarism. Suggested HEALTH CARE topics include the following:

 Nursing Recruitment and Retention in Health Care

 Continuing Education Challenges

 Patient Care Technology

 Staff Safety on Duty

 Patient Safety in Hospitals

 Stakeholder Relationships

 Community Education Programs

 Disaster Preparedness HCA 4320, Development and Strategic Planning in Health Care 3

 Medical Director Involvement

 Quality Improvement Program for Health Care

 Patient Satisfaction

 Rural Health Issues

 Funding for Hospital Programs

 Neonatal/Pediatric Services Information about accessing the Blackboard Grading Rubric for this assignment is provided below.

 
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Ethical Standards

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Ethical Standards

(Ethical Standards)

Ethical standards are principles guiding behavior and decision-making to ensure actions align with moral values and societal expectations. They encompass respect, fairness, honesty, and integrity. Respect involves treating others with dignity and valuing their rights and perspectives. Fairness ensures impartiality and justice, avoiding favoritism and discrimination. Honesty requires truthfulness and transparency, fostering trust and reliability. Integrity involves maintaining consistency between one’s values and actions, even when it’s challenging.

These standards are crucial across various contexts, including business, healthcare, law, and personal relationships. In business, ethical practices promote accountability and prevent fraud, while in healthcare, they ensure patient confidentiality and informed consent. In law, they uphold justice and protect rights. Personal adherence to ethical standards fosters trust and strengthens community bonds.

Adhering to ethical standards helps build a just society and supports sustainable, positive outcomes in professional and personal interactions. It’s a commitment to doing what’s right, even when it’s difficult, and contributes to the greater good by promoting a culture of respect and fairness.

Ethical Standards

In this assignment, you will explore specific ethical standards that apply to the practice of professionals working in the human services field. You will demonstrate your ability to analyze potential dilemmas that might arise in this work by discussing the inherent challenges with practicing within the parameters of many different types of regulation standards.

Tasks:

Using your textbook, the Argosy University online library resources, and the Internet, research the ethical standards of one type of human services agency in your state or province. In a 2- to 4-page analysis paper, address the following:

  • Describe the type of service you have selected.
  • Briefly explain the related laws that govern the practice of the selected service.
  • Discuss the specific ethical standards (at least three) that are in place for direct service providers or human services agencies providing the selected service.
  • Identify and discuss at least one potential conflict that might arise in work under these standards if they were different from the agency’s policy or direct service provider’s own moral standards.

Submission Details:

  • By the due date assigned, prepare a 2- to 4-page analysis paper. Your response should rely upon at least three sources from professional literature. This may include the Argosy University online library resources, relevant textbooks, peer-reviewed journal articles, and websites created by professional organizations, agencies, or institutions (.edu, .org, or .gov). Write in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrate ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources (i.e., APA format); and use accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.
 
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Assignment: Sustainability Initiative.

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Assignment: Sustainability Initiative.

(Assignment: Sustainability Initiative.)

To foster a culture of environmental stewardship and reduce our ecological footprint, we are launching the Green Campus Program. This initiative aims to integrate sustainable practices across all campus operations, focusing on three key areas: waste reduction, energy efficiency, and community engagement.

Firstly, we will implement a comprehensive waste management system, including recycling bins in every building and a composting program for organic waste. This will help divert a significant portion of our waste from landfills and reduce our overall waste footprint.

Secondly, we will invest in energy-efficient technologies, such as LED lighting and smart thermostats, to lower energy consumption and decrease greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, we will promote the use of renewable energy sources by installing solar panels on campus buildings.

Finally, to cultivate a sustainability-minded community, we will host workshops and seminars to educate students and staff on sustainable practices. We will also encourage participation in local environmental initiatives and partnerships with green organizations.

Assignment: Sustainability Initiative.

Select a health care setting you want to focus on for your sustainability initiative (e.g., local hospital, veterans hospital, ambulance service, urgent care, nursing home, etc.).

Analyze the setting you have selected and break it down to the main departments, employee roles, operating activities, etc. While doing so, brainstorm opportunities to reduce costs or eliminate waste while improving patient care or outcomes.

Review the list of sustainable initiatives from the list below, and select one that you want to promote for your course project:

  • Energy efficiency
  • Lighting
  • IR scanning
  • Cogeneration
  • Kanban Inventory
  • Device exchange
  • CR pack reformation
  • Device reprocessing
  • Red bag waste reduction
  • Blue wrap recycling

Note: Ensure that the opportunity you select correlates with the setting you select. Additionally, if you want to complete a sustainable initiative that is not on the list, obtain approval from your instructor before completing the assignment.

Identify data sources you might need to collect and analyze for your initiative. Consider contacting people in the industry and at your organization who may be able to help.

Write a 525- to 700-word proposal of the sustainability initiative you want to promote at the health care setting you selected. Your proposal should:

  • Create a clear vision or mission statement that defines the scope of the initiative and would generate buy-in.
  • Define what outcomes you expect to achieve over time.
  • Be specific with what you can realistically deliver.

Cite 3 reputable references to support your assignment (e.g., trade or industry publications, government or agency websites, scholarly works, or other sources of similar quality).

Format your assignment according to APA guidelines.

Submit your assignment. For additional help, check out the ULTRA: Access your assignments page.

 
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Evaluating Human Services Programs

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Evaluating Human Services Programs

Evaluating Human Services Programs

Evaluation

For this Assignment, you will design and execute your own evaluation for a human services program. You may select a program you are familiar with, a program you wish to work with someday, or you may ask your instructor for some suggestions.

In your paper the following components need to be addressed:

  1. Describe the practice setting where the proposed evaluation will take place. Include a discussion of the population served and program(s) provided. (1–2 paragraphs).
  2. Identify and analyze the main objectives of the human service program. Evaluate at what assessment level if these objectives are being achieved. If they are, describe what makes them good. If they are not “good,” identify what could be done to make them good. (2 paragraphs).
  3. Based on your review of the program against what you have learned in this course and text about the delivery of services, describe one innovative change that you could make to the program to benefit the overall success rate of the program. (1-2 paragraphs)
  4. Select a research design that would be helpful to evaluate the effectiveness of this program. Explain why you chose that specific design. (2–3 paragraphs)
  5. How will you determine the study sample for your research design? (1 paragraph).
  6. Discuss any ethical considerations with regard to the participants, such as how you will keep the information confidential, protect the client, etc. (1–2 paragraphs).
  7. Explain how you will measure client progress. Conduct online research to determine one or two measurement scales that would be helpful for your research design. (2–3 paragraphs).
  8. Determine any threats to validity related to your research design. (1–3 paragraphs).
  9. Discuss how you would use data from the evaluation to inform your program. (1–2 paragraphs).
  10. Conclusion – Discuss what you have learned about evaluation from this Assignment (1–2 paragraphs).

Assignment Guidelines

Your essay should include:

  • A title page
  • The body of the essay (1800–2000 words; the word count does not include the title or reference page)
  • Use standard margins: 1″ on all sides
  • Use standard 12-point font size, Times New Roman or Arial
  • Use standard double-spacing
  • Use left-aligned text, do not right-justify

Provide appropriate citations and references in APA format. Be sure to look at the grading rubric in the Syllabus to ensure that you have covered all of the expectations for the Assignment!

 
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Pamphlet On Methamphetamine & Mental Health

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Pamphlet On Methamphetamine & Mental Health

(Pamphlet On Methamphetamine & Mental Health)

Warm-Up Activity 9.1: How to Prepare a Pamphlet

A pamphlet is an format in which you can present select and concise  information to improve knowledge levels, to change someone’s attitude  toward a subject, to be used in conjunction with other interventions, to  educate patients, their families and professionals, and to target  specific populations.

The Challenge in Preparing a Pamphlet

Writing an effective pamphlet is challenging. You have a limited  amount of space in which to provide information. This is where  organizing and outlining becomes important.

1. Determine the key concepts. Your assignment will outline several or all points that need to be covered.

2. Use headings or subtitles to address those key concepts.

3. Put the key point first in the explanation for each section.

4. Properly cite your supporting resources just as you would do with a  traditional paper. NOTE: Double-check with your Mentor to see if he or  she will accept footnotes rather than a reference section for your  pamphlet if it helps with readability of your information.

5. Graphics, photographs, charts and other illustrations need to be appropriate to the topic and audience.

Creating a Pamphlet

There are a number of software programs including Microsoft Publisher  that are designed to create a variety of different written materials.  But you can easily create your own using Microsoft Word.

Depending on the version of Word that you may have, you can open a  template and simply cut and paste your information into the template. Or  you can search the Internet for a free template.

But you can also create a simple pamphlet in Word by following these steps.

1. Open a new file in Word, name it and save it as you would any other assignment.

2. Go to PAGE LAYOUT>MARGINS>NARROW (1/2 inch)

3. Write your text and insert graphics

4. Go to PAGE LAYOUT>ORIENTATION>LANDSCAPE. Change to landscape – 11 x 8 ½

5. Highlight text.

6. With text highlighted, go to PAGE LAYOUT>COLUMNS>THREE. Click and save.

Your file now is a draft pamphlet that you now can review, revise and proof before you submit it to your Mentor for feedback.

Simple Tips

Effective pamphlets are those that present information that is organized, supported with valid research, and easy to understand.

1. Use short words and sentences. Keep your audience in mind.

2. Use quotes sparingly. As a general rule, quotes have value for  emphasis if you cannot rephrase the information any better in your own  words.

3. Use the active voice. “Families can provide support to children  struggling with homework by”… rather than “Support can be provided by  the family to children struggling with homework by…”

4. Be positive. “Families should” rather than “Families should not”

Presentation Tips

1. Use a simple font and no less than 12 point (footnotes should be no smaller than 9 point)

2. Use the same font throughout.

3. Use color sparingly and for emphasis only. The same goes for underlining and italics.

4. Use white space effectively. If text is squeezed together, it is  hard to read. Rather, take time to edit your information so that your  key concepts are clearly and simply presented.

Assignment

You need to prepare a pamphlet that can be distributed at  mental health clinics, public health centers, and physicians’ offices  explaining the relationship between methamphetamine and mental health.  Be sure to include the following in your pamphlet:

  • A definition of methamphetamines, their most common form and usages
  • How methamphetamines are abused
  • Intoxication caused by methamphetamine use
  • Long and short term effects of methamphetamine abuse
  • Symptoms and methods of withdrawal from methamphetamine use
  • Psychiatric illnesses association with methamphetamine use
  • Different ways disorders co-occur with methamphetamine (e.g., self-medications vs. meth-caused mental disorder)
  • Treatment options and prognoses for methamphetamine addiction

Support your pamphlet with at least 5 peer-reviewed scholarly references. In  addition, provide two local community resources (Columbus, Ohio area)that deal with the  problem of methamphetamine and mental health issues.
Your  pamphlet should demonstrate thoughtful consideration of the ideas and  concepts presented by providing new thoughts and insights  relating directly to this topic. Be creative while reflecting scholarly  writing and current APA standards.

Due: December 8, 2018 by 5pm EST

 
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Personal Insights and Analysis

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Personal Insights and Analysis

(Personal Insights and Analysis)
Week 5 – JournalWeek 5 – Journal
Due: 8 Aug 2017, 7:59 AM

How Does This Relate to Me?

Prior to beginning this journal entry, read “First Language Acquisition” (pp. 198-204) and “Second Language Learning” (pp. 205-211) in your required text, as well as the required article, “Understanding Reading Anxiety: New Insights from Neuroscience.” It is important for you to have already completed your initial discussion posts before you complete this journal entry.

Part 1: As you were reading this week, what vocabulary was used that was unfamiliar to you or might be to your peers? Identify three to five words from this week’s content and research each word in the context of learning and cognition. Explain, in your own words, what each word means and how it is used in the context of learning and cognition.

Part 2: Based on the week’s discourse and content, you will access the Ashford University Library and research one scholarly article pertaining to “reading comprehension and second language” published within the last ten years. Provide a summary explanation of the findings in the context of your article. What implications should scholars consider based on this information? Support your explanation utilizing your course sources and your researched article.

Part 3: Consider the events from the past week of your life. How does the ability to read and write effectively affect our behaviors, actions, and knowledge development? Describe one personal real-life example of an occurrence that indicates the possible consequences when reading and writing acquisition are not well-developed or when language development creates boundaries, such as educational or employment opportunities. As you share this information, consider and apply the professional standards found in “12.06 Anonymity of Sources”found in the AERA Code of Ethics.

Each journal entry should be 400 to 700 words in length and should establish your understanding of the content, apply appropriate methods of ethical practices, and exhibit appropriate scaffolding of personal experience to the week’s content.

Carefully review the Grading Rubric for the criteria that will be used to evaluate your journal entry.

Waypoint Assignment Submission

The assignments in this course will be submitted to Waypoint.  Please refer to the instructions below to submit your assignment.

  1. Click on the Assignment Submission button below. The Waypoint “Student Dashboard” will open in a new browser window.
  2. Browse for your assignment.
  3. Click Upload.
  4. Confirm that your assignment was successfully submitted by viewing the appropriate week’s assignment tab in Waypoint.

For more detailed instructions, refer to the Waypoint Tutorial.
 
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Civil Litigation & Personal Injury Assessment

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Assignment 3: Civil Litigation & Personal Injury Assessment

(Civil Litigation & Personal Injury Assessment)

A forensic assessment may serve a number of purposes in both criminal and civil contexts. In the context of civil litigation, a forensic mental health professional may be called to provide an assessment in a personal injury  case. For example, the professional may be asked to identify whether a  traumatic disability or syndrome exists and, if so, to determine the  severity and impact on an individual’s functional abilities. Personal injury litigation expands over several areas.

Using resources from the professional literature, research two types of reports written for civil litigation  purposes. The literature may include the Argosy University online  library resources, relevant textbooks, peer-reviewed journal articles,  and scholarly websites created by professional organizations, agencies,  or institutions.

Based on your research, create a 3- to 4-page paper in a Microsoft Word document responding to the following:

  • Discuss at least two ways in which a forensic assessment may be required in each type of civil forensic case.
  • Identify the specific psycholegal issues to be addressed in each type of evaluation.
  • Discuss the role of the independent medical examiner or independent forensic psychologist.
  • Discuss several key elements that the forensic mental health professional would want to include in the report.
  • Identify the legal entity or stakeholder (e.g., defense attorney) who might request each type of assessment  report and explain the potential reasons for the requests. In other  words, what might the forensic professional add to an understanding of  the case beyond what is generally known by laypeople?
  • Describe the assessments that are utilized to write the reports.
  • Identify the limitations of the reports.

Submission Details:

Assignment 3 Grading CriteriaMaximum PointsDiscussed at least two ways in which a forensic assessment may be required in each type of civil forensic case.16Assessed the role of the independent medical examiner or independent forensic psychologist.8Discussed the role of the forensic mental health professional.8Identified who would request each type of report and explained the potential reasons for the requests.8Described the circumstances for such reports to be written.8Described which assessments are utilized to write the reports.12Explained what information can be obtained from the report.12Identified the limitations of the report for the two reports you selected.12Wrote  in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrated ethical  scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources;  displayed accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.16

Total:100

 
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Refining Dissertation Research Strategies

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Refining Dissertation Research Strategies

(Refining Dissertation Research Strategies)

Theories Of Inquiry: Original 10 Strategic Points Revision

Original 10 Strategic Points Revision

Details:

In the prospectus, proposal and dissertation there are ten key or strategic points that need to be clear, simple, correct, and aligned to ensure the research is doable, valuable, and credible. These points, which provide a guide or vision for the research. The ten strategic points emerge from researching literature on a topic, which is based on or aligned with, the defined need in the literature as well as the researcher’s personal passion, future career purpose, and degree area. Previously, you drafted the ten strategic points for a potential dissertation research study based on an identified gap in the literature. In this assignment, you will practice the doctoral dispositions of valuing, accepting, and integrating feedback and reflecting on those inputs as you revise your draft of the ten strategic points created in the preceding assignment.

General Requirements:

Use the following information to ensure successful completion of the assignment:

  • Important note: Successful completion of this assignment does not      indicate that this topic and the related 10 Strategic Points have been      approved for use as your dissertation research study topic.
  • Locate the draft of the 10      Strategic Points that you created in the preceding assignment and the      feedback from your instructor and use them to complete this assignment.
  • This assignment uses a rubric.      Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar      with the expectations for successful completion.
  • Doctoral learners are required      to use APA style for their writing assignments. The APA Style Guide is      located in the Student Success Center.
  • You are required to submit this      assignment to Turnitin. Refer to the directions in the Student Success      Center.

Directions:

Reflect on the feedback provided by your instructor on the draft of the 10 Strategic Points that you previously completed. Integrate that feedback as well as your own new ideas into a revised draft the 10 Strategic Points for the potential dissertation research study.

The Feedback are attached

Resources

1. 10 Strategic Points

Familiarize yourself with this document found in the DC Network under the Research/Dissertation tab. You will be completing this document as you progress in the dissertation process. This document will be expanded to become your dissertation.

https://dc.gcu.edu/

1. Insight, Inference, Evidence, and Verification: Creating a Legitimate Discipline

Morse, J. M. (2006). Insight, inference, evidence, and verification: Creating a legitimate discipline. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 5(1), 1-7.

https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=21331314&site=ehost-live&scope=site

2. Pursuing Excellence in Qualitative Inquiry

Gergen, K. J. (2014). Pursuing excellence in qualitative inquiry. Qualitative Psychology, 1(1), 49-60. doi:10.1037/qup0000002

https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pdh&AN=2014-07617-006&site=ehost-live&scope=site

3. Qualitative Inquiry in the History of Psychology

Wertz, F. J. (2014). Qualitative inquiry in the history of psychology. Qualitative Psychology, 1(1), 4-16. doi:10.1037/qup0000007

https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pdh&AN=2014-07617-002&site=ehost-live&scope=site

4. The Promises of Qualitative Inquiry

Gergen, K. J., Josselson, R., & Freeman, M. (2015). The promises of qualitative inquiry. American Psychologist, 70(1), 1-9. doi:10.1037/a0038597

https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pdh&AN=2015-00137-001&site=ehost-live&scope=site

 
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Cognitive Development in Infancy & Toddlerhood

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Cognitive Development in Infancy & Toddlerhood

(Cognitive Development in Infancy & Toddlerhood)

Assignment Details

Open Date

Apr   2, 2018 12:05 AM

Graded?

Yes

Points Possible

100.0

Resubmissions Allowed?

No

Attachments checked for originality?

Yes

Top of Form

Assignment Instructions

Develop a lesson plan for a preschool using Vygotsky’s ZPD. In an evaluative paragraph, describe how these lessons would be explained by Piaget using his view of development. Use of APA format for this assignment is limited to references only.

Supporting Materials

Bottom of Form

Cognitive Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Earlier lessons have already provided an introduction to the basics of cognitive development. Cognitive development is the development of thought, mental processes and language. Theories on cognitive development attempt to explain how children develop thought and memory, gain information processing skills, and respond to their environments.

TOPICS COVERED WILL INCLUDE:(Cognitive Development in Infancy & Toddlerhood)

  • Piaget’s view of development
  • Vygotsky’s concept of the zone of      proximal development as relates to our understanding of early cognitive      development.
  • Environmental influences on early      mental development, including home, child care, and early interventions      for at-risk infants and toddlers.
  • Individual and cultural differences      in early language development, including factors that influence these      differences.

Fundamentals of Cognitive Development

Cognitive development in infants and toddlers advances at a rapid rate as the brain matures and children draw on their natural propensity to be active learners engaging with their environment. Several theories help us understand this developmental trajectory and also illuminate how to support optimal cognitive outcomes.

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· Cognitive development is one of three significant branches or domains of development; the other two are motor/physical and social/emotional development. Construction of thought processes are marked by increasingly advanced abilities in thinking, reasoning, and problem-solving as children move from infancy to early childhood, later childhood and adolescence.

Factors Which Influence Cognitive Development

· BRAIN MATURATION

· ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULATION

· SOCIAL INTERACTION

Several factors influence cognitive development in infants and children. These include both genetic factors and environmental ones. Brain maturation is essential to cognitive development. Maturation is any permanent change in thought or behaviour that occurs through the biological process of aging without regard to environmental influences. This is a purely biological process; as the child grows, the brain changes.

Piaget

Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development is one of the most recognized in the field. The theory’s central tenet is the child is an active learner who goes through stages where thinking advances as a function of specific underlying mental structures and processes. A group called Neo-Piagetians has expanded the original theory by incorporating an information-processing perspective.

PIAGET’S THEORY OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT(Cognitive Development in Infancy & Toddlerhood)

ACTIVE LEARNERS

STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

Schemes

Schemes are an organized way of making sense of experiences. These are a representation in the mind of a set of experiences, objects, perceptions or actions that goes together in some way. Schemes enable infants and children to understand their world and even to predict what will happen next. The scheme is a key way that the brain organizes information.

According to Piaget, cognitive development begins with simple sensorimotor action patterns like dropping an object to see what happens. As children get older, the patterns of learning become significantly more complex. The child becomes more deliberate and creative in his actions, showing that thought is occurring prior to the action. For Piaget, development consistently precedes learning.

Adaptation

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· Adaptation is one of two processes that explain changes in schemes. Schemes are built through interacting directly with the environment. Adaptation is used to achieve cognitive balance, or what Piaget called equilibrium. When the child is not in a state of balance or equilibrium, changes to the schemes must occur to enable the child to continue to develop and learn. Adaptation occurs when the child feels conflict cognitively between what is believed to be true about the world and what is being experienced. For instance, a child’s scheme of “dog” might be a large dog, like a golden retriever. When the child first meets a chihuahua, the scheme of “dog” must change to recognize that both the golden retriever and the chihuahua are “dogs” even though they look very little like one another.

Organization(Cognitive Development in Infancy & Toddlerhood)

· ORGANIZATION, A COGNITIVE PROCESS

· NOT DEPENDENT ON ENVIRONMENTAL CONTACT

Organization is the second cognitive process that impacts changes in schemes due to the mind’s natural propensity to develop and grow. In the process of organization, when new schemes are formed, the child mentally rearranges and links to other schemes to form a ‘system’ to organize knowledge into schemes that are related and interconnected. To rely upon the previous examples, the schemes of “dog” and “cat” could be part of a system of “pets” or of a larger system of “animals”.

Stages of Cognitive Development

The stages of cognitive development are four stages where all aspects of cognition develop in integrated manner and change in a similar way at the same time. These stages of development are universal and will proceed in the same order for all children, according to Piaget. The first two stages of cognitive development are most relevant to infancy through older toddlerhood.

The sensorimotor stage spans the first two years of life. There are six substages to account for how much cognitive growth occurs during these years. This stage is called the sensorimotor because to advance cognitively, children this age use their bodies, senses and motor skills to explore the world and manipulate things that they encounter within it.

FIRST TWO STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

  • Sensorimotor
  • Preoperational

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· Substage 1 (birth to one month): Reflexive Schemes. This stage consists entirely of newborn reflexes, including rooting, sucking, grasping, and startling. Newborn infants react similarly regardless of the experience encountered.

Preoperational(Cognitive Development in Infancy & Toddlerhood)

The preoperational stage is the second stage in Piaget’s theory, beginning around age two and ending around age seven. Only the very beginning of the stage is relevant for toddlers from ages 24 to 36 months. This stage is called preoperational because thinking does not reliably follow logic or ‘operations’. This lack of logic is visible in a number of different ways in young children.

EGOCENTRIC THOUGHT

ANIMISM

FANTASY VERSUS REALITY

TRANSDUCTIVE LOGIC

ARTIFICIALISM

CONSERVATION-CENTRATION

OTHER TWO STAGES

Neo-Piagetians

Piaget’s theory does not answer questions about the underlying mental processes like attention and memory related to developing cognitive processes. A movement called Neo-Piagetian looks to information processing capacity to explain what is happening in each stage and how children move through the individual developmental stages. Information processing includes cognitive systems encompassing a combination of mental capacities like working memory and mental concepts. Several aspects of information processing improve as the child matures, including basic capacity, particularly with regard to working memory, the child’s processing speed and executive functioning, which encompasses a range of cognitive operations and strategies. Executive functioning includes the ability to control attention, suppress impulses, coordinate information in working memory and increase flexibility with thought and behavior.

Vygotsky

· SOCIO-CULTURAL THEORY OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

· COMPLEX MENTAL ACTIVITIES ORIGINATE IN SOCIAL INTERACTION

· PRIMARILY APPLIED TO PRESCHOOL AND SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN

· SCAFFOLDING

Vygotsky was a Russian psychologist, and a contemporary of Piaget. Vygotsky developed the socio-cultural theory of cognitive development. While Piaget believed that cognitive development was universal, Vygotsky emphasized that children’s cultural context impacts how the child’s cognitive world was structured.

Vygotsky’s socio-cultural theory of cognitive development revolves around the central tenant that culture and society impact cognition, particularly as skilled others facilitate the child’s budding thinking skills.

Importance of Culture

The socio-cultural theory of cognitive development helps shed light on how culture influences learning and mental strategies. Different cultures value varying thought patterns and ideas. In the West, focusing attention on a single activity is most common, and is valued. Children are supported in directing their attention to a single activity. In Indigenous cultures, children are encouraged to do several activities at once or to multi-task. Culture can be more important where children learn not just through lessons but through their own observations of daily life and activities. Children fall into the pattern and expectations of their own culture because they want to be included in the daily life and experiences of their society.

The skilled other can vary depending upon the child’s culture. In societies or subcultures with extended families, or where siblings care for younger children, these individuals may play a larger role in the child’s learning. Even in Western middle class families, toddlers frequently imitate older siblings, particularly in terms of imaginary play.

Environmental Influences on Early Mental Development

Measurement of mental development in infants and toddlers forms the basis for understanding the influence of physical and psychological aspects of the home and of child-care settings, and subsequently the most effective elements of intervention for those children at-risk for poor cognitive outcomes.

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· Measuring Mental Development: In order to know how environmental conditions impact mental development, researchers and practitioners must know the normal or typical range of proficiency for young children. Several different ways of measuring infant and toddler cognitive functioning are used today to assess the range of proficiency. The best of these use large samples and develop the ‘normal distribution’, broken down by age. The normal distribution is often called the norm group.

Influence of the Home Environment

Observation in the natural environment, particularly the home, and parental interviews are also common. The HOME (Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment) checklist is used to gather information about the quality of home life. The HOME checklist has been found to reliably predict language and IQ in toddlerhood and early childhood.

SAFE YET STIMULATING ENVIRONMENT

OBSERVATION AND EXPERIENCE

EXPLORATION

Influence of Child Care

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· More than 60 percent of mothers of infants and toddlers are employed at least part-time. The majority of these use some amount of child care. A smaller number may rely upon shared parental care or extended family care.

Child Care Standards

In many cases, parents are not well informed. They may believe that the child care experience for their child is significantly better than it is. Because they think the care is acceptable, even loving parents do not demand improvement in the childcare facility. When parents are selecting a childcare facility, whether a child care center or a home daycare option, the following are signs of a good facility; however, these may not always accurately reflect the care provided.

BUILDING

TOYS

STAFF

SUPERVISION

SCHEDULING

INTERACTIONS

PARENTS

Early Intervention

· EARLY INTERVENTION PROGRAMS

· CENTER-BASED VERSUS HOME-BASED INTERVENTION

· HEAD START

· RESULTS

Early intervention programs apply to children at risk for later poor school achievement. These programs include both those directed at children raised in poverty, as well as those aimed at children with developmental disabilities. Children identified as at-risk on the basis of socioeconomic status can benefit from early intervention; these programs can address gradual declines in IQ and poor school achievement. Intervention programs are designed to counteract the effects of poverty. The earlier, longer, and more intensive, the better the results of early intervention programs. Poverty creates a stressful and chaotic homelife with few resources, undermining learning. The lack of a positive home environment, over time, promotes a cycle of poverty.

Language Development

Cognitive development and language development are connected in fundamental and essential ways. Language is one of the most extraordinary human accomplishments, with the early childhood period being the time most language skills are acquired. Several theories of language development exist with varying degrees of emphasis on the innate abilities and the influence of the environment. There are a number of theories connected to language development. These can be broadly divided into innate abilities and environmental impact.

MAJOR THEORIES OF LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT

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· The Nativist theory of language development was developed by Noam Chomsky. According to the Nativist theory, language is possible because of innate abilities in the brain. Chomsky believed that grammar was too complex to be taught, so had to be an innate, or inborn, ability. The Nativist theory proposes that all children have a Language Acquisition Device (LAD) in the brain. This LAD is an innate system containing universal grammar or a set of rules common to all languages. The LAD allows children, regardless of their native language, to use these rules once they have mastered a basic range of words.

Individual Differences in Language Development

· LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT RATE VARIES

· GENETIC INFLUENCES

· PERSONALITY AND TEMPERAMENT

· ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

Language development progresses at a different rate from child to child. The range of when children produce their first words is fairly wide, from 8 months of age to 18 months old. The average age is 12 months due to a complex blend of genetic and environmental influences.

Cultural Differences

There are cultural differences in language styles from one culture to another, and one language to another. Different cultures may have varied referential vocabulary. Referential vocabulary refers to objects in the environment. Referential language is more common in English speaking Western cultures. Mothers in these cultures are likely to label objects than in some other cultures. Expressive vocabulary refers primarily to feelings and needs. Expressive vocabulary is more common in cultures that value relationships and group membership over individual desires.

Knowledge Check(Cognitive Development in Infancy & Toddlerhood)

1

Question 1

Which theory supports the existence of a language acquisition device in the brain?

Nativist theories of development

Interactionist theories of development

Socio-cultural cognitive development

Stages of cognitive development

I don’t know

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Lesson Overview

In this lesson, you have discussed theories of cognition, or thinking and reasoning skills, including language. Both heredity and environment impact the cognitive ability of growing children. Key theorists in cognitive development include the work of Piaget on developmental stages, Neo-Piagetian theories that integrate information processing into Piaget’s theories, and Vygotsky’s theory of socio-cultural cognitive development.

PIAGET’S STAGES(Cognitive Development in Infancy & Toddlerhood)

VYGOTSKY

ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT

Key Terms:

ACCOMMODATION

ANIMISM

ARTIFICIALISM

ASSIMILATION

BROCA’S AREA

CONSERVATION-CENTRATION

EARLY INTERVENTION

EGOCENTRISM

EQUILIBRIUM

INFORMATION PROCESSING PERSPECTIVE

INTERACTIONIST

NATIVIST

ORGANIZATION

PREOPERATIONAL

SCAFFOLDING

SENSORIMOTOR

SOCIAL INTERACTIONIST PERSPECTIVE

TRANSDUCTIVE LOGIC

WERNICKE’S AREA

ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT

Sources:(Cognitive Development in Infancy & Toddlerhood)

 
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Inductive vs. Deductive Analysis

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Assignment 3: Inductive And Deductive Arguments
Inductive vs. Deductive Analysis

(Inductive vs. Deductive Analysis)

Inductive Analysis involves drawing generalized conclusions from specific observations. It moves from particular instances to broader generalizations. For example, if we observe that the sun has risen in the east every morning, we might inductively conclude that the sun always rises in the east. Inductive reasoning is probabilistic; the conclusions drawn are likely, but not certain, given the premises. This type of reasoning is common in scientific research, where patterns observed in data lead to hypotheses and theories. Inductive arguments can vary in strength, with conclusions that are more or less probable based on the evidence. The strength of an inductive argument depends on the number and representativeness of the observations.

Deductive Analysis, on the other hand, works from the general to the specific. It starts with a general statement or hypothesis and examines the possibilities to reach a specific, logical conclusion. If the premises are true and the logic of the argument is valid, the conclusion must be true. For example, in the classic syllogism, “All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal,” the conclusion necessarily follows from the premises. Deductive reasoning is often used in mathematics and formal logic, where it is important to have certainty in the conclusions. Unlike inductive reasoning, deductive reasoning provides conclusive proof of its conclusions, assuming the premises are correct.

Inductive vs. Deductive Analysis

In this assignment, you will apply key concepts covered in the module readings. You will identify the component parts of arguments and differentiate between various types of arguments such as inductive and deductive. You will then construct specific, original arguments.

There are two parts to the assignment. Complete both parts. The following is a summary of the assignment tasks.

Part 1

  • 1a: Identify Components of Arguments
    Identify the component parts of the argument, premises and conclusion, for the passages. Where applicable, highlight key words or phrases that identify a claim as a premise or a conclusion. Part 1a has three questions.
  • 1b: Identify Arguments as Inductive or Deductive
    Identify the arguments as inductive or deductive for given passages. Offer a brief explanation why each argument is either inductive or deductive. 1b has three questions.

Part 2

  • 2a: Argument Identification and Analysis
    In these longer text passages, identify the key components of each argument. For each argument, list the main conclusion and the reasons (or premises) that support the conclusion.
  • 2b: Constructing Original Arguments
    Construct one original inductive argument. Using 75–100 words, explain why the argument is an inductive one. Then, construct one original deductive argument. Using 75–100 words, explain why the argument is a deductive one.
  • 2c: Finding Native Argument Examples
    Find one example of an argument from contemporary media; this can be a short argument. Include or reproduce the original passage of the argument, paraphrase the conclusion(s), and identify the argument as either inductive or deductive. Using 75–100 words, explain why the argument is either inductive or deductive.
 
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