Mental Health Diagnosis & Culture

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Discussion 1: Mental Health Diagnosis & Culture

(Mental Health Diagnosis & Culture)

Cultures vary in their approach to addressing individuals living with a mental illness. As a clinical social worker, it can sometimes be difficult to differentiate an unhealthy behavior from a cultural belief. A certain behavior by an individual that is acceptable in his or her culture may seem abnormal or unhealthy by an individual from another culture.

Another important aspect in understanding the culture of an individual living with a mental illness is stigmatization. In some cultures, the individual is no longer accepted and thus becomes isolated. Most times this is due to a lack of understanding of mental illness and underlying cultural beliefs within the population. This is when cultural competence skills become critical when working with individuals living with a mental illness.

As a clinical social worker, you need to be cognizant of the fact that people from different cultures have different viewpoints about mental illness. This will help you form effective relationships with the clients and their family members from various cultures and produce effective interventions.

For this Discussion, search the library for an article on cultural factors relevant to addressing mental illness and analyze the approach provided in the article. Then consider how you as a social worker might apply cultural competence when working with clients with a mental illness. Refer to the “Cultural Formulation Interview” in the DSM-5 while considering applying cultural competence when working with clients with a mental illness. Finally, consider the types of barriers you might encounter when working with a client from a different culture when addressing a mental health diagnosis.

·      Post a brief summary of the article you selected and explain the approach the article suggests for addressing cultural influences of individuals with mental illness.

 ·      Then explain how you, as a social worker, might utilize the “Cultural Formulation Interview” in the DSM-5 to apply cultural competence skills when working with clients who need help managing a mental illness.

 ·      Finally, explain how acculturation affects an individual psychologically and socioculturally and describe a strategy you would implement as a social worker to help with the process.

Support your post with specific references to the resources. Be sure to provide full APA citations for your references.

References (use 3 or more)

 American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.

  • “Cultural Formulation” (pp. 749–759)

Berry, J. W. (2005). Acculturation: Living successfully in two cultures. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29, 697–712.

Corrigan, P. (2004). How stigma interferes with mental health care. American Psychologist, 59(7), 614–625.

 Group Wiki Part 1: DSM-5

In this program, you have been introduced to wikis and have experienced the value of collaborating with other students in constructing a space of information. Wikis allow students to engage in the subject matter more freely and provides a designated open area where important resources are collected. With multiple students researching and exploring a topic, the learning experience is broadened.

During the course, you will collaborate with your classmates to create a wiki on your assigned mental disorder. Four weeks within this course include an assignment that instructs you on an area of focus for each part of the wiki. To complete the wiki assignments, you are to collaborate with your group members and create a comprehensive, informative submission. The information you post may include the following:

·       A quotation from a course reading or video that addresses the weekly topic

·       A URL that links to a website containing relevant information

For this assignment, you have been randomly assigned to groups and designated one of the following specific mental disorders listed in the DSM-5:

 ·       Group B: F40.00 Agoraphobia

 To prepare for your Group Wiki, review the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for your assigned mental disorder on the Group Wiki. Search the literature and mainstream media on the stigma related to your assigned mental disorder. Use Corrigan’s (2004) frame of the four social cognitive processes of stigma in researching your topic. Conduct research to identify the impact of this diagnosis on an individual’s life and its effect on the individual’s decision to seek treatment.

 For this Assignment, collaborate with your group to write a 500- to 750-word wiki, being sure to use proper APA format for any citations.

In addition to a minimum of three scholarly references, which may include electronic government documents and reputable websites, your group wiki should include the following:

 ·       The DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for your assigned mental health condition

·       Information that will give a better understanding of how an individual living with this disorder perceives this diagnosis and how it affects seeking treatment

 References (use 3 or more)

 American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.

  • “Cultural Formulation” (pp. 749–759)

Corrigan, P. (2004). How stigma interferes with mental health care. American Psychologist, 59(7), 614–625.

 Discussion 2:
Policies and Social Problems

Why is it important for social workers to understand policy? When you think of policies, you may tend to think of the federal policies that support services such as Medicare and state policies that support education and welfare services. However, sometimes the policies that have the greatest impact on clients are the policies of agencies and organizations.

Note: An “agency or organizational policy” is a policy. For example, it might be part of a county welfare agency that requires an administrator at a juvenile correction facility to report any individual that is an illegal immigrant that comes to that facility.

 In this Discussion, you will identify a policy at an agency or organization with which you are familiar. It can be a public agency, a for-profit human service provider, or a not-for-profit community agency. Describe the organization, the policy, and the social problem it addresses.

Post the policy at an agency or organization with which you are familiar. Describe the organization, the policy, and the social problem it addresses.

  References (use 3 or more)

Jansson, B. S. (2018). Becoming an effective policy advocate: From policy practice to social justice. (8th ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning Series.

Martin, M. E. (2012). Philosophical and religious influences on social welfare policy in the United States: The ongoing effect of Reformed theology and social Darwinism on attitudes toward the poor and social welfare policy and practice. Journal of Social Work, 12(1), 51–64. doi:10.1177/1468017310380088.

Moyes, J., & Quadagno, J. (2002). Political theories of the welfare state. Social Service Review, 76(1), 34–57.

 
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Speech Written Assignmen

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Speech Written Assignment,
2- presentation, English homework help

(Speech Written Assignmen)

Question description

1. Speech Written Assignment: Final Outline, Description of Visuals, and References
2. From the speech written assignment, I need this, creating a PowerPoint Presentation Audio Recording Using the Narration Feature (you can provide me audio narration of each slide in word file )

The tasks associated with the presentation are an outline, reference page, and PowerPoint presentation with visual aids.

From a task perspective, you will need to identify a topic and have it approved by your instructor. Consider how you might adapt your presentation to your audience when preparing your presentation.

Next, begin your research and consider how you will narrow your topic by creating a general goal, and then a specific goal that will meet the needs of your audience. Then establish an effective thesis statement that must be written as a complete sentence. Once you know where your speech is headed, outline the body of your speech. Then add a strong introduction and conclusion. Create visual aids that will enhance the audience’s understanding of your material or that will make your presentation more memorable. Determine how you will transition between main ideas and slides. Finally, practice and deliver your presentation.

(Speech Written Assignmen)

Let’s recap what is involved in this speech project. You will need to select a topic and have it approved by your instructor. Then you will do research and create a rough draft of the speech outline for yourself. Be sure to spend enough time polishing up the final version of your outline for your speech.

Be sure to include the information you found during your research and investigation in the body of your outline, and organize it in a visually pleasing manner. Break out each main idea you will use in the body of your outline and presentation. Show some type of division like levels of headers or titles and then separate sections that are labeled and indented for the outline; state the main idea, state major subpoints in each main idea, and provide evidence for each subpoint. Cite your evidence, quotes, and statistics using APA format.

Finally, you will create a PowerPoint presentation and record your speech with the PowerPoint narration feature. Your narrated PowerPoint presentation is due by the end of Week 6.

Each student is required toobtain a headset microphone. In addition, all students should take the time to review the PowerPoint narration tutorials in the iConnect Resources under Course Home so they will be ready to complete their speech on time. Of course, if you face technical trouble, there is support available.

It will be necessary for all students to have a headset microphone to use iConnect PowerPoint narration. This will be the only additional equipment necessary to be successful in the course. Headset microphones can be purchased at any electronics or discount store for between $12–25 or even less. When purchasing a headset microphone, students should consider the ports available on the computer being used and purchase accordingly.

Assignment 1: Outline Guidelines(Speech Written Assignmen)

Outlines must be six to seven pages in length (this would be roughly one to two pages per area included in the outline), 10-point font, double spaced, including these five sections:

Title Page (title of speech, name of presenter, audience prepared for – school or institution, date): You can use this information to create your first slide in PowerPoint.

Table of Contents: Include final outline (general goal, specific goal, thesis statement sentence, introduction paragraph, full sentence outline), conclusion paragraph, description of visuals (images for PowerPoint), and APA references.

General goal, specific goal, thesis statement, introduction paragraph, body of the outline in sentence format (one to two pages)

Summary or conclusion paragraph (one to two pages)

Visuals description plan – images for the PowerPoint slides, by slide number if known (one to two pages)

Four or more authoritative, outside references are required (anonymous authors or web pages are not acceptable). References must be written in APA format with hanging indents, in alphabetical order, and with everything double spaced. The word references should not be formatted. Include copyrighted image resources in this list. See the APA tutorial in the Syllabus. Call a DeVry librarian for help with APA formatting. You can copy and paste this to use as the last slide in your PowerPoint.

NOTE: Do not copy and paste your table of contents, final outline, or visuals description plan into your PowerPoint slides! Your speech slides must be created as a meaningful presentation. Use a few bullets for each slide with one phrase or one sentence for each bullet. Do not put any paragraphs into the slides.

Any questions about this assignment may be discussed in the weekly Q & A Discussion topic.

Assignment 2: Speech Guidelines

Creating a PowerPoint Presentation Audio Recording Using the Narration Feature(Speech Written Assignmen)

You are required to deliver a graded oral presentation for this course. You will deliver your presentation to your audience through use of the audio narration feature built into Microsoft PowerPoint. You need a microphone and computer speakers to make the recording.

Creating the PowerPoint Audio Recording

Follow these steps to create and record your PowerPoint audio presentation.

·  Open MS PowerPoint; create your PowerPoint slides and then save them.

·  Go to the Slide Show tab located in the top menu.

o  Make sure that you have your microphone correctly set up before continuing to the next step. Tip:Set the volume control as high as it can go.

·  Click on the “Record Narration” option.

·  A pop-up window will appear. The default settings in this window are sufficient so click on “OK” to continue.

o  Note: If you click on “Set Microphone Level” and get an error message, please review the microphone section under the Resources area located at the bottom of this page.

·  The PowerPoint slideshow will start automatically. Just speak into your microphone to record your audio.

o  Note: To avoid sound loss, do not talk during slide transitions. Each slide is recorded separately.

·  When you finish the presentation, a dialog box will appear asking if you want to save the slide timing: Click on “Save” to save the timing, along with your audio.

·  Remember to save your PowerPoint file as a standard .pptx file before continuing to the next step.

·  Next, save your PowerPoint again, this time as a “PowerPoint Show” (.pps) or (.ppsx) file. This is different than saving a standard PowerPoint file, because a PowerPoint Show is the output or slideshow rather than the full file.

o  Click on the Office button in the upper left-hand menu of PowerPoint.

o  Choose “Save As” –> “PowerPoint Show.”

 
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Selecting a Good Test

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Selecting a Good Test

(Selecting a Good Test)

Resources

Your first assignment, Review and Selection of a Standardized Test, is due by the end of this unit. This assignment includes researching three different standardized tests in a variety of resources, which include Mental Measurements Yearbook from Buros (available in the Capella Library), test publisher Web sites, and peer-reviewed journals.

For this discussion, identify the three standardized tests that you are in the process of researching. The Unit 2 Discussion 2 and Unit 2 Assignment BOTH require that you utilize the Lists of Tests by Type, which is provided in the Unit 2 Readings. In your post:

  • Include a short description of each test and your initial findings from the Mental Measurements Yearbook. You do not need to include any data of information from the journals or publisher Web sites for this discussion. This is a high-level overview of the three tests and discoveries from reading the reviews. Include any difficulties you may be experiencing with searching for information either in Mental Measurements Yearbook from Buros, publisher Web sites, or peer-reviewed journal articles.
  • Conclude your discussion with an evaluation of the three tests and which one is appearing to be your preference for the course project. Explain why.

Please note, that you may change your choice by the time you submit your assignment at the end of this unit.

Studies

Key Concepts

Review Unit 2 Key Concepts.

Readings

Use your Psychological Testing and Assessment: An Introduction to Tests and Measurement text to complete the following:

  • Read Chapter 3, “A Statistics Refresher,” pages 77–116.
  • Read pages 124–143 of Chapter 4, “Of Tests and Testing.”

Use your Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing text to read Chapter 5, “Scores, Scales, Norms, Score Linking, and Cut Scores,” pages 95–107.

Use the Internet to review page 5 of “Code of Fair Testing Practices in Education” from Joint Committee on Testing Practices.

Media

Complete the following:

  • Click Norm-Referenced Versus Criterion-Referenced Assessment to view the presentation.
  • Click Measurement Scales Activity​ to view the presentation.
  • Click Correlation to view the presentation.

Unit 2 Learning Check

Complete the Unit 2 Learning Check quiz. All learning checks are required activities. While you do not receive a unit grade for completing each check, it remains a course requirement, and will assist you in understanding the content in the units, as well as prepare you for the final quiz in Unit 10, which is graded.

 
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Modern Psychology: Historical Perspectives

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Modern Psychology: Historical Perspectives

(Modern Psychology: Historical Perspectives)

Assignment 12: History IV

Discussion Questions IV:

All assignments MUST be typed, double-spaced, in APA style and must be written at graduate level English. You must integrate the material presented in the text to support your discussion, citing in APA format. Outside sources may be used to support the text information, but not replace the text.

Your response to each question should be 1- 1 ½ pages per question. Assignment should be 6-9 pages total plus a title and reference page

  1. B.  F. Skinner has been criticized for proposing a model of human  functioning that negates the possibility that humans can exert free  will. Explain how human thought (cognition) could support claims of free  will in Skinner’s model. Be sure to define free will in such a system.
  2. We sometimes see rabbits and dinosaurs in cloud formations. Do Gestalt principles help to explain this and, if so, how?
  3. In  light of the growing interest in evolutionary explanations for  behavior, why does Freud’s emphasis on biological needs and drives seem  reasonable or unreasonable?
  4. Identify themes in the works of Carl Jung that seem consistent with contemporary cross-cultural approaches to psychology.
  5. The  story of the blind men and the elephant is an ancient parable from the  Indian subcontinent. In it, each blind man in a group touches just one  part of an elephant to learn what it is. When they compare notes, they  realize they disagree completely about what an elephant “is.” Compare  this parable to the humanistic movement in psychology.
  6. Medicine  is a practice that has always been rooted in biology of the body—its  structure, form, chemistry. As our knowledge of the importance of the  brain in behavior grows, it seems that psychiatry, a branch of medicine,  is the discipline best suited for the study of mental disorders. Is  there a role for clinical psychology in furthering our understanding of  mental illness?

Assignment Outcomes

Examine the roots, theories, and relevance of major trends in modern psychology

Explore the evolution of ideas within philosophy and psychology

Examine the ways in which worldviews (religious, political, moral, and psychological) shape psychological frameworks

Demonstrate  an understanding of the history of psychology as it relates to the  natural sciences, social sciences, and applied disciplines

Explore the evolution of methods of research and inquiry

Examine  the evolution of systematic biases and the roles of major individuals  and cultural influences in shaping modern psychology

Evaluate the ethical views of psychologists and other scholars across history

 
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Diagnostic Reasoning: Acute Illness

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Diagnostic Reasoning: Acute Illness

(Diagnostic Reasoning: Acute Illness)

Diagnostic reasoning for acute illness involves a systematic approach to identify the underlying cause of a patient’s sudden symptoms. The process begins with a thorough patient history to gather information about the onset, duration, and severity of symptoms, as well as any relevant medical history, medications, allergies, and exposure to infectious agents or toxins. Physical examination follows, focusing on vital signs and targeted assessments of affected systems.

Clinicians use this information to generate a differential diagnosis list, considering the most likely and serious conditions first. Diagnostic tests, including blood work, imaging studies, and specialized tests, are ordered based on the initial assessment to confirm or rule out potential diagnoses.

Clinicians also employ pattern recognition and clinical guidelines to compare patient presentations with known disease profiles. They continually reassess the patient’s condition, integrating new data from tests and the clinical course to refine the diagnosis. This iterative process helps to ensure that the most accurate and timely diagnosis is reached, guiding effective treatment decisions.

Critical thinking, clinical experience, and evidence-based practice are essential in this process, as they help balance the need for rapid decision-making with the thorough evaluation necessary to manage acute illnesses effectively. Collaboration with specialists and multidisciplinary teams can also enhance diagnostic accuracy and patient outcomes.

Unit DQ – Diagnostic Reasoning And Rationale For Acute Illness

Pick one problem from the list provided below. Discuss and include your rationales using.

Discuss and include your rationales using.

  • What questions need to be asked and what body part needs to be examined?
  • What diagnostic tests need to be obtained and why?
  • How would you handle abnormal finding?
  • What will be your list of differentials?
  • 250 words not including title page and reference page

Problems commonly seen in the Primary Care setting:

  • runny nose
  • cough
  • diarrhea
  • pharyngitis
  • dysuria
  • rash
 
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Reflections on Nursing Theory

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Reflections on Nursing Theory

(Reflections on Nursing Theory)

Nursing theory serves as the backbone of the profession, providing a framework for understanding and guiding nursing practice. It encapsulates the core values, beliefs, and principles that shape the discipline, helping nurses navigate complex patient care scenarios with clarity and purpose. By integrating various theories, nurses can tailor their approach to individual patients, fostering holistic care that addresses physical, emotional, and spiritual needs.

Furthermore, nursing theory evolves in response to societal changes, technological advancements, and emerging healthcare challenges. It adapts to incorporate new knowledge and perspectives, ensuring relevance and efficacy in contemporary healthcare settings. Moreover, nursing theory fosters critical thinking and innovation among nurses, encouraging them to question assumptions, explore new ideas, and contribute to the advancement of the profession.

Ultimately, nursing theory enriches the practice by providing a conceptual foundation for nursing care, promoting professionalism, and enhancing patient outcomes. It inspires nurses to uphold the highest standards of care, compassion, and integrity, reaffirming their commitment to promoting health and healing in diverse communities.

Week8 Ref Health(Reflections on Nursing Theory)

Prompt: Your reflective journal for this week is your response to the session with Dr. Craigie with incorporation of the content of Chapter 4 in the Craigie book.

Summary:
The purpose of the reflective exercises is to allow for analysis, synthesis and evaluation of nursing theory using guided questions. Reflection has been referred to as a process that happens internally, privately or in isolation (Hill & Watson, 2011). Also, reflection has been referred to as the examination of an issue of concern, as a consequence of experience, creating clarity and meaning in terms of self, and which results in a change of perspective ( Boyd & Fales, 1983).

Boyd, E. M., & Fales, A. W. (1983). Reflective learning: Key to learning from experience, Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 23(2), 99-117.
Hill, M. & Watson, J. (2011). Creating a Caring Science Curriculum. New York, NY: Springer Publishing.

Directions:
The Reflective Exercise Questions will follow your Craigie (2010) readings.

 
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Collaborative Care: Treating Bulimia

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Collaborative Care: Treating Bulimia

(Collaborative Care: Treating Bulimia)

Case Analysis – Collaborating With Outside Providers

Prior to beginning work on this assignment, read the PSY650 Week Three Treatment Plan Preview the documentView in a new window and Case 9: Bulimia Nervosa in Gorenstein and Comer (2014). Please also read the Waller, Gray, Hinrichsen, Mounford, Lawson, and Patient (2014) “Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Bulimia Nervosa and Atypical Bulimic Nervosa: Effectiveness in Clinical Settings,”Halmi (2013) “Perplexities of Treatment Resistance in Eating Disorders,” and DeJesse and Zelman (2013) “Promoting Optimal Collaboration Between Mental Health Providers and Nutritionists in the Treatment of Eating Disorders” articles.  Assess the evidence-based practices implemented in this case study.

In your paper, please include the following.

•Explain the connection between each theoretical orientation used by Dr. Heston and the treatment intervention plans utilized in the case.

•Describe the cognitive-behavioral model of the maintenance of bulimia nervosa.

•Explain why Rita was reluctant to participate in Dr. Heston’s request for her to keep a record of her eating behaviors. Use information from the Halmi (2013) article “Perplexities of Treatment Resistance in Eating Disorders” to help support your statements.

•Recommend outside providers (psychiatrists, medical doctors, nutritionists, social workers, holistic practitioners, etc.) to the assist Rita in achieving her treatment goals. Use information from the DeJesse and Zelman (2013) “Promoting Optimal Collaboration between Mental Health Providers and Nutritionists in the Treatment of Eating Disorders” article to help support your recommendations.

•Describe some of the challenges and ethical issues that Dr. Heston may encounter when working collaboratively with the professionals that you recommended.  Apply ethical principles and standards of psychology relevant to your description of Dr. Heston’s potential collaboration with outside providers.

•Evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment interventions implemented by Dr. Heston, supporting your statements with information from the case and two to three peer-reviewed articles from the Ashford University Library.

•Recommend three additional treatment interventions that would be appropriate in this case. The recommended articles for this week may be useful in generating your response to this criterion. Justify your selections with information from the case.

The Case Analysis – Collaborating with Outside Providers

•Must be 4 to 5 double-spaced pages in length (not including title and references pages) and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site..

•Must include a separate title page with the following:

◦Title of paper

◦Student’s name

◦Course name and number

◦Instructor’s name

◦Date submitted

•Must use at least two peer-reviewed sources from in the Ashford University Library.

•Must document all sources in APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.

•Must include a separate references page that is formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.

 
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Crafting Advanced Nursing Philosophy

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Crafting Advanced Nursing Philosophy

(Crafting Advanced Nursing Philosophy)

Personal Philosophy of Advance Nursing Practice Narrative, health and medicine homework help

Question description

Personal Philosophy of Advance Nursing Practice Narrative

This Assignment addresses this course outcome:

MN502-1: Formulate a professional nursing philosophy based upon the role and responsibilities of the advanced nurse.

Introduction

The purpose of this Assignment is for you to present your views, values, and beliefs about the four concepts of the nursing metaparadigm (i.e., person, nursing, health, and environment) and their interrelationship to one another as they guide your current nursing practice. The process of identifying a personal nursing philosophy of advanced nursing practice and continuously examining, affirming, and validating this philosophy through caring for patients, families, communities, populations, and/or systems can foster professional and personal growth that builds advanced practice expertise.

Directions

In this Assignment, you will develop the first draft of your personal philosophy of advanced practice nursing. You will continue to work on this document throughout the course, with new drafts reflecting your growing sophistication as you reflect on each week’s lesson.

A philosophical statement includes these elements:

  • An introduction that presents your thought processes used to articulate a philosophy of advanced practice nursing. Note that APA does not use a heading for the introduction, because it is assumed that the first few paragraphs of a manuscript are the introduction.
  • Valued personal concepts, such as:
    • Metaparadigm concepts such as person/client, nursing, health, and environment
    • Additional concepts you may find valuable to advanced practice, such as IOM Future of Nursing, accountability, interprofessional collaborative practice, social justice, and professionalism
    • Definition of each concept selected
    • Relationships between and among concepts within your personal philosophy as applied to your current practice. A diagram with should be used to graphically depict these interrelationships.

Organization of Your Paper

Your final paper is to be written in APA format (including organization, documentation, and references) and be no more than two pages in length. The paper should include a title page and reference list, however, these pages are not included in the final page count.

Course materials, except textbook, may be used and must be supplemented by current literature from peer-reviewed nursing journals no older than 5 years.

Additional resources to support this Assignment include:

  • Reflection: Readings
  • IOM Future of Nursing
  • Interprofessional collaborative practice

Please Utilize these references as your material and Please Follow the grading rubric under uploaded files

Calwell, L., & Grobbel, C. C. (2013). The importance of reflective practice in nursing. International Journal of Caring Sciences, 6(3), 31-326.

Disch, J. (2013). Interprofessional education and collaborative practice. Nursing Outlook, 61(1), 3-4.

American Association of Colleges of Nursing. (2011). Core competencies for interprofessional collaborative practice. Retrieved from http://www.aacn.nche.edu/education-resources/ipecreport.pdf

Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. (2010). The future of nursing: Leading change, advancing health. Retrieved from http://iom.nationalacademies.org/Reports/2010/The-…

Jayatilleke, N., & Mackie, A. (2012). Reflection as part of continuous professional development for public health professions: A literature review. Journal of Public Health, 35(2), 308-312. Retrieved from http://jpubhealth.oxfordjournals.org/content/early…

 
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Professional Role: Clinical Psychology

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Choosing a Professional Role: Clinical Psychology

(Professional Role: Clinical Psychology)

Clinical Psychology DescriptionThe contributions of clinical psychology in the promotion and protection of the health of the population cannot be underestimated. The field plays an essential role in providing professional services that help in the examination and diagnosis of emotional, behavioral and psychophysiological problems. The profession ensures that the health care providers are correctly evaluating and examining their patients to promote and protect their mental health (Rajecki, Appleby, Williams, Johnson, & Jeschke, 2005). A clinical psychologist is responsible for understanding and predicting intellectual capabilities of patients. The division works closely with the other healthcare providers specialized in mental health. Undoubtedly, clinical psychology plays a vital role in improving the psychological health of the people.

Knowledge and Skills Required(Professional Role: Clinical Psychology)Acquiring professional knowledge and skills in the field of clinical psychology is vital in the successful practice of the career. A clinical psychologist should be trained and be familiar with all mental, emotional and behavioral problems. It is crucial to have a deep understanding concerning the conditions to successfully work with other healthcare providers. It is imperative for one to be familiar with relationship issues and embrace cultural diversity to successfully practice the profession (Rajecki et al., 2005). Reflective and decision-making skills are critical in the practice of the clinical psychology profession. One is also required to acquire nursing skills to care for the patients. Diagnostic and conceptual knowledge and skills are important in the field of clinical psychology, particularly when conducting mental examinations and assessments (DeAngelis, 2008). An individual who wants to be a successful clinical psychologist is obliged to acquire the skills to improve the provision of quality healthcare services. However, it is vital for one to pursue a degree in psychology and specialize in clinical psychology. A nursing education is an added advantage to be successful in the field of clinical psychology.

Tasks Expected to PerformA clinical psychologist is assigned duties and responsibilities ranging from general service to practicing in a health care facility. They play an essential role in the rehabilitation of a person diagnosed with addictions and/or mental disorders. They also help a person with a disability to adjust their life and live with their condition and still be productive (Rajecki et al., 2005). Such individuals conduct interviews that help the physicians to collect vital information regarding the condition of the patients suspected to be having mental or behavioral problems. The clinical psychologist educates and trains patients by empowering them with vital skills and information to overcome the challenge they experience in life following their medical conditions (DeAngelis, 2008). Psychologists are also considered educators and are responsible for designing the curriculum and training schedule of students to prepare them for the future practice of clinical psychology. They offer guidance and counseling services to patients and their families in an attempt to encourage family therapy to enhance recovery (Rajecki et al., 2005). Understanding the roles of a clinical psychologist is crucial to making informed choices in matters related to the career and to uphold professionalism.

Improving Clinical Psychology Profession(Professional Role: Clinical Psychology)The path towards growing and developing expertize in a profession entails three predictive factors. First, the participation in social networks is an effective strategy for gaining expertize in clinical psychology. It is vital to join the American Board of Clinical Psychology (ABCP) to exchange information and experience with the members (DeAngelis, 2008). The association provides guidelines for clinical psychologists to have a sense of direction to improve the provision of such services. Second, the participation in training and development program can also help a person to gain expertize in clinical psychology. It offers opportunities to the person to benefit from the training materials offered, and the courses that will add to their experience and professionalism (DeAngelis, 2008). Finally, growth in personal initiatives and gaining expertize are also important predictive factors that encourage a person to pursue courses and training that they deem necessary. For instance, pursuing a diploma in clinical psychology can help a psychologist to gain knowledge and skills for a successful practice of the clinical psychology profession.

Theories and Research Methods

Biopsychological Theory

The biopsychological theory was first proposed by Jeffrey Allan Gray in 1970. The theory proposes the existence of two systems that control any human behavioral system:  Behavioral Activation System (BAS) and Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS).

Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) involves the prediction of a person’s response to situations in the environment which are likely to produce anxiety. The neuropsychological system associated with the BIS is activated in cases of negative events such as punishment. The response of this system to cues in a given environment that indicate the possible negative occurrences ensures that the individual is able to avoid such unpleasant events. The proponents of this system propose that the causal basis related to the BIS is anxiety.

Behavioral activation system (BAS) deals with the issue of a person’s disposition to achieve set goals. The system is aroused by cues in the environment associated with rewards and it is related to impulsivity.  The BAS is assumed to be the reason behind the happiness and the elation a person feels when one achieves a certain goal (Ling, 1998).

Psychoanalytic Theory(Professional Role: Clinical Psychology)

Sigmund Freud is credited with originating the Psychoanalytic theory which is based on the interaction between three basic components of the mind: id, ego, and Superego.  The Ego part of the mind is solely concerned with immediate gratification, the ego is concerned with the social rules and norms while the superego part of the mind mediates between the two parts of the mind leading to a favorable compromise.   The interactions between these parts of the mind are said to be the main determinants of human behavior, and ultimately shape an individual’s personality. According to Freud, the development of an individual’s personality starts during childhood and takes place in five psychosexual phases. During these phases, the child has faced conflicts between social expectations and the child’s innate biological drive. According to this theory, the maturity of each individual’s personality is determined by how well he or she navigates and masters each of these psychosexual development stages (Loeb, 2010).

The Blank Slate Theory

This theory of psychology is also commonly referred to as tabula rasa and posited that a child is born with a blank mind and that anything he or she learns is purely acquired through its interaction with the environment. One of the main theorists behind the tabula rasa idea was John Locke. Later studies disapproved the theory indicating that the child is born with innate capabilities which allow it to learn. Furthermore, some unlearned behaviors in children such as laughing cannot be explained by the theory.

Primary Research areas for developmental psychologists are cognitive, emotional and behavioral development. The studies focus on the effects of various factors including preterm birth, the parent’s occupation, and educational level of the parents and other socioeconomic factors on the child’s emotional, behavioral and cognitive development.

Developmental Psychologists use many methods in research including observational and experimental studies. An example of an observational research method is the cohort studies are mainly applied I the prognosis, incidence and causes. Cohort studies are done chronologically and are very useful in distinguishing between causes and effects. In cohort studies, a sample group of participants is studied over a period of time to determine changes in the participants over time.

A scholarly article in which Cohort observational method was used is entitled “Variables Associated With Cognitive Behavioral and Emotional Development: A Cohort of Schoolchildren” (Barbieri, Bettiol, Correia, Loureiro, & Saur, 2014). The research was done to investigate possible variables which may have an impact on the behavioral, cognitive and emotional development of a cohort of school children. The study was conducted in Brazil and was primarily interested in investigating variables such as socioeconomic factors (occupation of head of a family, the number of household members), and biological (birth weight and gestational age weight, sex). A sample of 790 school children in a school was involved in the study. The scholars used Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire to assess behavioral and emotional aspects while the cognitive assessment was done through the use of the Raven Test.

Critiquing Research Articles(Professional Role: Clinical Psychology)

Research Article №1

The first study to be introduced in the assignment is «A transdiagnostic comparison of enhanced cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT-E) and interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) in the treatment of eating disorders» (Fairburn et al., 2015). The purpose of the  research was to identify which of the two psychotherapeutic methods can be considered more effective in treating eating disorders. Another goal was to find out whether the study’s findings would coincide with the ones of the initial study of CBT-E by Fairburn et al (2009).

The hypothesis of the study is that IPT proves as effective in treating eating disorders as CBT-E. The research was aimed at exploring a dependent variable, the effect of psychotherapy on patients with eating disorders. In order to disclose it two independent variables, CBT-E and IPT were used as two different methods of achieving the psychotherapeutic effect.

Three therapists were involved in the research: two clinical psychologists and a psychiatric nurse practitioner. Therapeutic sessions lasted from 20 to 50 minutes in both methods. All of them had been recorded and some (the selected sessions) had been supervised.

The study was held in one of the eating disorder clinics in the UK. It included patients whose body mass index was between 17.5 and 40.0. After their randomization to one of the methods, patients received psychotherapy for 20 weeks. The assessment occurred before and after treatment as well as in 20, 40 and 60 weeks’ period from the end of therapy.

The study involved 130 patients aged 18-65 years with eating disorders, which took part in the research from 2006 to 2011. The range of participants included: 53 ones with bulimia nervosa, 8 ones with binge eating disorder and 69 were diagnosed “other eating disorder”. The half (65 ones) of the patients were treated with CBT-E and the other half – with IPT. The study implemented stratified random sampling using the computer-based minimization algorithm.

(Professional Role: Clinical Psychology)

Patients’ condition was measured according to the 16th edition of the Eating Disorder Examination interview (EDE). In order to assess the effect of psychotherapy the following variables were used: EDE global score, eating disorder behavior and cessation for binge eating and purging if present. The patients were analyzed in terms of all the variables using a separate linear mixed model with the scores. The scores were measured before and after the 20-weeks of treatment and in 20, 40 and 60 weeks after treatment. Since the study refers to the clinical trial, the data was gathered by study staff into the electronic case report forms. An intent-to-treat and per protocol analyses were used to compare the treatment groups.

The research compared the outcomes of treatment at baseline, post-treatment and at 60-week post-treatment follow-up. At posttreatment, the global EDE score below 1.74 among the patients with CBT-E psychotherapy was 65.5% compared to 33.3% of those who were treated with IPT. Consequently, the study results showed that CBT-E managed to introduce almost twice as many participants in remission, and thus, had the higher effectiveness in treating eating disorders.

Among the obvious strengths of the research design, there is a centralized method of randomization, which provided the study with two equivalent groups. Furthermore, data collection and analysis was conducted with the help of electronic case report forms; this method guarantees a high accuracy of the results. The research is limited to exploring the psychotherapeutic effects on adults with BMI between 17.5 and 40.0; therefore, the sampling does not represent the whole society. Finally, it is notable that in 60-weeks follow-up the remission rate of IPT patients has registered a 15,7% growth, while the rate of CBT-E patients – only 3,9%.  This may indicate that IPT may prove more effective in a long-term perspective, and CBT-E manages to show the results in short term.

Research Article №2(Professional Role: Clinical Psychology)

Another research refers to “Effectiveness of hypnosis therapy and Gestalt therapy as depression treatments” (González-Ramírez et al., 2017). The study’s primary aim was to identify the effectiveness of two methods in dealing with depressive patients. Another goal was to discover whether hypnosis or Gestalt therapy would show better results in depression treatment.

The study checks the hypothesis that both methods are statistically effective in treating depression. Depression degree is measured in the research as a dependent variable with the help of independent variables – symptoms of depression measured by the Beck Anxiety Inventory test (BAI).

The method of the research refers to a quantitative quasi-experimental one, which involved two experimental groups and a control one. Two groups were tested before and after therapies, while the control one was delivered sessions of passive listening. The first experimental group was treated with therapeutic hypnosis (HT) and the second – with a mix of Gestalt-Hypnosis Therapy (GHT) and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT). The members of experimental groups were delivered treatment individually in 6 weekly sessions. 30 patients were selected for the study on the basis of the auto-evaluation scale International Neuropsychiatric Interview 5.0.0 (MINI), which is a known tool for diagnostician of a depression. The sample included 21 females and 9 males aged 23-35 years.

BAI test was used to assess the patients’ condition before and after therapy. Kolmogorov Smirnov test, one-way analysis of variance, Tuckey test as well as statistical analyses in Minitab 17.1.0 were implemented for data analysis. Data were collected from the electronic case report forms.

The results of the study showed that both experimental groups demonstrated a decrease in the depression between pre-test and post-test as opposed to the control group. However, only HT experimental group’s results showed a statistical difference in comparison with the control group. The authors conclude that HT manages to achieve better results in the shorter period of time compared to a combination of GHT and CBT methods.

One of the greatest strengths of the research is the presence of control group, which makes the experiment valid and credible. The use of the statistical electronic application is another advantage of the study. Among the possible limitations of the research, there is a lack of information on the sampling type, which makes the sample not representative enough. Moreover, the sample size may be considered too small for any statistical significance. Also, the use of BAI, which is a self-report inventory, may fail to provide the explorers with the unbiased data. Another drawback refers to the fact that the study didn’t apply clear forms of hypnosis and Gestalt therapies; instead, it used HT in the first group and a combination of GHT and CBT in the second group. Consequently, the results can only prove that hypnosis is more effective than a mix of GHT and CBT rather than provide any evidence on the difference in treatment effects of hypnosis and Gestalt therapies.

(Professional Role: Clinical Psychology)

From the ongoing Capstone Projects are parts of the degree requirement at Walden University that are aimed to impact positive social change. Having successfully gone through the project, I intend to use the professional theories in Psychological counseling for positive social change as a pro-bono counselor worker for sexually abused women. Women in various instances face sexual abuse and violence including rape, non-consensual sexual contacts, and sexual advantages by seniors and bosses in the place of work. Sexual abuse may not be only about sex but also are attempts to gain power over the victims. The act of any form of sexual abuse on women causes stigma that deems the esteem and self-image of the victim. It also puts the victim at risk of STIs and STDs diseases including HIV/AIDS.  The victim may also be put into a risk of unwanted pregnancy. Sexual abuses have significant emotional and psychological effects such as depression and stigma that may even lead to committing suicide or indulgence into drugs.

Immediate post assault assistance to the victim is invaluable and can even save lives. However, psychological therapy is significant as well to facilitate emotional and psychological healing for the victim. Professional and specialized therapists address the trauma of the sexual assault and offer a successive follow-up assistance to the survivors of the sexual abuse. As a social worker, I will work with such sexually abused women to help them walk over the assault.

I will achieve this creating and applying ideas and strategies from the theories that I have learned in professional psychological counselling. To do so I will put actions to promote the worth the assaulted victims by helping them regain their dignity through various action plans as outlined here in.

To be able to reach the victims, I will seek relevant assistance from other professional therapists and agencies that campaign against women abuse. With their advice and assistant, I will set-up a social support centre for women victims of sexual assaults. The centre will be open for consultation for all. In this manner, any victim can reach us through the provided lines and contacts. Those who cannot reach us because of one reason or the other, we will reach them through referrals by family members and their significant others.

Our mission will be to offer immediate medical assistance aimed at saving the victim from post assaults risks associated with the sexual abuse. The victim will be taken through psychotherapy process towards recovery. The therapeutic approaches that will be employed include;

(Professional Role: Clinical Psychology)

Exposure therapy will help the victim to fight the phobias that arise from the incident including the fear of similar assaults from the people around her. Another approach will be the eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy commonly abbreviated as EMDR which is focused on helping the brain “rewrite” the brain and change the way the victim perceives the abuse. Lastly to help the survivor to abandon maladaptive approaches I will employ the cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). This will help the victim to recover from the thoughts that may cause her to avoid intimacy or sexual relationship.  The follow-up therapies will be accorded to help the victim to walk over the stigmatization and to rebuild her life.

Professional psychological counseling for such victims is very necessary for our community, and therefore I will be glad to part of the program that implicates positive social changes in our society.  Women should always be protected and helped through such assaults through professional practices, and I will offer to do so passionately, diligently and to the best of my ability for the betterment of the society.

 
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Diagnosis & Management Of Genitourinary Disorders

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Discussion: Diagnosis And Management Of Genitourinary Disorders

(Diagnosis & Management Of Genitourinary Disorders)

Many genitourinary (GU) disorders such as kidney disease begin developing during childhood and adolescence (Johns Hopkins Children’s Center, 2010). This early onset of disease makes it essential for you, as the advanced practice nurse caring for pediatric patients, to identify potential signs and symptoms. Although some pediatric GU disorders require long-term treatment and management, other disorders such as bedwetting or urinary tract infections are more common and frequently require only minor interventions. In your role with pediatric patients, you must evaluate symptoms and determine whether to treat patients or refer them for specialized care. For this Discussion, consider potential diagnoses, treatment, and/or referral options for the patients in the following three case studies.

Case Study 1

You see a 3-year-old with a 2-day history of complaints of dysuria with frequent episodes of enuresis despite potty training about 7 months ago. She is afebrile and denies vomiting. Physical examination is normal. Dipstick voided urine analysis reveals: specific gravity 1.015, Protein 1+ non-hemolyzed blood, 1+ nitrites, 1+ leukocytes, and glucose-negative.

Case Study 2

Mark is a 15-year-old with complaint of acute left scrotal pain with nausea. The pain began approximately 6 hours ago as a dull ache and has gradually worsened to where he can no longer stand without doubling over. He is afebrile and in marked pain. Physical exam is negative except for elevation of the left testicle, diffuse scrotal edema, and the presence of a blue dot sign.

Case Study 3

Maya is a 5-year-old who presents for a well-child visit. She is a healthy child with no complaints. Physical examination is normal. Routine urinalysis indicates 2+ proteinuria; specific gravity 1.020; negative for glucose, blood, leukocytes, and nitrites. Her blood pressure is normal, and she is at the 60th percentile for height and weight.

To prepare:

  • Review “Genitourinary Disorders” in the Burns et al. text.
  • Review and select one of the three provided case studies. Analyze the patient information.
  • Consider a differential diagnosis for the patient in the case study you selected. Think about the most likely diagnosis for the patient.
  • Think about a treatment and management plan for the patient. Be sure to consider appropriate dosages for any recommended pharmacologic and/or non-pharmacologic treatments.
  • Consider strategies for educating patients and families on the treatment and management of the genitourinary disorder.

By Day 3

Post an explanation of the differential diagnosis for the patient in the case study you selected. Explain which is the most likely diagnosis for the patient and why. Include an explanation of unique characteristics of the disorder you identified as the primary diagnosis. Then, explain a treatment and management plan for the patient, including appropriate dosages for any recommended treatments. Finally, explain strategies for educating patients and families on the treatment and management of the genitourinary disorder.

 
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