Letter of Analysis – Becoming a Better Academic Writer

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Letter of Analysis – Becoming a Better Academic Writer

Letter of Analysis - Becoming a Better Academic Writer

Dear Royce,

I went through your classical argument and identified the following:

Praise

Your thesis or focus of the paper is clear and well developed, and sustained throughout the paper. The essay focuses on the importance of communication in the clinical environment and the consequence of communication failure. The thesis highlights the problem statement indicating that not all members are involved in communication currently, the interventions to enhance communication, including using a standardized checklist, participating in simulation-based training, and providing education on the communication process to every member, and the outcome, which is improved communication among interdisciplinary team members. These thesis elements are sustained throughout the paper, with supported information from current, peer-reviewed studies. You did well in this section, and you achieved your stated purpose. I was also impressed with your idea development corresponding to the thesis. Your reasoning is clear and logical, and every statement and point developed or argument brought forward is well-thought and convincing. Regarding idea development, I am convinced you did a proper job, which helped sustain the thesis elements throughout the paper and deliver a compelling argument.

(Letter of Analysis – Becoming a Better Academic Writer)

Recommendations

However, I have concerns about some elements of writing that you need to improve to become a better academic writer. Your thesis and idea development is proper, but your organization or rhetorical arrangement, paragraph organization, and transitions within the paragraphs need improvement. Although the ideas are well developed, the organization is flawed and sometimes fails to support the focus and unify the ideas in your essay. The organization contains gaps that, if addressed, would make the essay more aesthetic and free-flowing. Notably, the organization does not attend to the APA style regarding heading levels. The level one headings in a classical argument are the introduction, background, body (argument), opposition, refutation, and conclusion. I am more interested in the body section of the paper. Based on your thesis and main ideas, the interventions shared are subtopics within the body section and should be developed as level two headings rather than level one. Also, it is vital to use heading levels provided in word to specify level one and level two headers.

Your paragraph organization and transition within the paragraphs are a major concern. Often, a paragraph has a topic sentence, evidence, critical thinking, and a transition, meaning that a paragraph requires at least four sentences. Some paragraphs have less than four sentences and do not follow the basic paragraph model. For instance, paragraphs one and two have three sentences. Paragraph four has two sentences. Paragraph nine has three sentences. Your paragraphs should follow the basic model to be more convincing and make your essay more robust. Also, you mention research studies in some paragraphs without in-text citations, for instance, in paragraphs one, three, and five. Your refutation paragraph is not evidence supported. Notably, most of your citations are indicated at the end of the paragraph instead of within the paragraph and at the end of the evidence sentence (s). Proper citations would make your work more credible and reliable.

(Letter of Analysis – Becoming a Better Academic Writer)

Strategies for Improvement

Based on these concerns, I would advise that your review essay structuring or rhetoric organization and paragraph structuring and transition notes provided by the instructors. To improve essay structure:

  1. The Paragraph Shuffle: Create a set of index cards, with one card for each paragraph in your essay. Write one idea per index card.  If you have more than one idea in each paragraph, write the second (and third, etc.) idea on a separate card.  Now, shuffle the cards.  Inspect the order.  Try rearranging the cards to deliver your focus, ideas and overall message more effectively.
  2. Color The Categories: Use a highlighter to separate your ideas into categories. Use one color highlighter to mark all of your sentences dealing with one category in your essay. Use a different color to code the second category, etc. Now organize your essay into matching colors/categories

To improve paragraph structuring and transition within paragraphs, I recommend:

  1. Basic Paragraph Model: Use this paragraph model to make sure your body paragraphs are developed and organized so that readers can clearly understand the relationship between your ideas and the progression of your thoughts.
    1. Topic Sentence: states the main idea of this paragraph and shows how it supports the thesis
    2. Evidence: expert opinion, example, fact, statistical, or logical argument
    3. Critical Thinking: analyzes, synthesizes and/or evaluates the evidence
    4. Transition: makes a connection between the main idea of this paragraph, the thesis statement of the paper, and the main point of the next paragraph.
  2. Transition Test: or Q & A
    1. Look at the last sentence of your body paragraph.
    2. Write three questions about your main idea. Begin each question with how, why, or what.
    3. Now look at the first sentence of the following paragraph–does it answer or respond to any one of those implied questions? If not…
    4. Write the answer to the question…
    5. That answer may fit as the first sentence of your paragraph that already exists.
    6. OR! You may need to create another new paragraph.
 
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Consumer Health Information Website Analysis Paper

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Consumer Health Information Website Analysis Paper

Consumer Health Information Website Analysis Paper

Consumer Health Information Website Analysis Paper

The world is in an information age as consumers seek more information to understand products, including health products. Concurrently, more information is available about health on multiple online sources, readily available to everyone with internet access. However, the credibility of the information varies because most people present as health experts on their websites, providing health information and advice without supporting evidence or authority (NIH, 2023). Most websites are for sale, and only a few provide authentic and evidence-based information for educational purposes. This paper addresses diabetes mellitus and analyzes a website offering information on diabetes mellitus, including its authority, credibility, and adequacy.

Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic illness that involves abnormally high glucose levels. It is a chronic disease occurring due to impaired insulin secretion, resistance to insulin peripheral actions, or both (Xu et al., 2018). Diabetes mellitus significantly impacts the quality of life and can damage other body organs and systems, making individuals disabled and living with multiple health complications like retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy (Liu et al., 2020). Diabetes increases the risk of macrovascular complications two to four times, making an individual more susceptible to cardiovascular diseases.

Diabetes mellitus is classified into type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and gestational diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is marked by autoimmune damage of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, resulting in insulin deficiency (Sapra & Bhandari, 2022). It can develop at any stage of life but is more common among children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes mellitus accounts for 90% of all diabetes mellitus cases, and its etiology is linked to insulin resistance (Sapra & Bhandari, 2022). Type 2 diabetes mellitus is more common among adults, particularly those above 45 years old, although cases are increasing among children and young adults due to sedentary lifestyles and calorie-dense foods. Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy due to hyperglycemia (Sapra & Bhandari, 2022). Risk factors include age, ethnicity, family history of diabetes, physical inactivity, obesity, and smoking.

Website Description and Analysis

The American Diabetes Association (ADA) website provides information, services, and support to ensure a life free of diabetes and associated burdens or consequences. The organization’s mission is to prevent and cure diabetes and enhance people’s lives (ADA, n.d.). The organization owning the website fund research towards diabetes prevention, cure, and management, delivers associated services to American communities, offers objective and credible information, and gives voice to those facing denied rights due to diabetes.

Overall, the web pages are well arranged with working buttons to navigate the website from one page to another. The pages are visible at the top of the websites, and the reader can easily go to the webpage they are interested in. It is easy to find information. The website provides previews for the various elements and a “Learn More” or “Get Started” button that directs the reader to more information about a particular topic. The website is not text-dense and easy to read. If the reader requires more information, they can click the “Learn More” or “Get Started” button. The colors contrast perfectly, and the fonts are large enough, making reading easy. The website looks professional. The only issue is the pop-ups about donating that come up every time the website is refreshed or opened again.

The American Diabetes Association sponsors the websites. It has memberships who donate to the websites, but anyone is open to donating. The website is updated annually, but it can be more frequent when new information, evidence, or regulatory changes are made, and it has to incorporate them (ADA, n.d.). The website was created in 1995. It was last updated as recently as December last year. The website does not state whether the content is medical advice or not. All Americans comprise the intended audience because it provides information to prevent, treat, cure, and manage diabetes. It also specifically targets medical professionals, community groups, and students with the latest diabetes research and treatment and general information to enhance awareness, knowledge, and attitudes regarding diabetes prevention, cure, and management (ADA, n.d.). The information presented is appropriate for the general public and people of all ages and ethnicities.

Information Credibility

Authority

Behind the American Diabetes Association, which sponsors the website, is a network of over 565,000 volunteers, including their families and caregivers and a professional society of over 12,000 healthcare professionals and 250 staff members (ADA, n.d.). Professionals working with ADA have the expertise and authority to publish information on the websites in various forms, including panel discussions and research. ADA network of professionals offers exclusive education, career development, engagement resources, and other information and education materials for the diverse audience of the general public and healthcare professionals (ADA, n.d.). The website publishes journals providing necessary research information related to diabetes. Readers can access multiple abstracts, which also include the authors’ information and the various institutions they are affiliated with. Many are affiliated with universities and medical institutions, and some are members of the ADA research community, giving them credibility to conduct research and publish information on the website. The website does not offer a place to contact the authors, but it has a center for information where readers can leave or post their inquiries.

Bias

The website’s authors are multiple, and most publications are new updates on diabetes and research journals. There are publications on general health information, including food and nutrition, weight loss criteria, health and wellness, and diabetes care products, without mentioned authors, only the date when they were last updated (ADA, n.d.). The website is professional and does not indicate any form of bias in the information published. The publications are not promoting any products but offer information to help people prevent, cure, and manage diabetes, including information on lifestyle choices that enhance the quality of life.

Supporting Evidence

ADA website is a professional one with various types of publications. Some publications provide general information on various topics without reference lists indicating supporting evidence. On the other hand, there are journals or research publications available as abstracts for the general public, but full articles can be accessed only by members (ADA, n.d.). The journals have a complete list of works cited, referencing credible and authoritative sources. The information presented as research publications is valid and supported by evidence. The website is committed to providing objective information, and its purpose is clear. The information posted on the website includes peer-reviewed and scholarly articles which are credible, reliable, and valid sources of information in terms of accuracy. The publications providing general information are consistent with the wide knowledge of diabetes. Readers can click on multiple links directing them to additional, valuable resources with minimum effort, although it is easier for members who can access full publications.

Adequacy

The website is educative, providing informative publications in different forms, including statistics, research publications, education guides on healthy living, and additional tools, products, and resources the audience can access to learn more about diabetes prevention, treatment, and management (ADA, n.d.). The educational information is adequate, and the audience does not have to go elsewhere to get answers about topics presented on the websites. The consumer can access general information on the various web pages and gain more information by accessing multiple research journals published on the website. The information targets every individual, and the level of information sophistication, especially on publications providing general information on diabetes, is elementary to ease understanding and provide uncomplicated data. More technical and advanced information is provided in the research journals. The website communicates its clear purpose through its mission and vision statements, and the information published on it corresponds with its purpose. The website is intended to educate the general public on diabetes.

References

American Diabetes Association (ADA). (n.d.). Diabetes. https://diabetes.org/

Liu, J., Ren, Z. H., Qiang, H., Wu, J., Shen, M., Zhang, L., & Lyu, J. (2020). Trends in the incidence of diabetes mellitus: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 and implications for diabetes mellitus prevention. BMC public health, 20(1), 1415. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09502-x

National Institute on Aging (NIH). (2023, January 12). How To Find Reliable Health Information Online. https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/how-find-reliable-health-information-online

Sapra, A., & Bhandari, P. (2022). Diabetes mellitus. In: StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing.

Xu, G., Liu, B., Sun, Y., Du, Y., Snetselaar, L. G., Hu, F. B., & Bao, W. (2018). Prevalence of diagnosed type 1 and type 2 diabetes among US adults in 2016 and 2017: population based study. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 362, k1497. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k1497

 
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Medication Guide – MDD

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Medication Guide – MDD

Medication Guide - MDD

Medication Guide

Introduction

WHO ranked major depressive disorder (MDD) as the third leading cause of disease burden, projected to be the leading cause of disease burden by 2030. Depression, in general, is the first-ranking cause of disability worldwide. It affects individuals across all populations, ages, and ethnicities. Still, it is significant among vulnerable populations like the elderly, youth, and individuals with physical illnesses like obesity, diabetes, and other chronic conditions. Older adults are at an increased risk of developing MDD, a typical cause of geriatric psychiatric disorders and a significant risk factor for disability and mortality among older patients (Zenebe et al., 2021). Depression is the most common mental health issue among older adults despite being undiagnosed in half of the cases. The paper address major depressive disorder among older adults, including causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and medications.

Major Depressive Disorder Causes and Symptoms

MDD etiology is multifactorial, including environmental, biological, genetic, and psychosocial factors. MDD is mainly attributed to neurotransmitter abnormalities, particularly dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. It is indicated by the use of various antidepressants like selective serotonin receptor inhibitors, serotonin-norepinephrine receptor inhibitors, and dopamine-norepinephrine receptor inhibitors in treating depression (Bains et al., 2022). MDD is highly prevalent among mental health conditions, with a lifetime prevalence of around 5 to 17% and an average of 125. The disease is more common among women than men, almost double, and among individuals without close interpersonal relationships, such as those who are divorced, separated, or widowed, which is the case among many older adults (Bains et al., 2022). Most people with MDD present with symptoms including pervasive low and depressed mood, decreased interest and enthusiasm in previously pleasured activities, guilt and worthlessness feelings, low energy, poor or impaired concentration, and changes in appetite (Bains et al., 2022). These individuals also experience psychomotor retardation, agitation, sleep disturbances, and suicidal thoughts.

 

Figure 1: MDD causes and symptoms

MDD Diagnosis for the Elderly

Older people are a valuable resource in society, but many age-related actors influence their health and well-being by exposing them to multiple physical and mental illnesses. The elderly population is growing, and it will be the case going into the future, which has extensive economic, social, and health consequences in the world and the United States. The increasing aging population is attributed to reduced mortality and fertility rates and improved quality of life over the past two decades, leading to increased life expectancy. In 2019, older people aged 60 years and over were 1 billion, and the number will rise to 1.4 million by 2030 and to over 2.1 billion by 2050, and by then, 80% will live in low- and middle-income countries (Zenebe et al., 2021). With the increasing aging population, the incidence of mental health problems is also expected to increase, with depression being the most prevalent disorder. This population is categorized as vulnerable because of the high disease encounter associated with aging and the likelihood of experiencing multiple conditions that impede their functioning, including mobility, which is a barrier to healthcare access.

Figure 2: Depression prevalence by age

MDD among older adults is diagnosed through comprehensive psychiatric evaluation of the individual and mental health examination. The practitioners conduct a history and physical assessment, including medical history, family history, social history, alcohol and substance use history, and psychiatric history (Bains et al., 2022). Among older adults, collateral information from family members or friends is immensely important in psychiatric evaluation because, in some cases, older adults experience cognitive decline and judgement impairment. A comprehensive physical examination, including a neurological examination, is conducted to help diagnose and rule out any root cause, organic or medical, of depressive symptoms. The diagnosis follows the ICD-10 or the DMS-5 criteria. According to the DMS-5 criteria, five of the following symptoms must be present for a diagnosis to be made: difficulty sleeping, loss of interest or pleasure, feelings of inadequacy or helplessness, fatigue or erratic energy, difficulties concentrating or listening intently, fluctuations in appetite or weight, psychomotor issues, suicidality, and depressed mood.

Medication Treatment Options

Various modalities, including pharmacological, psychotherapeutic, interventional, and lifestyle changes, are used to treat major depressive disorder. Medication treatment includes FDA-approved medications, including all antidepressants, which are equally effective but with varying side effects profiles. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the first line of treatment and include fluoxetine, sertraline, citalopram, paroxetine, and fluvoxamine (Bains et al., 2022). However, SSRIs can increase agitation and anxiety and cause indigestion, diarrhea or constipation, appetite and weight loss, dizziness, dry mouth, or blurred vision. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are often used among patients with comorbid pain disorders (Bains et al., 2022). SNRIs include venlafaxine, milnacipran, duloxetine, and levomilnacipran. However, these drugs can cause nausea, dry mouth, dizziness, headache, and excessive sweating.

Patients can also be prescribed serotonin modulators like vilazodone, trazodone, and vortioxetine (Bains et al., 2022). Despite their high effectiveness, serotonin modulators can lead to gastrointestinal adverse reactions, central nervous system adverse reactions, bleeding, sexual dysfunction, and hyponatremia. Possible treatment also includes atypical antidepressants like bupropion and mirtazapine, often prescribed as augmenting agents when an individual develops sexual side effects after using SSRIs or SNRIs (Bains et al., 2022). Common side effects of atypical antidepressants include lightheadedness, dizziness, and dry mouth. Additionally, mood stabilizers and antipsychotics help improve antidepressant effects (Bains et al., 2022). However, the patient can experience blurred vision, dry mouth, drowsiness, muscle tremors, and weight gain after taking mood stabilizers and antipsychotic medications.

Figure 3: Antidepressants commonly used to treat MDD

Medication Considerations of Medication Examples Prescribed

Older adults are vulnerable individuals, and most are experiencing multiple comorbidities and taking multiple drugs simultaneously. Therefore, optimizing drug therapy for older adults is crucial to ensure their safety and reduce the risk of medication-related complications. Prescribing medication among older adults is a complex process, and the practitioner has to consider the patient’s physiological status, drug effectiveness and toxicity, and potential side effects (Rochon & Schmader, 2019). Avoidable adverse drug events should always be evaluated when prescribing for older adults. The practitioner has to consider and review current drug therapy, discontinue ineffective therapy, review avoidable drug-drug interaction, and appropriate use of prescribed drugs or medication adherence.

SSRIs are commonly prescribed to treat MDD and used as first-line treatment. However, safety considerations for prescribing SSRIs are paramount to avoid complications like adverse drug events, drug-drug interactions, disabling side effects, and fatality. When prescribing SSRIs or selecting a specific SSRI, it is imperative to consider common possible complications like vascular events, which are life-threatening, patients at a higher risk of cardiovascular risk, and relevant comorbidity and co-medication (Mortensen & Andersen, 2022). Additional considerations include potential interaction with particular foods and drinks and the presence of diseases like diabetes, epilepsy, and kidney disease. The practitioner should evaluate current drug therapy because SSRIs can interact with some over-the-counter painkillers and herbal remedies.

Monitoring Labs and Comorbid Medical Issues

To date, there are no diagnostic laboratory tests available to diagnose MDD. However, labs can be used to exclude other medical illnesses that present symptoms as MDD, including complete blood cell (CBC) count, thyroid tests, fasting blood glucose tests, and folate and vitamin B12 tests. These lab tests are a vital consideration, especially for individuals experiencing multiple comorbidities, to determine the presence of depressive symptoms by excluding potential links to other illnesses presenting as MDD (Wainberg et al., 2021). The comorbidity of MDD with chronic illnesses like diabetes, obesity, and eating disorders should be monitored to determine how the pathologic processes associated with the diseases interact (Almeida et al., 2020). Other comorbid medical issues with MDD include psychotic disorders, OCP, anxiety disorders, and substance use. Their association with MDD must be evaluated to develop a comprehensive patient treatment plan and education plan. Identifying comorbidities is vital for accurate diagnosis and developing treatment and management strategies.

Special Considerations

When working with MDD patients, it is vital to consider laws like the Mental Healthcare Act of 2017 that explicitly describes the rights of individuals with mental illnesses, specifying ethical and legal responsibilities practitioners and the government have (Bipeta, 2019). The law corresponds with the fundamental rights of human beings and ethical principles, including autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, justice, confidentiality, informed consent, and boundary violations. Ethical issues and dilemmas associated with autonomy, respect of persons, informed consent, and beneficence can arise when working with MDD patients, hence the need for ethical imperatives like ensuring confidentiality and privacy, respecting autonomy and the law, demonstrating compassion, beneficence, and promoting justice, honesty, and fidelity (Bipeta, 2019). For instance, older people with cognitive decline need surrogates or caregivers to offer informed consent and address autonomy and confidentiality issues.

Cultural considerations are imperative in treating depression, especially for ethical or racial minorities. The epidemiology of depression varies across various racial and ethnic groups. This variability is due to contextual factors in the different groups, including cultural beliefs and practices, cultural adaptations, and intersectionality (Cardemil et al., 2020). Moreover, every culture looks at mental health differently, and practitioners should consider these differences in treating depression. Social determinants of health, including socio-economic status, family relationships, educational attainment, social isolation, and supportive relationships, should be considered when treating MDD because of their influence on development and progression of depression and healthcare access and service utilization for depression.

Figure 4: Ethical issues in psychopharmacology

Resources to Follow Up for more information

Multiple resources available in the community can offer more information regarding depression, including the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), Anxiety and Depression Association of America (ADAA), National Suicide Prevention Lifeline, American Psychological Association (APA), National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Division of Mental Health. These resources or institutions publish information on their websites accessible to the general public in search of further information on depression. The institutions are on a mission to reduce mental health concerns’ impact on American communities, hence providing a wealth of information and services accessible to all.

Prescription Examples

The patient will initially be prescribed FDA approved SSRIs, including citalopram, escitalopram, and fluoxetine.

Prescription 1

Date of Issue: March 23, 2023

Patient Name: N.D.

Drug Name: Citalopram

Dosage Form: Tablet

Quantity Prescribed: 20 mg PO qDay, increasing to 40 mg/day after 1 week

Clinician Name: J.M.

Prescription 2

Date of Issue: March 23, 2023

Patient Name: N.D.

Drug Name: Escitalopram

Dosage Form: Tablet

Quantity Prescribed: 10 mg PO qDay; may increase to 20 mg/day after 1 week

Clinician Name: J.M.

Prescription 3

Date of Issue: March 23, 2023

Patient Name: N.D.

Drug Name: Fluoxetine

Dosage Form: Tablet

Quantity Prescribed: 20 mg PO qDay initial, and consider gradual increase after several weeks by 20mg/day, not exceeding 80 mg qDay

Clinician Name: J.M.

Conclusion

Major depressive disorder is a disabling illness among older adults and a significant contributor to the disease burden. MDD co-occurs with other illnesses, mostly age-related, including diabetes, psychotic disorders, anxiety disorders, and eating disorders, that make MDD treatment and management challenging. Pharmacological treatments effectively address MDD; SSRIs are prescribed as the first-line treatment modality. Considering that older people experience multiple comorbidities and are taking multiple drugs, it is vital to consider potential side effects, drug interactions, adverse events like complications, medication adherence, and drug effectiveness and appropriateness when prescribing medication for MDD. Legal, ethical, cultural, and social actors influence MDD development, progression and treatment perception, and these must be considered when working with MDD patients. More information on MDD can be obtained from CDC, ADAA, APA, NIMH, and NAMI websites and online publications.

References

Almeida, S. S., Zizzi, F. B., Cattaneo, A., Comandini, A., Di Dato, G., Lubrano, E., Pellicano, C., Spallone, V., Tongiani, S., & Torta, R. (2020). Management and Treatment of Patients With Major Depressive Disorder and Chronic Diseases: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 542444. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.542444

Bains, N., Abdijadid, S., & Miller, J. L. (2022). Major depressive disorder (nursing). In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing.

Bipeta R. (2019). Legal and Ethical Aspects of Mental Health Care. Indian journal of psychological medicine, 41(2), 108–112. https://doi.org/10.4103/IJPSYM.IJPSYM_59_19

Cardemil, E. V., Noyola, N., & He, E. (2020). Cultural Considerations in Treating Depression. Handbook of Cultural Factors in Behavioral Health: A Guide for the Helping Professional, 309-321.

Mortensen, J. K., & Andersen, G. (2022). Safety considerations for prescribing SSRI antidepressants to patients at increased cardiovascular risk. Expert opinion on drug safety, 21(4), 467–475. https://doi.org/10.1080/14740338.2022.1986001

Rochon, P. A., & Schmader, K. E. (2019). Drug prescribing for older adults. Dostpuno na https://www. uptodate. com/contents/drug-prescribing-for-older-adults. Pristupljeno.

Wainberg, M., Kloiber, S., Diniz, B., McIntyre, R. S., Felsky, D., & Tripathy, S. J. (2021). Clinical laboratory tests and five-year incidence of major depressive disorder: a prospective cohort study of 433,890 participants from the UK Biobank. Translational Psychiatry, 11(1), 380.

Zenebe, Y., Akele, B., W/Selassie, M., & Necho, M. (2021). Prevalence and determinants of depression among old age: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of general psychiatry, 20(1), 55. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12991-021-00375-x

 
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Topic 6 DQ 1 – Critical Synthesis of Research Evidence

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Topic 6 DQ 1 – Critical Synthesis of Research Evidence

 

Topic 6 DQ 1 - Critical Synthesis of Research Evidence

Topic 6 DQ 1

The literature evaluation table helps with the critical synthesis of empirical and theoretical research evidence for research support. The table includes various sections that help with adopting a proper reference for the article and evaluating the research questions, purpose, aim, hypothesis, research design, methodology, data analysis and interpretation, research findings, and limitations to the research. Other sections include future research recommendations and evaluating how the research study reviewed supports the research topic or question. For the DPI project, using the literature evaluation table is paramount to extract data effectively and conduct a rigorous synthesis and review. It helps develop a synopsis of each article, succinctly presenting all relevant information pertinent to the review and research support (Younas & Ali, 2021). Conducting a literature evaluation using the table helps me see the information at a glance, including frameworks and methods, strengths and limitations, the conceptual contribution of each article reviewed, and themes.

The most crucial criterion is key research findings. The primary aim of every research is to generate outcomes that are useful scientifically, clinically, or in other ways desired by the researchers. The other sections or criteria help evaluate the reviewed article’s reliability, validity, authority, and robustness. However, the research findings are the primary target and help determine the study’s relevance and whether it supports the research topic and questions. Although the level of evidence does not always signify the quality of the research or evidence, it is vital in establishing the best available evidence for the research purpose. The “Levels of Evidence in Research” helps categorize the reviewed studies by evidence level, and level 1 evidence is often perceived as the best or appropriate evidence for the research question (Simmons University, 2022). It also helps determine the internal validity of the various studies. The “Criteria for Acceptance Research” helps understand the requirements for appropriate practice questions, literature searches, or primary research studies for inclusion in the DPI project. It guides what to consider and include during the literature search and review.

References

Simmons University. (2022, March 3). Nursing – Systematic Reviews: Levels of Evidence. https://simmons.libguides.com/c.php?g=1023284&p=7412063

Younas, A., & Ali, P. (2021). Five tips for developing useful literature summary tables for writing review articles. Evidence-Based Nursing, 24(2), 32-34.

 
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Discussion 3 – Complementary and Alternative Medicine Research

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Discussion 3 – Complementary and Alternative Medicine Research

Discussion 3 - Complementary and Alternative Medicine Research

Discussion 3

Veziari et al. (2022) explore the barriers ad enablers to the conduct and application of research among complementary and alternative medicine stakeholders in Australia and New Zealand, adopting a qualitative descriptive research design. To ensure ethical conduct, the researchers obtained consent before conducting the interviews. The researchers did not use participant identifiers but assigned each participant a unique alpha-numerical identification pseudonym that ensured data could be used to identify the participants. Participants were selected from a contact list of a survey completed previously examining the barriers to the research conduct and application. A non-probability self-selection was used in choosing participants to ensure an individual had adequate experience in the study phenomena and could offer information-rich data. The researchers did not emphasize or focus on rigid distribution because they needed robust information to study the phenomenon in detail, so they used the contact list of a previous study with participants with already diverse experiences in the phenomena. However, this approach creates a selection bias that can impact the research findings’ generalizability and reliability. For instance, using a non-probability selection gives other willing participants no chance of being in the sample, increasing the risk of undercoverage bias, which conflicts with the principle of justice and fairness (Barrow et al., 2022). Also, the selection is based on ease of access, which creates a sampling bias, according to Andrade (2021).

The participants selected for the study do not fit the criteria of a vulnerable population because the study included only researchers and practitioners from a previous contact list. Researchers and practitioners have professional knowledge and understanding of the research phenomena and do not fall within groups considered vulnerable, including ethnic and racial minorities, children, the elderly, the disabled, the socioeconomically disadvantaged, and those with disabling medical conditions. The participants only shared their opinions and perspectives on the study phenomena and were not subjected to any physical harm or discomfort, not that is documented. The participants were interviewed via video-conferencing at a convenient date and time. The steps taken to ensure the privacy and confidentiality of participants include obtaining consent and avoiding the collection of personal identifiers, instead using a unique alpha-numerical identification pseudonym that ensured data could be used to identify the participants.

References

Andrade C. (2021). The Inconvenient Truth About Convenience and Purposive Samples. Indian journal of psychological medicine, 43(1), 86–88. https://doi.org/10.1177/0253717620977000

Barrow, J. M., Brannan, G. D., & Khandhar, P. B. (2022). Research ethics. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing.

Veziari, Y., Kumar, S., & Leach, M. J. (2022). An exploration of barriers and enablers to the conduct and application of research among complementary and alternative medicine stakeholders in Australia and New Zealand: A qualitative descriptive study. Plos one, 17(2), e0264221.

 
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Scenario and Alternative Futures

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Scenario and Alternative Futures

Scenario and Alternative Futures

Organizations define their vision through strategic planning that helps identify their goals and objectives and strategies to achieve them within the desired framework. Planning for the future is a business best practice to remain relevant and sustainable. However, future planning needs an understanding of the potential situation, which can be accomplished through scenario frameworks that help organizations prepare for various alternative futures. Scenario frameworks provide organizational leaders with plans, budgets, and predictions to prepare the business for growth and the potential effects of future events. This paper provides a synthesis of various scenario frameworks and the application of a scenario framework to a pharmaceutical industry case study.

Part 1: Scenario Synthesis

Framework
Main Idea		 Day & Schoemaker, (2020) Godet & Roubelat, (2003) Hussain et al., (2017) Ramirez et al. (2017) Your Synthesis
A.

Changes and the future of organizations.

 

 Unwarranted changes like new regulations, market entries, and environmental changes present new opportunities and challenges for companies Organizations face dramatic changes, and have to respond accordingly. Technological changes are rampant and business need technology foresight to keep a breast Organizations experience unprecedented changes like natural disasters, disruptive innovation, economic changes, and unexpected political events. May changes occurring in the business world are unwarranted and unpredictable, but have significant impact on organizations, their operations, and their future. Some of the unprecedented changes include new regulations, market entries, environmental changes, including natural disasters, technological changes, economic changes, and disruptive innovation
B.

Change anticipation.

 Companies should prepare for the future by anticipating changes. Companies should anticipate these changes and transform the anticipation into action. Company should adopt mapping the future of technology as an established practice. Organization should explore sources of the changes or uncertainty rather than focusing on preparing for the future. An organization’s strategic planning includes preparing for the future. Companies can prepare for the future by anticipating changes by mapping underlying causes and potential impacts. Notably, exploring the sources of these changes can help companies cope with the uncertainties.
C.

Importance of future surveillance and prediction.

 Periphery surveillance is a critical business success factor Good forecasts can help arrive at the desired objective. Technology foresight helps businesses plan for the future of technology.   Periphery surveillance or forecasting the future as accurately as possible is a critical business success factor. Business should have a foresight attitude as part of the strategic planning process.
D.

Predicting the future and its challenges.

 The future is hard to predict, but possible with a scenario planning It is impossible to foretell or forecast the future due to the many uncertainties, which can only be reduced as far as possible   Companies should learn to cope with uncertainties rather than focusing on planning for the future. It is impossible and difficult to predict the future or foretell what will happen due to the multiple uncertainties. Business can reduce the uncertainties as far as possible or learn to cope with them rather than investing everything planning for the future.
E.

Scenario frameworks.

 A question-based framework can help survey the periphery more effectively and efficiently Structural analysis, strategy analysis, and morphological methods or probability can help appropriate the anticipation into action. Companies can adopt scenario-driven road mapping to plan for the future of technology. Scenario planning can help companies reshape their long-term strategies. There are multiple ways a business can anticipate changes and change the anticipation into action, including the question-based framework, structural analysis, strategy analysis, and morphological methods or probability, scenario-driven road mapping, or scenario planning.

 

Part 2: Scenario Framework for Pharmaceutical Industry

Scenario Framework

Scenario planning or development is an integral part of an organization or industry’s future and begins with assessing the current situation, creating informed assumptions regarding the future, and comparing potential effects and the likely responses of various factors. For instance, over time, there have been predictions about when crude oil would no longer be available. Most predictions are based on scenarios, although they have been widely wrong. The pharmaceutical industry segment, Kenedy (2021, 32541a), involves Brand-name Pharmaceutical Manufacturing based in the US and faces a near future patent protection situation because most essential patents for blockbuster drugs will expire in the next five years (Khaustovich, 2023). Often, the patent’s lifespan is 20 years, and it cannot be renewed, remaining in the public domain after expiring. Therefore, organizations have to prepare for these situations. Scenario planning can provide the company with actionable insights o what to do or expect at the end of the five years. The company needs a 5-year scenario development, which can be achieved using the question-based framework (Day & Schoemaker, 2020).

The Question-based framework is desirable and suitable because it provides insights into how the company can capitalize on the situation or the changes in the industry, including increased competition and economic and global market changes. Looking at the current trend and scenarios, the company can anticipate what is to happen and develop a strategic plan to prepare for the future with clear goals and objectives (Day & Schoemaker, 2020). The question-based framework can help the company survey the periphery more efficiently and effectively. It has three parts: learning from the past, examining the present, and envisioning the future. The organization asks itself multiple questions: What were its past blind sports? What instructive analogues do other industries offer? Who in the industry can help pick up the weak signals and act on them? To learn from the past (Day & Schoemaker, 2020). The present is evaluated by asking about the vital signals the company is rationalizing, what the outliers, unconventional, defectors, and complainers are telling the company, and the peripherals consumers and competitors are thinking about (Day & Schoemaker, 2020). Envisioning the future involves asking about what could hurt or help the company, technologies that could change the game, and any unprecedented scenario that might hamper or disrupt the business. The answer to these questions will help the organization anticipate problems or opportunities appearing on the horizon.

Current State Pharma Industry Trends

Multiple pharma industry trends require pharma companies to develop strategic planning that prepares companies for the changes occurring in the future or any disruptions. For instance, artificial intelligence is accelerating drug discovery and development. Many new companies are adopting the technology to address the many pharma industry challenges, including automation to optimize business processes (Khaustovich, 2023). This technology forces current organizations to reshape their strategies to adapt to the changes. The changing market dynamics are forcing the pharma industry to consider flexible production. Minimizing downtime and enhancing productivity is necessary, and flexible production approaches like single-use bioreactors and continuous manufacturing can be valuable. Precision medicine, due to omic and data analysis advancement, is also a current trend that helps pharma researchers and experts understand more the drug interaction with the body (Hartl et al., 2021). Precision medicine means that personalized medicine is becoming more of a reality. The pharma industry will also have to develop scenarios for the future of additive manufacturing using technologies like 3D printers for tissues and cells (Mohammed et al., 2020). This technology means the development of precision pills, microfluidics, and tissue engineering. Lastly, real-world data (RWD) and real-world evidence (RWE) are revolutionizing innovations in the pharma industry by intensifying research and increasing the reliability of discoveries (Breckenridge et al., 2019). Data means the industry can produce new drugs more often while maintaining reliability and real value.

Trigger Questions

According to Leufkens et al. (2022), the future of the pharma industry, including drug discovery and development and direction and success, is influenced by current and anticipated scientific advances, socioeconomic, medical need, policy, and geopolitical actors. Also, growing concerns about a global divide could also impact drug accessibility and affordability (Leufkens et al., 2022). Also, it is unclear whether the pharma industry will be more regulated, monitored and guided in the future and whether international and interdisciplinary collaboration and connectivity will affect the operation of the pharma industry. Based on the supported understanding, the executive team should ask itself the following questions:

  1. What scientific advances will realign or impact unwarranted, challenging opportunities relating to drug discovery and development in the future?
  2. What socio-economic, medical need, policy, and geopolitical actors will impact our direction and success?
  3. What if the growing concern regarding the global divide impacts accessibility and affordability or medicines?
  4. What if the future will be more complex with more need for monitoring and guidance in the operations of the pharma industry?
  5. Will international and interdisciplinary collaboration and the increased connectivity advance pharmaceutical science?

Conclusion

Strategic planning is integral to a business’s future and sustainability. It can be accomplished through scenario planning, which involves scenario building using past and current events and trends leading to a likely future. Scenario frameworks provide organizations with insights into alternative futures for planning and try to reduce uncertainties as far as possible. An organization can adopt the question-based framework that focuses on learning from the past, evaluating the present, and envisioning the future.

References

Breckenridge, A. M., Breckenridge, R. A., & Peck, C. C. (2019). Report on the current status of the use of real‐world data (RWD) and real‐world evidence (RWE) in drug development and regulation. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 85(9), 1874-1877.

Day, G. S., & Schoemaker, P. J. H. (2005). Scanning the periphery. Harvard Business Review, 83(18), 135–148.

Godet, M., & Roubelat, F. (1996). Creating the future: The use and misuse of scenarios. Long Range Planning, 29(2), 164–171.

Hartl, D., de Luca, V., Kostikova, A., Laramie, J., Kennedy, S., Ferrero, E., … & Roth, A. (2021). Translational precision medicine: an industry perspective. Journal of translational medicine, 19(1), 1-14.

Hussain, M., Tapinos, E., & Knight, L. (2017). Scenario-driven road mapping for technology foresight. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 124, 160–177.

Khaustovich, V. (2023). Industry Report 32541A: Brand Name Pharmaceutical Manufacturing in the US. IBISWorld.

Krishnaveni, C., Arvapalli, S., & Sharma, J. V. C. (2019). Artificial intelligence in pharma industry-a review. International Journal of Innovative Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 7(10), 37-50.

Leufkens, H. G., Kusynová, Z., Aitken, M., Hoekman, J., Stolk, P., Klein, K., & Mantel-Teeuwisse, A. K. (2022). Four scenarios for the future of medicines and social policy in 2030. Drug Discovery Today, 27(8), 2252-2260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2022.03.018

Mohammed, A., Elshaer, A., Sareh, P., Elsayed, M., & Hassanin, H. (2020). Additive manufacturing technologies for drug delivery applications. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 580, 119245.

Ramirez, R., Churchhouse, S., Palermo, A., & Hoffmann, J. (2017). Using scenario planning to reshape strategy. MIT Sloan Management Review, 58(4), 31–37.

 
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Future of Work Paper

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Future of Work Paper

Future of Work Paper

Future of Work Paper

The social, technological, and ethical issues that will shape the future of the U.S. workplace

The world is technology-driven, where people, especially businesses and organizations, adopt technology to improve productivity, effectiveness, efficiency, and the general quality of life. Automation, in particular, is one for the future and part of the new workplace. Automation will impact the jobs lost and gained, workforce transition, and the type of jobs created to adapt to the changes (Wang & Siau, 2019). Moreover, automation will potentially impact workforce skills and wages. The transition can be challenging because of the potential occupational shifts and job loss due to displacement by automation adoption, although there might be enough jobs to ensure full employment. The current scenario has few fully automated jobs, but most of these jobs could be automated, which means changes and a significant transformation for all workers (Wang & Siau, 2019). It is not necessarily that the adoption of automation will cause employment decline because automation will also mean the creation of new roles and responsibilities. However, technology feasibility beyond human labor substitution will impact the speed of automation.

(Future of Work Paper)

Society is also changing significantly, profoundly impacting the working world, including the nature of work, the people needed to do the work, and work expectations, standards, and regulations. Society is transitioning to a knowledge economy where knowledge and information are perceived as the most valuable resource (Wang & Siau, 2019). Employees are more responsible for updating themselves based on the new knowledge. This trend will continue, affecting employees’ roles and responsibilities and the scope of work. The US is also experiencing increased diversity, a trend that will continue to grow into the future. For instance, women are a growing part of the workplace, and it is predicted that women will be the majority of the workforce in the future (Köllen, 2021). Also, the US is generally highly ethnically diverse, meaning that the workforce is becoming more ethnically diverse. Sexual orientation, especially the recognition of queer people in the workplace, is also a growing trend, significantly impacting workforce composition, ethical standards, and workplace rules and regulations. Increased diversity is positive in the workplace as it is associated with increased productivity, creativity, and job satisfaction.

The rise in automation, societal changes like increased diversity, remote working, and the use of online platforms to engage employees and customers raise ethical issues that can potentially impact the future of work. There is a change in the perception of work due these trends, but there are also ethical concerns like data privacy and confidentiality, justice and fairness, transparency, and bias that should be addressed (Bourhis et al., 2019). The government and businesses have to develop new measures to regulate these growing trends, including working-from-home policies, justifiable standards of using online platforms and automated tools for workplace engagement and business transactions, and justice and fairness associated with increased diversity at the workplace (Schwartz et al., 2020). There would be more privacy and access controls, accountability, fairness, and transparency rules to address ethical issues in the future.

(Future of Work Paper)

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on remote work, the use of artificial intelligence, and other workplace trends

Covid-19 disrupted society and accelerated some trends like remote work and artificial intelligence. The long-term influence of the pandemic on labor demands, workforce skills, and labor occupations is immense, especially with the growing trend of remote work. Remote work is the most apparent impact of the pandemic on labor, with a considerable increase in employees working from home (McKinsey & Company, 2021). Most companies realized and are realizing that about 20 to 25 percent of the workforce could work from home for most of the work days without a loss in productivity (McKinsey & Company, 2021). Many organizations consider creating flexible workspaces after positive experiences with remote work, especially a reduction in office costs, travel costs, and overall office space.

Also, Covid-19 accelerated the adoption of artificial intelligence. Covid-19 accelerated digital transformation, offering business leaders vital lessons and insights, especially what AI and data analytics can bring to the business. Examples of AI and data analytic tools adopted during and after the pandemic include direct-to-customer business. More companies accelerated their AI and analytics adoption, and there is a promising trend that AI will become mainstream technology (McKinsey & Company, 2021). Businesses are optimistic about AI’s role in the future in increasing the efficiency of business processes, the development of new business models, and the creation of new products and services.

The argument for increasing the use of robots and artificial intelligence (AI) in the workplace

Adopting robotics and artificial intelligence in the workplace is inevitable, and individuals should brace themselves for a future full of robots and AI technologies and tools working alongside them. Robotics and AI applications are growing, creating new opportunities and challenges for businesses and significant workplace changes (Howard, 2019). A combination of robotics and AI has already revolutionized everyday life. It is necessary to find a way to co-exist and adapt them to make life easier for everyone. Robotics have increased accuracy and efficiency in surgical processes, reduced the cost of production, and reduced human involvement in risky jobs like machine operations, industry-complex roles, dealing with hazardous materials, and disaster response (Madakam et al., 2019). Robots complement human skills and should not be viewed as threats but as solutions to critical human problems, especially with an aging workforce and declining expertise in fields like engineering and medicine.

(Future of Work Paper)

Pros and cons of a universal basic income, a guaranteed federal job, and a reduced workweek

The world is working towards more equality by addressing poverty and unemployment. The creation of the universal basic income (UBI) would help reduce poverty rates and income inequality, enhances physical and mental health, increases higher education accessibility, can potentially improve wages, eliminates the need for government programs, fosters entrepreneurship, and protects individuals from economic shocks (Estlund, 2019). However, UBI is costly, reduces work incentives, encourages laziness, gives additional income to individuals who do not need it, conflicts with self-worth by reducing a job to only a source of income, and does not address the underlying cause of poverty like poor health and lack of educational skills. Creating a guaranteed federal job is a move to make society more equitable, sustainable, and prosperous (Estlund, 2019). It is a form of remaking the economic order by making having a job a fundamental right (Estlund, 2019). Positives include increasing state and local tax revenues, enhancing the bargaining power of labor, and addressing society’s most critical needs like eldercare and nursing shortages. However, categorizing a job as a fundamental right would be burdensome to the government and potentially make people entitled because they understand the government is their last resort.

The reduced work week has long been considered an approach to address employees’ health and well-being. Working for fewer days has been associated with a reduced risk of burnout and improved productivity (Estlund, 2019). It would help achieve a better work-life balance, increase focus and productivity, and reduce travel costs. However, understaffing makes its adoption challenging, it might be incompatible with some people, and it may force people to forego after-work activities because they work more hours during the working days. Nonetheless, I would recommend reducing the work week because it looks beyond income and pay and seeks to address employees” health and well-being.

(Future of Work Paper)

Another change in the future workplace that could significantly benefit humankind

I recommend a shift in the physical space and remodeling it as companies shift to a flexible workforce, where some employees work remotely for most of the work days. In the future, companies should seek to alter their footprint and layout because the in-person work will substantially transform, and the workspace should be in tune with the people’s objective. For instance, eliminating pre-pandemic cubicles would create a more collaborative, community-focused, and innovative workspace that allows continuous engagement between in-person employees and remote workers (Ayoko & Ashkanasy, 2020). Also, creating video-conference rooms and online workspaces would twin into remote work and more flexible workspaces, allowing companies to tap talents around the country without the need to report physically.

References

Ayoko, O. B., & Ashkanasy, N. M. (2020). The physical environment of office work: Future open plan offices. Australian Journal of Management, 45(3), 488-506.

Bourhis, P., Demartini, G., Elbassuoni, S., Hoareau, E., & Rao, H. R. (2019). Ethical challenges in the future of work. Bulletin of the Technical Committee on Data Engineering.

Estlund, C. (2019). Three big ideas for future of less work and three-dimensional alternative. Law and Contemporary Problems, 82(3), 1–44.

Howard, J. (2019). Artificial intelligence: Implications for the future of work. American journal of industrial medicine, 62(11), 917-926.

Köllen, T. (2021). Diversity management: A critical review and agenda for the future. Journal of Management Inquiry, 30(3), 259-272.

Madakam, S., Holmukhe, R. M., & Jaiswal, D. K. (2019). The future digital work force: robotic process automation (RPA). JISTEM-Journal of Information Systems and Technology Management, 16.

McKinsey & Company. (2021). The future of work after COVID-19. https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/future-of-work/the-future-of-work-after-covid-19

Schwartz, J., Denny, B., Mallo, D. (2020). Ethics and the future of work: From “could we” to “how should we.”

Wang, W., & Siau, K. (2019). Artificial intelligence, machine learning, automation, robotics, future of work and future of humanity: A review and research agenda. Journal of Database Management (JDM), 30(1), 61-79.

 
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Section 5: Digital Evidence Controls and Computer Forensic Analysis

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Section 5: Digital Evidence Controls and Computer Forensic Analysis

Section 5: Digital Evidence Controls and Computer Forensic Analysis

Section 5: Digital Evidence Controls, Computer Forensic Analysis, and Recovering Files

Preserving Information for Forensic Analysis

Digital evidence can be stored and maintained in physical or digital devices. After information collection, it will be moved to physical media for storage and where it can be accessed. The data acquired and the device used for storage are secured until the information is required for forensic analysis. The physical and digital storage systems or a smart management system are integrated to form the evidence management system to be used at the organization. Preservation is required to ensure the legal admissibility of the information stored. The evidence management system will include drive imaging, hash values, and a clear chain of custody (Simon, 2023). Rather than the original information, the company will create images of the evidence that will be used for analysis. The analysist will develop a duplicate of the drive used to store the information to help retain the original evidence for investigation. Investigators can exclusively use the duplicate image rather than the original media.

Hash values will also aid in preserving the evidence or information generated when duplicates or images of the original media are produced. The hash values will help determine the authenticity and integrity of the duplicates as an exact image of the original information. Hash values will help ascertain if the information was altered at any point, which is a vital part of forensic analysis and admitting the evidence in court if necessary (Simon, 2023). Creating new or editing existing files generates new hash values that can only be accessed using special software. The hash values must match the expected values, and if not, they will help confirm that the evidence was altered. A clear chain of custody is vital in digital evidence preservation. The company forensic analyst or investigator will document all media and evidence transfers on the Chain of Custody (CoC) forms and capture signatures and dates after handing off media. The chain-of-custody paperwork will help determine that the image of the digital evidence is or was under known possession from the time the duplicate or image was created (Simon, 2023). A lapse in the chain of custody would allow the company to nullify the legal value or dependability of the image. Generally, the primary purpose of preserving the evidence is to ensure legal admissibility.

Digital Evidence Controls

JP Morgan Chase works with a cybersecurity forensic investigator whose main role at the company is to watch over the data and find innovative ways to protect the data. Approaches used to control digital evidence include risk reviews and vulnerability analysis that help identify potential threats. The investigator conducts forensic preservation work and preliminary investigations, adopting established standards (JP Morgan Chase Company, n.d.). The investigator also helps identify violations of the JP Morga Chase Code of Conduct and identifies, collects, and preserves the associated digital evidence. The organization, through the investigator, conducts forensically sound collection and analysis of electronic evidence using different tools to enhance security, compliance, and legal processes.

JP Morgan Chase preserves network and host-based digital forensics on Microsoft Windows-based systems and other necessary operating systems like LINUX and adopts standard digital forensic and network monitoring tools to plan and carry out forensic support independently. The organization adopts High-Security Access (HSA) systems for forensic investigations. It conducts an enhanced annual screening of users of the systems, including checking criminal and credit backgrounds (JP Morgan Chase Company, n.d.). Additionally, the organization ensures technology governance, risk, and compliance by regularly validating the effectiveness of the controls, assessing risk annually to ensure the implemented controls can protect the organization’s information, and adopting security policies and procedures to govern receipt, transmission, processing, storage, retrieval, access, and presentation of the information. The principle of least privilege is adopted to grant personnel access to the information. Physical facilities hosting the data are restricted and have detective monitoring controls and controls for hazards like fire and water.

Computer Forensic Tools for Forensic Analysis and File Recovery

The autopsy/the Sleuth Kit will be used for disk analysis. The tool is recommended for its ease of use, extensibility, speed, and cost-effectiveness. The Sleuth kit is a command-line tool that helps conduct forensic analysis of hard drives and smartphone images. The Autopsy is a GUI-based system using the Sleuth Kit in the background (Kaushik et al., 2020). Its modular and plug-in architecture ensures that the user can easily incorporate additional functionality. Law enforcement agencies and organizations can use this tool to investigate activities or events in a computer, analyze disk images, and recover associated files. The tool can analyze both Windows and LINUX disks. The Volatility tool will also help with memory forensics, incident response, and malware analysis. Often, investigations determine what activities occurred at the time of the incident. Volatility is used to link device, network, file system, and registry artifacts to confirm the list of all running processes, active and closed network connections, running Windows command prompts screenshots and clipboard contents that were in progress at the time of the incident (Mohanta et al., 2020). Investigators will use Volatility to assess processes, check command history, and retrieve files and passwords from the system.

References

JP Morgan Chase Company. (n.d.). Cybersecurity Forensic Investigator. https://www.wayup.com/i-Financial-Services-j-JP-Morgan-Chase-Company-827769314821227/

JP Morgan Chase Company. (n.d.). JPMorgan Chase & Co. Minimum Control Requirements. https://www.jpmorganchase.com/content/dam/jpmc/jpmorgan-chase-and-co/documents/supplier-minimum-control-requirements.pdf

Kaushik, K., Tanwar, R., & Awasthi, A. K. (2020). Security tools. In Information Security and Optimization (pp. 181-188). Chapman and Hall/CRC.

Mohanta, A., Saldanha, A., Mohanta, A., & Saldanha, A. (2020). Memory Forensics with Volatility. Malware Analysis and Detection Engineering: A Comprehensive Approach to Detect and Analyze Modern Malware, 433-476.

Simon, M. (2023). Methods to preserve digital evidence for computer forensics. https://www.criticalinsight.com/resources/news/article/3-methods-to-preserve-digital-evidence-for-computer-forensics

 
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Topic 5 DQ 1 Replies

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Topic 5 DQ 1 Replies

Reply to Cerelina Maratas

Hello, Maratas.

Thank you for an informative and elaborative discussion. Research is done for various purposes, but the aim is always to develop usable and beneficial outcomes that can be used to enhance and inform practice. Indeed statistically significant results are not always clinically significant, but they are useful in informing researchers whether the outcomes of their research are due to chance or due to some factor of interest. A statistically significant result means that it is real and not due to luck in the sample selection. Clinically significant results help improve practice, treatment, or patient care. For instance, a drug with positive effects can be said to have clinical significance.

References

Sharma H. (2021). Statistical significance or clinical significance? A researcher’s dilemma for appropriate interpretation of research results. Saudi journal of anaesthesia, 15(4), 431–434. https://doi.org/10.4103/sja.sja_158_21

 

Reply to Lillian Schott

Hello, Schott.

Thank you for the great post. Statistically significance results can be clinically significance, but not always. Statistical significance means that the results from data generated through an experiment or testing is likely to be linked to a particular cause rather than occurring by chance. It helps researchers determine the relationship between variables. Some variables have weak effects, but their results are statistically significant. However, the effect has to be considerable for a result to be considered clinically significant. For instance, a treatment intervention or research experiment that helps a patient to a point they recover from their illness would be categorized as clinically significant.

Topic 5 DQ 1 Replies

References

Ranganathan, P., Pramesh, C. S., & Buyse, M. (2015). Common pitfalls in statistical analysis: Clinical versus statistical significance. Perspectives in clinical research, 6(3), 169–170. https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-3485.159943

(Topic 5 DQ 1 Replies)

Reply to Jill Blake

Hello, Blake.

I enjoyed reading you discussion for its clarity and comprehensiveness. Indeed clinicians should adopt current best evidence to inform medical and clinical decisions. Statistical significance shows that the results of a research study can relied on, are real, and are not due to chance. Researchers can determine that a relationship between two variables exists and is authentic through statistical significance. I concur that the results or effects of a relationship must be large enough to be considered clinically significant. For instance, the Covid-19 vaccine was allowed for use in treating the virus after researchers determined the effect was large enough to help patients recover. Clinical significance also means that the effects outweighs the costs and any inconveniences that are linked to the intervention or information obtained from research.

References

Sharma H. (2021). Statistical significance or clinical significance? A researcher’s dilemma for appropriate interpretation of research results. Saudi journal of anaesthesia, 15(4), 431–434. https://doi.org/10.4103/sja.sja_158_21

 
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 Community Assessment and Representative Interview Analysis

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 Community Assessment and Representative Interview Analysis

 Community Assessment and Representative Interview Analysis

Community Assessment and Representative Interview Analysis

Part I: Assessment

The selected community site is a community health center in Winston-Salem. The physical assessment focuses on secondary prevention/screening for vulnerable populations, in this case, older adults 65 years and above. The primary purpose of the assessment was to identify key health needs and problems through systematic and comprehensive data collection and analysis to give the organization robust information regarding the current health status, needs, and issues affecting the target population and the community at large. The assessment also assessed the community’s partnerships, funding sources, and health priorities.

The assessment findings indicate that the community health center has a steering community comprised of public health officers, hospital and healthcare professionals, EMS providers, law enforcers, public school system representatives, and community organizations as partners. The steering community addresses common health issues in the community. The assessment also found that the community has health priorities that include preventing chronic disease and related health conditions, promoting behavioral health, including reducing drug overdose and fostering mental health, improving life expectancy, preventing infectious diseases, and addressing social health determinants, particularly poverty and poverty education. The results also indicate funding sources for the community health center vary. Primary funding sources include reimbursements from Medicaid, Medicare, and private insurance. The center also receives federal and state grants; some are funded by the HRSA’s Community Health Center Fund (CHCF). Federal grant funding is through the Health Center Program. The community health center also has partnerships with the public school system, community organizations, epidemiology and surveillance program, and the local church association, especially the Union Baptist Church.

Part II: Interview

The interview was conducted in a community health center in Winston-Salem. The interview topic was secondary prevention/screenings for a vulnerable population. The target population was individuals 65 years and above. The interview focused on the health needs of this population. The nursing manager at the community health center was involved in the interview. The interview was in-person at the community health center. The purpose of the interview was to understand the role of the nurse manager in the community, common health issues the community health center faces, and the role of public health in addressing environmental issues the community faces, notably pollution from various industries like tobacco and cigarette, brewers, and textile, the barriers and challenges in the community that hamper the community health center from delivering quality, safe, equitable, and affordable care, and the community’s health priorities based on the identified health needs and issues. The determination of these interview aspects would help understand the current state of health in the community and the various health needs that must promptly address to promote a healthy community.

Interview Questions

  1. What is the role of the nursing manager at this community health center?
  2. What are the common health issues faced at the community health center?
  3. What is the role of public health in addressing environmental issues facing the community?
  4. What are the barriers and challenges od delivering equitable, quality, and safe care in the community?
  5. What are the community’s health priorities?

 

References

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Assessing community health needs and resources. Community Health Assessment & Health Improvement Planning. https://www.cdc.gov/publichealthgateway/cha/assessment.html

Health Resources & Services Administration. (2021). Community health centers and the Health Center Program. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.  https://bphc.hrsa.gov/about-health-centers/what-health-center

American Public Health Association. (2022). Addressing social determinants of health in vulnerable populations. https://www.apha.org/topics-and-issues/health-equity/social-determinants-of-health

National Institute on Aging. (2021). Health and aging. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.nia.nih.gov/health

United States Census Bureau. (2022). Aging and the older population in the United States. https://www.census.gov/topics/population/older-aging.html

Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. (2020). Social determinants of health. Healthy People 2030.  https://health.gov/healthypeople/priority-areas/social-determinants-health

 
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