Nature and Nurture Interplay

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Nature and Nurture Interplay

(Nature and Nurture Interplay)

There are some diseases that we tend to think of as being biological (inherited, nature) and others that we think of as being mainly environmental (nurture). As i hope you will realize, this “either or” thinking is not appropriate, that is not the way the world works.
Your mission, should you choose to accept it:
consider a disease, mental/psychological and/or physical, that you tend to think of as entirely (or “primarily”) genetic or entirely environmental and do some online research to see if there is any evidence that you are wrong. In other words, if i thought that depression was entirely biological, i would look for information that demonstrates that environmental factors influence it. Of course each disease can only be discussed once – and do not do depression (note – bipolar disorder is a form of depression). Once you have posted, be sure to return to see if any of your colleagues have asked you questions.

Please post any questions you have about this assignment here – this should be kind of interesting.

Please indicate your topic in your subject line. Human examples only, please.

  1. 2.    2. Disorders(Nature and Nurture Interplay)

Please indicate your disorder and its “type” in your subject line.

note: the word “mutation” should not appear in your answer. Genetic disorders are conditions caused by a known gene or a select group of genes – not a spontaneous mutation of a gene. It is not clear what mutation means in this context – if you inherit a genetic condition from a parent, the gene was passed to you – there was no “mutation” happening in the present day.

As always, you should not participate in the discussion until after you have done the reading for a give section.

There are 4 distinctions that you should be clear about –
1. Genetic disorders (not sex-linked and due to a single gene or a discrete set of genes)
2. Sex-linked genetic disorders
3. Sex chromosome disorders
4. Chromosomal disorders (not involving the sex chromosomes)

in some instances to say “abnormality” might be a better word than “disorder”, but that .is neither here nor there – regardless, these are 4 very different things. Please provide an example of one of these 4 and explain why you have categorized it as you have. Note that there should be an example of each one before you start repeating – so if someone has posted an example of 1, 2, and 4, your only option is to post an example of 3. And then we start again – if there are 2 examples of 1, 2, and 3, but only 1 example of 4, you must do an example of 4. All examples must be unique and clearly explained. If someone has made an error, please indicate this and explain why. If you would like to know more about a condition someone has posted on, please ask a specific question.

  1. 3.     3. Evocative(Nature and Nurture Interplay)

Please be sure to give each and every post an informative subject line. Thanks!

Everyone seems to grasp what active and passive  genotype-environment correlations are pretty easily, but i get very tired of always seeing the same example of evocative.

Can you offer a novel example of an evocative genotype-environment correlation? One that is not simply a revised version of examples in the text or lecture….

Note – our topic here is human development. All examples here need to be human-based. Thanks!

curious to see what you come up with. This topic may be a quickie, depending on how it goes..

Please follow below instructions for the rest of the questions

Note – all written work should be checked for spelling and grammar. Your answers should be in complete sentences. You are to use your own words. If you are quoting from the text (or anywhere else), i have no way of knowing that you understand. Point values are as indicated.

Please post any questions that you have about the questions in the “questions” discussion. Note that your discussion topics are intended to inform your written assignment answers – be sure to spend time in discussion prior to submitting your work. If you are working ahead (always a great idea!), prepare your answers and wait to submit until you have had the benefit of discussion participation.

All answers should be prepared in a word processing program. If you are unsure how to copy and paste your answers into the submission site, please ask. Your numbered answers will then be submitted in the provided submission site. Do not include the questions with your submission. Penalties will apply if you do so.

(Nature and Nurture Interplay)

  1. 4.     Written assignment – section ii (chapters 2 and 3)as always, you are to use your own words, work alone, and check your spelling & grammar. If you are unsure about what any of the questions are asking, feel free to pose a question in the discussion forum – this way everyone can benefit from any clarification that i provide. Some of these may be on the hard side.. Please do not include the questions with your answers and do number your answers. Thanks!

1. Using an example of a human physical characteristic, distinguish between genotype and phenotype. In your own words, explain what we mean by the terms “nature” and “nurture”? In the context of the example you have provided, explain how genotype and phenotype relate to nature and nurture. Be sure to explain yourself clearly. (3 points)

2. What do the persistence of alzheimer’s disease and parkinson’s disease demonstrate about natural selection? Does this indicate a failure of “survival of the fittest”? Why or why not? (3 points)

3. Distinguish between a chromosomal disorder and sex chromosome disorder, providing examples of each. Please note that your text does not cover this topic well and many websites will provide you with incorrect information. Be sure to read the lecture and participate in the discussion before submitting your work. If you are working ahead and the section ii discussion topics are not yet ready, please prepare your answers but wait until after you have confirmed your understanding in the related discussion to submit. (3 points)

note: “fragile x” is not a good example of anything – please do not use it as an answer here or in the discussion.

4. What is meant by a “sex-linked” or “x-linked” genetic disorder? Explain and give an example. Be careful to not confuse genetic disorders and chromosomal disorders – your text’s coverage of this is not clear. Please spend some time in the discussion if you are not clear. Please note that questions 3 and 4 are asking about different things. (3 points)

Note: “fragile x” is not a good example of anything – please do not use it as an answer here or in the discussion.

5. In your own words and with your own examples, name and explain the three heredity-environment correlations discussed in the text. During childhood, what heredity-environment correlation is most influential? At the stage of life you are in, what heredity-environment correlation is most influential? Be sure to clearly identify and explain your selections. (4 points)

6. In your own words (as always), explain what a teratogen is. Provide 3 examples of well-documented teratogens, noting the effects of each. Identify and explain two different things that complicate the study of the effects of teratogens. (4 points)

  1. 5.     Written assignment – section iii ( chapters 4, 5, 6). Note – all written work should be checked for spelling and grammar. Your answers should be in complete sentences. You are to use your own words. If you are quoting from the text, i have no way of knowing that you understand and you will be penalized. Point values are as indicated. Please submit your numbered answers as instructed. As always, do not include the questions with your submission – penalties will apply for doing so. Please number your answers.Please prepare your answers outside of the course management system, proofing your work. When you submit your answers, please number them – do not include the questions.

(Nature and Nurture Interplay)

1. Consider what is known about memory, attention, and brain development in infancy. Does it make sense to use measures of infant intelligence as a predictor of later academic success? Be sure to explain your position clearly. (3 points)

2. Researchers have developed clever ways of “asking” babies questions – ways that do not involve words but that explore something about their abilities, interests, and perceptions. A. Describe a preference that babies appear to be born with that does not directly contribute to survival (in other words, preferences for warmth/contact, certain foods/tastes/smells, and avoiding heights are not appropriate answers). B. How has this been demonstrated in an experimental setting? C. How might this preference facilitate survival? Be sure to answer all parts of the question for full credit. (4 points)

3. How have researchers demonstrated what babies can hear? At what point in development does hearing develop? (note – the question is not asking how we can tell that they are able to hear, but that they can tell one sound from another) (3 points)

4.  Using your own words, explain why piaget referred to the initial stage of cognitive development as the sensorimotor period. Provide an example to demonstrate your understanding. (please note – i have no interest in the substages that piaget discussed.) (2 points)

5. According to piaget, what is the major accomplishment of the sensorimotor period? Explain why this is such an important change – why is this a cognitive milestone? (2 points)

6. What evidence is there that nurture plays a role in the learning of language? Provide reference to two different studies for full credit. Note – studies of individuals who have experienced abuse and/or a lack of exposure to language are not appropriate (there should be no reference to genie or any instance of “wild children” in your answer). (3 points)

7. How has attachment been studied in non-human primates? What has the work with primates revealed to us about the basis for attachment? Note – “basis” is a reference to what leads to attachment – explaining what attachment is is not the basis for attachment. (3 points)

(Nature and Nurture Interplay)

  1. 6.     Written assignment – section iv. Note – all written work should be checked for spelling and grammar. Your answers should be in complete sentences and numbered. You are to use your own words. If you are quoting from the text, i have no way of knowing that you understand. Point values are as indicated. Please note that you should be using the lectures, text, and discussion as you work on these questions.
    Last edited december 26, 2013.

You are to use your own words – and complete sentences – your answers should be understandable without reference to the questions. This helps me when i am grading and, more importantly, encourages you to process the information more deeply – increasing the chances of your retention.

1. A. What did piaget mean when he said that the preoperational child “lacked conservation”? B. What is centration? C. Explain the relationship between centration and conservation. D. Provide an example to illustrate your understanding. Your example should demonstrate how conservation and centration are related. Remember, as always, to use your own words.  (4 points)

2. A. Explain the difference between authoritative and authoritarian parenting. B. Provide examples of each to illustrate your understanding. C. Which form of parenting appears to be most effective? D. With which philosophy of childhood is this most consistent (this refers to material in section i). Be sure to explain yourself fully. (4 points)

3. Explain what piaget meant by “egocentrism” and provide an example of an egocentric adult that illustrates this concept. As always, be sure to spend time in discussion before submitting your answers.  (2 points)

4. Describe the psychoanalytic theory of gender. What does this theory seek to explain? Who developed this theory? (2 points)

5. What is “scaffolding”? Explain and give an example of scaffolding that you, as an adult, have experienced (where you were the recipient of scaffolding). Your example should demonstrate a form of scaffolding that differs from those discussed in section iii (your examples should always be your examples – not the same examples are provided in the text). Please note – your text offers a very limited explanation and example of scaffolding – please keep this in mind as you prepare your answer. And, as always, be sure to spend time in discussion before you submit your answers. (3 points)

6. In early childhood, what stage is a child in according to freud? In early childhood, what stage is a child in according to erikson? (2 points)

7. Is project head start an effective program? Why or why not? (3 points)

  1. 7.     Written assignment – section v. Note – all written work should be checked for spelling and grammar. Your answers should be in complete sentences. You are to use your own words. If you are quoting from the text, i have no way of knowing that you understand. Your answers are to be numbered and the questions are not to be included. Point values are as indicated.Question 1 (3 points)assuming children are supplied with all needed school supplies and attend good schools, does socioeconomic status appear to have an effect on school success? Why or why not? Be sure to explain your answer. What does this indicate about the impact of nurture on development?

Question 2 (3 points)(Nature and Nurture Interplay)

considering the variations in intelligence and what is known about cognitive development and mental abilities during middle and late childhood, how should the classroom environment be structured so as to best meet the needs of all students? Make a proposal and support it – there is no single correct answer to this question.

Question 3 (3 points)

time to do some research – consider the theories provided by piaget and vygotsky. Explain how each views the construction of knowledge. Which do you think is most valid, and why? Please note that your answer should not discuss piaget’s stages – it should consider how he thought we acquired knowledge.

Question 4 (3 points)

reminder – all answers are to be in your own words. A. What is “bullying”? B. What are social cognitions? C. What role might social cognitions play in causing bullying behavior? Explain and provide a unique example to illustrate your explanation. (in other words, i should not see the example in the text.)

Question 5 (2 points)

is it correct to describe some cognitive abilities as male and some as female? Why or why not?

Question 6 (3 points)

explain the concept of androgyny and give an example of a person who is androgynous. Under what circumstances is androgyny disadvantageous (i.e., bad)? Please note that it is commonly advantageous in modern american society, so think beyond the world in which you live.

Question 7 (3 points)

time to venture out into the web. Is there any evidence to suggest that sometimes positive self esteem might be a bad thing?  Give me the url for the study (that’s the web address) and tell me about it. If you are not sure how to do this, post a question in the discussion.

(Nature and Nurture Interplay)

  1. 8.     Written assignment – section vi. Note – all written work should be checked for spelling and grammar. Your answers should be in complete sentences. You are to use your own words. If you are quoting from the text, i have no way of knowing that you understand. Point values are as indicated.

1. Considering what is known about the teenage brain and sexual development, are messages of “just say no” likely to be effective when it comes to drug use and sex? Why or why not? Be sure to explain your answer. Please note your answer should make reference to both adolescent brain and sexual development. (3 points)

2. What cognitive features characterize the adolescent? Name and explain two specific cognitive characteristic(s) of adolescents that explain why their physical development often causes them much concern. What about how they think makes their changing bodies bother them so? (3 points)

3. Compare and contrast anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Which of these eating disorders is more dangerous? Be sure to explain your selection. (3 points)

4. What is a rite of passage and what purpose do rites of passage serve? Discuss at least two examples of rites of passages in your own life. Be sure to note what purpose they were intended to serve – and whether or not they were effective. (4 points)

5. When considering identity, what did marcia mean by a “crisis”? Give two examples of crises to illustrate your understanding. (3 points)

6. What is meant by a “foreclosed” identity? What type of parenting would be most likely to result in this identity status? Give an example of an individual who is identity foreclosed. Is identity “fixed”, or can identity status change? Be sure to explain your answer. (4 points)

(Nature and Nurture Interplay)

  1. 9.     Written assignment – section vii (chapters 13 and 14). Note – all written work should be checked for spelling and grammar. Your answers should be in complete sentences. You are to use your own words. If you are quoting from the text, i have no way of knowing that you understand (and you will be penalized). Point values are as indicated.1. In this section we look at a form of thinking that goes beyond piaget’s final stage. Considering that many people do not even achieve formal operational thinking, it might seem odd to speak of cognitive skills that are above and beyond what piaget envisioned. Why might piaget not have recognized that there was a form of thinking more sophisticated than his final stage? As always, be sure to explain your answer thoroughly. (3 points)2. Is young adulthood better characterized as a period of health-improving lifestyles or health-impairing lifestyles? Be sure to explain and justify your response. (2 points)

    3. What is the psychosocial task of young adulthood? In your opinion, does erikson’s vision of the psychosocial task of young adulthood still apply today? Why or why not? As always, be sure to explain yourself fully. (3 points)

    4. (a) how do expectations about marriage contribute to the failure of marriages? (b) what other factors can you identify that explain today’s high divorce rate? Please provide at least two – consider how times have changed and other relevant things that you have read about. (c) is there any evidence to suggest that marriage is actually good for you? As always, be sure to explain yourself and to answer all parts of the question. (4 points)

    5. Explain, in your own words, consensual validation and the matching hypothesis. Be sure to differentiate between the two concepts. Based on your experience, do you see support for these concepts? As always, be sure to explain and support your response. (2 points)

6. Describe two studies that could be conducted to identify a biological basis for sexual orientation. (this is a thought question – don’t be looking for the answer in your text!) Considering the research that has been conducted (and discussed in the text and/or elsewhere), what do you think determines sexual orientation? (4 points)

7. Consider the concept of “emerging adulthood”. Explain why this stage has been proposed and what it is. Is there a need, in your opinion, for this view of adulthood? Why or why not? (2 points)

(Nature and Nurture Interplay)

  1. 10.                        Written assignment – section viii (chapters 15 and 16). Note – all written work should be checked for spelling and grammar. Your answers should be in complete sentences. You are to use your own words. If you are quoting from the text, i have no way of knowing that you understand. Point values are as indicated.

1. How are erikson’s and levinson’s theories of adult development alike? How are they different?  Which do you think is the most valid and why? (4 points)

2. How does intelligence change, if at all, in middle adulthood? (2 points)

3. Are physical changes inevitable in middle age? Be sure to explain your position thoroughly. (2 points)

4. What similarities exist between adolescence and middle age? (feel free to be creative!) (2 points)

5. How have views of middle age and old age changed in more recent times? Have you seen any changes in the portrayal of the later years in the media? And is it getting better or worse to “get older” in the u.s. Today? (3 points)

6. What is a social clock? Have you found that your life is influenced by a social clock? Be sure to explain your answer. (2 points)

7. What changes, if any, in sexual activity are seen in middle age? If changes are seen, why do they occur? (3 points)

8. Is there such a thing as a “midlife crisis”? Explain your answer fully. (2 points)

(Nature and Nurture Interplay)

  1. 11.                        Written assignment – section ix (chapters 18, 19, and 20). Note – all written work should be checked for spelling and grammar. Your answers should be in complete sentences. You are to use your own words. If you are quoting from the text, i have no way of knowing that you understand. Point values are as indicated.

1. Describe two different  ways of categorizing or classifying those who have reached late adulthood (note – these should not be retired vs not tired, but ways in which the elderly can be categorized into at least 3 different “levels”). Which is more useful? Why? (4 points)

2. How socially connected should the elderly be? Take a position and support it with research.  (4 points)

3. What do a two-year-old and an 80-year-old have in common? (multiple correct answers – just be sure that you have explained yourself – and you have stated something that is not true about every age) (4 points)

4.  What do we mean by “qualitative” vs “quantitative” change? What qualitative changes happen in late adulthood? What quantitative changes happen in late adulthood? Give two examples of each for full credit. (5 points)

5. If you were placing a relative into a nursing home, what features would you look for in that home – and why? (3 points

(Nature and Nurture Interplay)

  1. 12.                        After reading Chapter 2, please give a brief description of how neurons work, then explain how heroin affects your neurons and leads to addiction.  (FYI, heroin is the second most addicting drug, and nicotine is the most addicting….)

Please be very thorough as the more thoughtful your answer, the more points you will receive.  You will use sources such as your textbook, so you must reference them in your answer (read the syllabus and also see how the textbook does this).

Do not cut and paste or copy word-for-word from your sources. You will not receive credit if you do this.  Paraphrase what you read or you must use quotation marks for exact words you take from your source.

 
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Behavior Analytic Program Design

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Behavior Analytic Program Design

(Behavior Analytic Program Design)

Assignment: Must be Original work. Turnitin will be cheeking. Answer all questions by following the Rubric attached.

The following course outcomes are assessed with the  Assignment:

  • PS430-3: Design a program based on research methods and principles of Applied Behavior Analysis.
  • GEL-1.2: Demonstrate college-level communication through the composition of original materials in Standard English.
  • GEL-2.1: Demonstrate college-level communication through the composition of original materials in Standard American English.
  • GEL-6.6: Apply research to behavior analysis.

The work you have done during your internship at ACME has been recognized and now there are many agencies in your area looking for a comprehensive plan using behavior analytic principles and research methods. This is your chance to apply what you have learned about Organizational Behavior Management(OBM) to create an effective-evidence based intervention for an organization.

The following organization has requested the creation of a behavior analytic program to assist with some concerns:

  • Stars ABA provides clinic-based, ABA interventions for children with autism. Stars uses discrete trial training to teach children skills and appropriate replacement behaviors. Stars also creates systematic behavior intervention plans to decrease interfering behaviors. The following are some of the issues Stars has encountered:
  • Staff are not delivering reinforcers on a frequent basis when children are engaging in appropriate behavior.
  • Staff are providing a lot of attention and reacting emotionally when children engage in inappropriate behavior.
  • Many Stars’ staff arrive late for their scheduled shifts.
  • Stars has experienced a high turnover rate. They have had 3 of 15 staff leave in the last 6 months.

Your task is to create a plan for a program to address the issues that Stars is having with staff. You should create a plan detailing a behavior analytic process and solution for Stars’ concerns. Include a brief explanation of the research strategies used to support your ideas. Your paper should contain all of the following and should be separated into sections covering each step:

  1. Problem Identification:
    1. Conduct a preliminary assessment with Stars ABA personnel to identify the problems within the organization.
    2. Describe the use of at least one tool you would use to gather specific information about the problems at Stars.
    3. Identify the type of data utilized during this step.
    4. Operationally define the problem(s) requiring intervention.
    5. Discuss potential contingencies that may impact the staff behavior at Stars ABA.
      • Include a discussion of reinforcement and punishment.
  2. Identify Program Question and Research Design
    1. Select 1 program question foryour intervention.
    2. Select and describe the research design you will use to demonstrate the effectiveness of your program.
    3. Discuss the strength and weakness of your selected research design and why it is the best choice for your selected intervention.
  3. Select and Describe Your Intervention
    1. Choose one of the following interventions and describe how you would implement one of the following:
      • Competency Based Staff Training
      • Reinforcement Plan for Staff
    2. Your plan should be evidence-based and include a description of the following components:
      • Describe how the program will be implemented.
      • Discuss who will be responsible for implementing the program.
      • Identify the type of data that will be collected throughout the program.
        • Indicate specific behavior analytic measure, i.e., frequency, duration, percent correct, etc.
    3. Describe ongoing documentation and data collection that will take place during the intervention.
      • Indicate how the data will be collected and what kind(s) of data sheets will be used? Will the data be graphed?
    4. Create two SMART goals for the program.
  4. Program Evaluation
    1. Discuss how data will be evaluated, including:
      • Schedule of observation: how often will the behaviors be assessed?
      • What factors will be considered when evaluating the data?
        • How will the data be evaluated?
          • Visual Analysis
          • Calculations
    2. Discuss how you will use data to determine effectiveness of the intervention.
      • How will you conclude that your intervention is effective?
    3. Describe the steps to be taken basedon the effectiveness of the intervention.
      • Include a discussion of the variables that could impact the success of the intervention.

Your Assignment should follow APA formatting and citation style and include:

  • Title Page
  • Reference Page
  • Main body of the evaluative paper should be 6–8 pages and double-spaced
  • Included APA headings that are: left aligned, bold face, and contain upper case and lower case letter for each section of your plan
  • At least three academic references (including your course text)
  • The essay should be written using standard paragraph structure and 12 point Times New Roman font.
 
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Assignment 2: Problem Solving

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Assignment 2: Problem Solving

(Assignment 2: Problem Solving)

When faced with a problem, what do you do to solve it? This assignment asks you to apply a six-step to problem solving process to a specific problem scenario. You will write a paper that presents a synthesis of your ideas about solving the problem using this systematic approach. As Voltaire said, “No problem can withstand the assault of sustained thinking.”

Choose one (1) of the problem scenarios as a topic choice for your paper (Note: Your professor must approve your topic choice before you begin work on the assignment.)

Scenario 1: You have worked at your company for eleven (11) years. You have returned to college to earn a Bachelor’s degree in order to increase your chances for a promotion. You are nearly finished with your degree, when a supervisor’s position in a competing company becomes available in another state. The start date is in two (2) weeks, during your final exam period for your courses. The position offers a $15,000 per year salary increase, a car allowance, and relocation expenses. Your former supervisor works for the company and is recommending you for the position based on your outstanding job performance; if you want the job, it’s yours. All of the other supervisors at this level in the company have Master’s degrees, so you know that you would be expected to earn your Bachelor’s degree and continue on to a Master’s degree. Your present company offers tuition reimbursement, but the new company does not.

Scenario 2: Your child comes home from school with an assignment sheet for a school project. He / she is very excited about the project and begins work immediately, doing research on the Internet and gathering materials. You read over the assignment sheet and notice that your child is not including all of the required items in the project, and you have some ideas for how to improve the quality of the presentation. You recently read an article in a parenting magazine about the importance of a child developing responsibility for his/ her own learning. You recall the many ways in which your parents took over your school projects. You, on the other hand, want to encourage your child’s confidence in his / her ability to complete a project independently. The next day, you are at the grocery store when you see a parent of a student in your child’s class. That parent has spent over $30 in supplies for the science project and is taking a day off of work to put the pieces of the project together.

Scenario 3: You have two jobs—one during the week from 9:00 am to 6:00 pm, and one on Saturday from 3:00 pm to 11:00 pm. You are taking two classes—one that meets from 6:00 to 10:00 pm, and one class online. You have two kids—one who plays soccer, and one who is in band. You have two elderly parents who no longer drive. You have two siblings—one who lives two (2) miles away, and one who lives in another state. You have two (2) papers due in your classes the same week that one (1) of your children has a soccer tournament, and the other child has a band concert. You are coaching the soccer team, and you are in charge of fundraising for the band. You have a goal to complete your degree in two (2) years. Your doctor tells you that your blood pressure, your cholesterol, and your weight are too high and recommends several medications that cost you nearly $200 per month after your insurance co-pay.

Scenario 4: You are a sales representative for a company that encourages staff to log time in the field and away from the office. You are expected to begin and end your day at the office. You notice that each day when you arrive and return another co-worker is already there, and you wonder whether this person spends most of his / her time at the office. At your weekly sales meeting, you are informed of your co-workers’ outstanding sales performance. You suspect that this co-worker is spending more time flattering the boss instead of working leads in the field, and as a result is getting the best client referrals. Your own sales numbers have steadily decreased since this other sales representative was hired.

Scenario 5: Professor’s Choice – problem scenario presented by your professor.

Scenario 6: Student’s Choice – Problem scenario presented by you.

Review the six-step problem solving process outlined in the webtext, based on the article “The Problem Solving Process” located at http://www.gdrc.org/decision/problem-solve.html:

  • Step One: Define the problem
  • Step Two: Analyze the problem
  • Step Three: Generate options
  • Step Four: Evaluate options
  • Step Five: Make your decision
  • Step Six: Implement and reflect

(Assignment 2: Problem Solving)

Write a four to five (4-5) page paper in which you:
1. Define the problem in the scenario that you have chosen.
2. Analyze the problem in the scenario.
3. Generate options for solving the problem in the scenario.
4. Evaluate the options for solving the problem.
5. Decide on the best option for solving the problem.
6. Explain how you will implement the decision made and reflect on whether this option was the most effective.

The paper should follow guidelines for clear and organized writing:

  • Include an introductory paragraph and concluding paragraph.
  • Address main ideas in body paragraphs with a topic sentence and supporting sentences.
  • Adhere to standard rules of English grammar, punctuation, mechanics, and spelling.

Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:

  • Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA Style format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
  • Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
 
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Phenomenological Research Methods

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Phenomenological Research Methods

(Phenomenological Research Methods)

The quest to understand the lived experience and the philosophical structures of experience and consciousness is the focus of a movement that began in the early years of the 20th Century. The movement is called phenomenology because the movement explores the lived experience of phenomena. Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger were two of the prominent philosophers who developed this method of inquiry though each took a significantly different philosophical approach to understanding human experience. In this assignment, you will discuss the psychology research methods that emerged from the philosophies of Husserl and Heidegger and the researchers who developed those methods.

General Requirements:

  • This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
  • Doctoral learners are required to use APA style for their writing assignments. The APA Style Guide is located in the Student Success Center.
  • This assignment requires that at least two scholarly research sources related to this topic, and at least one in-text citation from each source be included.
  • You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Refer to the directions in the Student Success Center.

Directions:

Write a paper (1,250-1,500 words) in which you discuss both the phenomenological research methods in psychology that emerged from the philosophies of Husserl and Heidegger and the theorists/psychologists who developed those methods. Include the following in your paper:

  1. A discussion of at least two phenomenological research methods that emerged from the phenomenological philosophy of Husserl. What were the central tenets of each method? What is known about the theorists/psychologists who developed each method?
  2. A discussion of at least two phenomenological research methods that emerged from the phenomenological philosophy of Heidegger. What were the central tenets of each method? What is known about the theorists/psychologists who developed each method?
  3. A contrast of the primary differences among the phenomenological research methods identified above. How does each method address approaches to data gathering, data analysis, and the role of the researcher?
  4. A research-based statement of and rationale for the method you believe allows the best understanding of human experience.
 
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Annotated Bibliography instructions.

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Annotated Bibliography instructions.

(Annotated Bibliography instructions.)

This assignment is three parts to include:

#1 an annotated bibliography

#2 an outline

#3 the final paper.

Here are some ideas for topics to write my paper on.

  1. Pharmacological      treatment for substance use disorders
  2. The      history of the increase in opiate addiction
  3. Opiate      replacement treatment approaches
  4. Detoxification      from alcohol and opiates -(I kind of like this one for the topic)
  5. The      psychopharmacology of methamphetamines
  6. Or, maybe you could do a paper on medication assisted therapy. ( I kind of like this for a topic as well)

#1- Annotated Bibliography instructions.

Select a topic and compile a list of references that you will use to support the content of your “Research Paper” assignment. A minimum of six scholarly sources are required and cannot be more than 4 years old. You will also need to create a reference page for this annotated bibliography.

In a Word document, list the selected topic, the sources you selected, and provide a short description of 75-100 words for each source. Also, describe the relevance as to why you selected the sources, and how they will support your paper.

Refer to the resource, “Preparing Annotated Bibliographies,” located in the Student Success Center, for additional guidance on completing this assignment in the appropriate style.

You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin. Please refer to the directions in the Student Success Center.

#2- Outline instructions:

Create an outline for the final paper that follows standard outline formatting standards. Be sure to include the following in your outline to ensure the final paper addresses all required content:

  1. Brief      history of the drug
  2. Psychopharmacology      of the drug
  3. Current      trends or issues
  4. Societal      concerns or issues related to the topic
  5. Significance      or relevance of topic to the counseling profession
  6. Any      future implications

You will need a reference page for this as well.

#3-Final paper

At this point in the course, you should have an approved topic, an annotated bibliography, and an outline for your Final Research Paper. Your research paper should be 1,500-2,000-words and reflect critical thinking and analysis. Refer to the Academic Writing Guidelines Resource located in the Course Materials section for assistance with this.

You must have a minimum of six references to support your research that are not more than 4 years old. The references should be taken from the annotated bibliography that you completed earlier.

Your research paper should include information about the following:

  1. Brief      history of the drug
  2. Psychopharmacology      of the drug
  3. Current      trends or issues
  4. Societal      concerns or issues related to the drug
  5. Significance      or relevance of topic to the counseling profession
  6. Any      future implications

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required. You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin. Please refer to the directions in the Student Success Center.

 
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Nursing Theory Analysis Paper

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Nursing Theory Analysis Paper, health and medicine homework help

Nursing Theory Analysis Paper

Question description

Assignment : Nursing Theory Analysis Paper

Overview/Description:The purpose of this assignment is to describe, evaluate and discuss application of a nursing grand or mid-range theory. This assignment also provides the learner an opportunity to connect theory and research to nursing phenomena. Learners will develop an 8-10 page paper (excluding the title page and references) using APA style to address the elements listed below.

Theory/Author Name and Background

Select a Grand or Mid-Range Theory that is appropriate to your practice setting.

1.  Describe the theorist’s background in detail and discuss how their experiences have impacted the theory development.

2.  Examine crucial references for the original and/or current work of the theorist and other authors writing about the selected theory.

3.  Identify the phenomenonof concernor problems addressed by the theory.

Theory Description: Explain whether the theory uses deductive, inductive or retroductive reasoning. Provide evidence to support your conclusion.

1.  Describe the major concepts of the theory.   How are they defined? (theoretically and/or operationally) Is the author consistentin the use of the concepts and other terms in the theory?

2.  Interpret how the concepts are defined.   Implicitly or explicitly?

3.  Examine the relationships (propositions) among the major concepts.

Evaluation

1.  Identify explicit and implicit assumptions (values/beliefs) underlying the theory. On what assumptions does the theory build?

2.  Examine if the theory has a description of the four concepts of the nursing metaparadigm. If so, how are they explained in the theory? If the metapardigm is not explained, what elements do you see as relevant to the theory and why?

3.  Discuss the clarity of the theory.  Did it have lucidness and consistency?

Application

1.  Examine how the theory would guide nursing actions.

2.  Describe specificallyhow you can use this theory in your area of nursing (Practice, Education, Informatics or Administration).

3.  APA Style/Format

CRITERIA WEIGHT
Theory/Author Name and Background:

1.  Select a Grand or Mid-Range Theory that is appropriate to your practice setting.

2.  Describe the theorist’s background in detail and discuss how their experiences have impacted the theory development.

3.  Examine crucial references for the original and/or current work of the theorist and other authors writing about the selected theory.

4.  Identify the phenomenonof concernor problems addressed by the theory.

 1010

10

10
Theory Description:

1.  Explain whether the theory uses deductive, inductive or retroductive reasoning. Provide evidence to support your conclusion.

2.  Describe the major concepts of the theory.  How are they defined? (theoretically and/or operationally) Is the author consistentin the use of the concepts and other terms in the theory?

3.  Interpret how the concepts are defined.  Implicitly or explicitly?

4.  Examine the relationships (propositions) among the major concepts.

 14

18

14

14
Evaluation:

1.  Identify explicit and implicit assumptions (values/beliefs) underlying the theory. On what assumptions does the theory build?

2.  Examine if the theory has a description of the four concepts of the nursing metaparadigm. If so, how are they explained in the theory? If the metapardigm is not explained, what elements do you see as relevant to the theory and why?

3.  Discuss the clarity of the theory.  Did it have lucidness and consistency?

 20

20

20
Application:

1.  Examine how the theory would guide nursing actions.

2.  Describe specificallyhow you can use this theory in your area of nursing (Practice, Education, Informatics or Administration).

 1010
APA Style/Format:

Free of grammatical, spelling or punctuation errors. Citations and references are written in correct APA Style.

 20
Total: 200

A Grand or Mid-Range Theory  appropriate to my practice setting as APN is Health promotion.

5 From the textbook, Philosophies and Theories for Advanced Nursing Practice, read the following:

·  From the chapter, Theories Focused on Interpersonal Relationships, read the following:

Jean Watson;

Rosemarie Rizzo Parse: Human becoming Theory
 
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Supporting Nursing Practice Discussions

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Supporting Nursing Practice Discussions

(Supporting Nursing Practice Discussions)

Discussion response

Question description

Post a thoughtful response to at least two (2) other colleagues’ initial postings. Responses to colleagues should be supportive and helpful (examples of an acceptable comment are: “This is interesting – in my practice, we treated or resolved (diagnosis or issue) with (x, y, z meds, theory, management principle) and according to the literature…” and add supportive reference. Avoid comments such as “I agree” or “good comment.”

Discussion 1

It is important for every registered nurse to know their scope of practice. The purpose of this posting is to discuss the nurses scope of practice as defined by the ANA and the state of Ohio, a clinical situation that applies to the scope of practice, and why every nurse should know and understand their nurse practice acts. According to the ANA’s book, Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice, the scope of nursing practice is defined by who, what, when, where, and why. I will explain each one in more detail in alignment with what the ANA says. The “what” of this scope is referring to nursing, which in short is described as preventing illness and injury, advocacy for patients and family members, and the protection, promotion, and optimization of health. The “who” includes all registered nurses and advanced practice registered nurses who maintain active licensure. The “when” is anytime a nurse is needed to educate, care, lead, practice, or share wisdom and nursing knowledge with whomever is in need of it. The “where” could be in any environment in which an individual is needing advocacy, care, or education. The “how” of nursing practice includes the means, manners, methods, and ways that are used to professionally get the job done. Finally, the “why” is a nurses response to the needs of society that are ever changing so there can be good outcomes for healthcare consumers (ANA, 2015, pg. 2).

Now I will define the scope of nursing practice in Ohio according to the Ohio Board of Nursing. It states in a document entitled, Scopes of Practice: Registered Nurse and Licensed Practical Nurse, that the registered nurse is to provide care that requires specialized knowledge, skill, and judgment that comes from social, behavioral, biological, physical, and nursing science principles. This includes identifying human responses/health problems, executing a nursing regimen, assessing health status, providing health teaching and counseling, following through with treatments prescribed by a professional who is legally able to do so in the state of Ohio, and lastly teaching, delegating, supervising, administering, and evaluating nursing practice (Ohio Board of Nursing, 2015).

In this paragraph I will share an example of how I’ve put the scope of nursing practice into effect in my own career. I will share an example of delegation. I recently took care of a gentleman who underwent extensive back surgery. I always assess my post operative patient’s urinary status to make sure they are voiding following anesthesia. This particular man had not voided for 8 hours following the removal of his foley catheter, so I delegated to my nursing assistant to obtain a bladder scan. The result came back at 400ml so I obtained an order from the house officer to straight cath. the patient. I practiced within my scope by delegating a bladder scan to my nursing assistant. It’s very important for nurses to have knowledge of their state’s scope of nursing practice in order to work within the law and to avoid malpractice or negligence. In conclusion, nurses have the power to change health consumers lives but it is paramount that it is done within the scope of nursing practice.

References(Supporting Nursing Practice Discussions)

Nursing: scope and standards of practice (3rd ed.). (2015). Silver Spring, Maryland.: American Nurses Association. Scopes of Practice: Registered Nurse and Licensed Practical Nurse.(2015). Columbus, Ohio. Ohio Board of Nursing. Retrieved from: www.nursing.ohio.gov.

Discussion 2

This discussion is to help better define the scope of practice and standards required by nurses in the United States. These terms have been defined to assist in providing equalized patient centered care while holding all nurses accountable for the care they provide. The purpose of this posting is to discuss these rules and apply them to a clinical situation or scenario. The American Nurses Association outlines the standards of practice as the ability of a nurse to demonstrate the nursing process while providing safe patient care. The nurse creates a foundation of care through education, training, and critical thinking. This foundation serves as a baseline for practicing nurses through assessment, diagnosis, outcomes identification, planning, implementation, and evaluation (American Nurses Association, 2010).

Michigan currently does not have a standard scope of practice but does have a consolidated practice act. This act regulates nursing practice while also covering 25 other health occupations. Within this act, the practice of nursing if defined by the knowledge and skills learned in state accredited nursing programs. It is practiced via the nursing process. From care to education, this process is used to help manage illness and prevent further injury or debility. The act further defines the role of the registered nurse and states that this role specifically focuses on teaching and delegation of appropriate nursing activities (Michigan Legislature 1978).

In my experience as a nurse, I use the nursing scope of practice daily. One example that comes to mind is when I was taking care of a patient who was admitted with a urinary tract infection. The patient was elderly, from a long-term care facility, and was only oriented to self at baseline. I admitted the patient, did my initial assessment, and was back on hospital day 2 to provide care. This is when I noticed a setback. The patient was restless and seemed more confused than baseline. I did a thorough head to toe assessment and determined the patient had not voided in about 3 hours. It also appeared the measured amount of urine changed from day 1 and was minimal over the last 6 hours. I performed a bladder scan because the patient had a known history of BPH, and had not received his Flomax due to not being able to refill the prescription. The scan determined the patient was retaining urine. After further discussion with the physician, a Foley catheter was placed, and Flomax was resumed. The patient became less restless after the catheter was placed. Urine cultures came back and showed a need to change antibiotic therapy. I notified the physician of the new culture which initiated a change in antibiotics. I cared for this patient on day 3 of their hospitalization, and was able to see an improvement in patient status. The patient’s overall outcome would be to resume outpatient medications, not require a catheter to void, and to be at his baseline mentation. The patient’s family was grateful that I was able to recognize a change in the patient’s behaviors and advocate for a change in care.

It is important for all nurses to know and understand their states scope of practice, so they can provide safe and effective patient care. I have been able to use these guidelines as a newer nurse and it has helped me become more confident in my nursing abilities.

Reference:(Supporting Nursing Practice Discussions)

American Nurses Association. (2010). Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice

(2nd ed.). Silver Spring, MD: Nursesbooks.org.

Public health code (excerpt): Act 368 of 1978. (1978). In Michigan Legislature.

Retrieved from http://www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(ej1bjc4i4sffsdehp… GetObject&objectname=mcl-act-368-of-1978

 
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Learning Theories in Practice

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Learning Theories in Practice

(Learning Theories in Practice)

Discussion Questions

Module 5 DQ 1 and DQ 2

Tutor MUST have a good command of the English language

These are two discussion questions

Your DQ1 and DQ2 posts must be at least 150 words and have at least one reference cited for each question. In-text citation, please

Tutor MUST have a good command of the English language

These are two discussion questions

Your DQ 1 and DQ 2 posts must be at least 150 words and have at least one reference cited for each question. In-text citation, please

DQ 1

Learning theories have implications for advanced practice nurses outside the classroom. Share an example describing the application of learning theory or theories to develop a program targeting change to a specific organizational issue, patient lifestyle, or specific unhealthy behaviors

DQ 2

Learning theories have implications for advanced practice nurses outside the classroom. Share an example describing the application of learning theory or theories to develop a program targeting change to a specific organizational issue, patient lifestyle, or specific unhealthy behaviors

Discussion Questions(Learning Theories in Practice)

DQ 1

Learning theories play a significant role in advanced practice nursing, particularly in developing programs that target organizational issues. For example, applying Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory can be instrumental in addressing hand hygiene compliance in a healthcare setting. Social Learning Theory emphasizes the importance of observing and modeling behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others. By implementing a program where healthcare staff observe role models performing proper hand hygiene, combined with positive reinforcement for compliance, a culture of proper hand hygiene can be fostered. This approach not only educates staff on the importance of hand hygiene but also leverages the social dynamics within the organization to promote sustained behavioral change (Bandura, 1977).

In practice, this could involve creating video demonstrations by respected staff members, followed by group discussions and feedback sessions. Regular audits and rewards for compliance can further reinforce the desired behavior, ultimately reducing hospital-acquired infections and improving patient outcomes. This example illustrates how learning theories can extend beyond traditional classroom settings to effect positive change in healthcare environments.

Reference: Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory. Prentice Hall.

DQ 2

In advanced practice nursing, learning theories can be effectively applied to develop programs targeting specific unhealthy behaviors. One example is using the Health Belief Model (HBM) to address smoking cessation among patients. The HBM posits that a person’s health-related behavior is influenced by their perceptions of the severity and susceptibility to a health problem, the benefits of avoiding the risk, and the barriers to taking action (Rosenstock, 1974).

To develop a smoking cessation program, advanced practice nurses can assess patients’ beliefs about smoking and its health risks. They can then provide education highlighting the severe health consequences of smoking and the benefits of quitting, such as improved cardiovascular health and reduced cancer risk. By addressing perceived barriers, such as withdrawal symptoms or lack of support, and providing resources like nicotine replacement therapy and counseling, nurses can help patients navigate the challenges of quitting smoking.

Moreover, incorporating motivational interviewing techniques can enhance the program’s effectiveness by strengthening patients’ motivation and commitment to change. By applying the HBM, nurses can create a comprehensive and tailored approach to smoking cessation that encourages patients to adopt healthier behaviors and improve their overall well-being.

Reference: Rosenstock, I. M. (1974). Historical Origins of the Health Belief Model. Health Education Monographs, 2(4), 328-335.

 
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Texas ACA Impact Analysis

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Texas ACA Impact Analysis

(Texas ACA Impact Analysis)

Affordable Care Act (ACA) Case study 3-4 pages, health and medicine homework help

Question description

1. Introduction (25%) Provide a brief synopsis of the meaning (not a description) of each Chapter and articles you read, in your own words that will apply to the case study presented.

2. Your Critique (50%): Case Study

This is the first of a two-part series about the impact of health care reform on a Texas-based small business, Software Advice, and how the CEO, Don Fornes, plans to keep providing quality benefits while controlling costs.

When the Affordable Care Act (ACA) was passed, I thought it was just a watered-down version of health care reform. However, our health insurance broker recently briefed me on how it will impact our business when we renew our coverage. The majority of the ACA’s provisions go into effect in 2014 — and they are much more onerous than I expected.

The bottom line: We are expecting price increases of anywhere from six percent to 40 percent per employee next year. That’s a big variation, right? I’ll explain why we’re facing such uncertainty.

Dramatic changes to health insurance pricing

The ACA’s first major impact is a shift toward “community rating.” Starting in 2014, insurance carriers will no longer be able to price small group coverage based on employees’ health status and claims history. They will use only four factors: age, gender, tobacco use and ZIP code. That means other employee populations in your area will affect your insurance rates.

Community rating is a dramatic change, and it will result in substantial inflation for small groups that had previously enjoyed low rates based on younger, exceptionally healthy employee populations — like ours.

Expanded coverage requirements(Texas ACA Impact Analysis)

The ACA introduces broader requirements on what an employer’s health care plan must cover. For example, small groups’ coverage must now provide for essential health benefits, such as pediatric services, maternity care and substance abuse treatment, and is subject to maximum deductible and out-of-pocket limits. Large groups’ plans must provide “affordable coverage” — that is, the employer must cover at least 60 percent of the actuarial value of health care costs, and employee contributions must not exceed 9.5 percent of their income, whereas previously there was no such coverage quota.

Because our business has always been relatively healthy, we’ve been able to provide coverage that meets or exceeds these requirements, but I empathize with employers whose profit margins don’t easily afford the provision of high-quality coverage. They will be the most significantly impacted by the new requirements.

As I examined all this information, I came to a conundrum: Are we a small group, or not? Under current Texas law, a small group is one with two to 50 employees. However, pending legislation — Texas State Senate Bill 85 — could expand that to companies of up to 100, if passed. We just hired our fifty-fifth employee.

Large group pros and cons

Many companies have been fearful of the “large group” label when it comes to health care reform, carefully keeping their staff numbers under 50. But we found that being a large group is actually beneficial to us. As a large group, we are exempt from community ratings and maximum deductible limits. We also don’t have to provide essential health benefits — though we already do. And the expected increase in health care costs for large groups in 2014 is relatively low — six to eight percent.

Potential drawbacks of being a large group: We are subject to the “pay or play” rule — provide coverage that meets the requirements, or pay a penalty– as well as automatic employee enrollment upon hire and at renewal. For companies with a tighter bottom line, these rules may prove challenging. For our business, they are less relevant; we are already providing quality coverage, and we want everyone to have it.

Small group pros and cons

Small groups are exempt from pay or play. They don’t have to provide coverage to their employees. If we were, say, a small pizza shop, this would be a relief. But we’re not. We want to remain competitive in hiring — and can afford to keep doing so.

The requirement to provide for essential health benefits could be problematic for cash-strapped companies and might raise carrier costs.

The biggest downsides if we’re a small group: we’d be subject to detrimental community ratings, and maximum deductible and out-of-pocket limits would drive up costs across the board. As a small group, we would face a whopping 30 to 40 percent increase in health care costs for 2014.

The outcome

One thing we will do is push our renewal date out to December 2013, so that our new plan won’t take effect until January 2014. That’s because the government may actually change or delay implementation of some ACA provisions. Pushing out our renewal delays the new requirements as long as possible and allows us to keep a plan we like, while giving us a chance to see if the government backpedals.

CASE STUDY CHALLENGE(Texas ACA Impact Analysis)

1.  Describe hoe some changes in the health service delivery system have led to a decline in hospital inpatient days and growth in ambulatory services.

2.  All primary care is ambulatory, but not all ambulatory services represent primary care. Discuss.

3.  As hospital evolved from rudimentary custodial and quarantine facilities to their current state, how their purpose did and function changes.

3. Conclusion (15%)

Briefly summarize your thoughts & conclusion to your critique of the case study and provide a possible outcome for the Health Care Center.  How did these articles and Chapters influence your opinions about Health Care and new reform act?

Evaluation will be based on how clearly you respond to the above, in particular:

 
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Assignment2: LASA1: False Memories

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Assignment2: LASA1: False Memories

(Assignment2: LASA1: False Memories)

The US legal system places a lot of importance on eyewitness memory. Most people would report that they can accurately convey what they saw in a particular situation. However, these ideas are not supported by research. Instead, research shows that memory is quite malleable and is affected by many factors. This research repeatedly demonstrates that people do not remember exactly what they experienced. This module’s experiment will show you firsthand how memory for events is not always one hundred percent accurate.

Access the CogLab demonstration False Memory. Follow the instructions to complete the demonstration to familiarize yourself with false memory. Then locate at least one research study from a peer-reviewed journal that examined how eyewitness memory can be affected by false memories.

Based on your research, respond to the following situation:

You are considered to be an expert in false memories, and a local district attorney has therefore requested your expertise on the following case:

On Tuesday, March 6, 2007, a bank was robbed in Slidell, LA. It was just after opening time, 9:04 a.m., and there were barely any customers, when a car arrived and parked in the side parking lot of the bank. Two men came out of the car and walked to the entrance. Both wore dark clothing. Upon entering the bank, they held out guns and asked for the manager. When the manager identified herself, the smaller of the two robbers ordered her to open the safe. Meanwhile, the other robber, a tall, and burley man, walked around holding his gun in his outstretched arm, and threatening the remaining employees and customers. The manager complied and the smaller robber collected all the money and valuables from the safe. After five minutes, the big robber asked if his companion was ready to go. When he was, the two ran back to their car, and drove away.

The district attorney has asked that you create a presentation about false memory and explain how it might influence this case. He asks that you specifically address the following:

  • Describe false memory and false memory experiments. Use the CogLab experiment to illustrate false memory experiments, special distracters, and normal distracters.
  • Describe at least one research study from a peer-reviewed journal that investigated how eyewitness memory can be affected by false memories.
  • Explain how false memory might influence this particular case. Use specifics from the description of the case, the CogLab experiment, and research to support your answer.
  • Using evidence from the case, the CogLab experiment, and outside research, justify why eyewitness testimonies should or should not carry weight in criminal proceedings.
  • Discuss any procedures which can increase or reduce the occurrence of false memories when reporting eyewitness events.

Remember, your presentation is designed to help the jury understand false memory and how it might influence the eyewitness testimony of this case. You will have ten minutes to present.

Since this is a legal case, you must include formally written slide notes (proper grammar, proper paragraphs, APA formatting, and academic tone) with research to support your claims. The presentation will be a legal document in this case, so make it worthy of being legally binding!

Develop an 5–6-slide presentation in PowerPoint format. Apply APA standards to citation of sources.

(Assignment2: LASA1: False Memories)

Assignment 1: LASA 2: Generating a Policy Proposal

Although some states and cities have passed laws to ban texting and using handheld phones while driving, there is no current law to ban all cell phone use while driving. However, according to the National Safety Council (2009), 28 percent of all crashes—1.6 million per year—are caused by cell phone use and texting by drivers. The mission of a new national nonprofit organization called FocusDriven, patterned after Mothers Against Drunk Driving, is to make phone use while driving as illegal and socially unacceptable as drunk driving. US Transportation Secretary Ray LaHood supports FocusDriven and its efforts: According to the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, LaHood said this movement will become “an army of people traveling the countryside” to push for bans on cell phone use and tough enforcement (Schmit, 2010).

As a political advocate interested in this issue, you will be writing a policy proposal that utilizes the current research to propose a solution to the issue and submit it in this assignment.

Please note that your proposal is not an opinion/position paper, and your conclusions need to be based on the scientific research you reviewed earlier. Please follow the typical steps in proper academic writing (planning, outlining, drafting, revising, proofing, and editing) to generate the following proposal structure:

Introduction

In the introduction, you should set up the purpose for the proposal, provide a bit of background on the topic, and present your thesis.

Policy

Now that you have researched a variety of studies (in M4: Assignment 2), compile that information together to create a recommendation for policy makers regarding cell phone use while driving.

1: In a one-page summary, compare and contrast the results of the various studies regarding the cognitive abilities that are affected during cell phone use while driving.

2: Using that research, develop and explain particular recommendations for policy makers. For instance, restrict texting, or regulate the use of hand-held phones. All your recommendations must be supported by your research findings.

3: Based on the gaps in current research, describe the variables, populations, and situations which you would like to see future research address.

Conclusion

Review the important current research, your conclusions from that research, and how the future could look in both policy and research. Keep your goal in mind: To convince the reader to support your current policy proposal and future research to examine this issue more closely.

Your proposal should be written in APA style (which includes a title page with running header and a reference page), and free of typographical and grammatical errors. The body of your proposal should be 4–5 pages long.

 
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