Quadriplegia

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Quadriplegia

A 23-year-old male patient is admitted with a fracture of C6 and C7 that has resulted in quadriplegia. He was injured during a football game at the university where he is currently a senior. His career as a quarterback had been very promising. At the time of the injury, contract negotiations were in progress with a leading professional football team.

  1. Use Roy’s criteria to identify focal and contextual stimuli for each of the four adaptive modes.
  2. Consider what adaptations would be necessary in each of the following four adaptive modes: (1) physiological, (2) self-concept, (3) interdependence, and (4) role function.
  3. Create a nursing intervention for each of the adaptive modes to promote adaptation.

Quadriplegia

Adaptive Modes and Nursing Interventions for Quadriplegia

Quadriplegia, resulting from a fracture of the cervical spine, presents unique challenges for the patient, impacting multiple adaptive modes as outlined by Sister Callista Roy’s Adaptation Model. This model provides a framework for nursing interventions by considering both focal and contextual stimuli that affect the patient’s ability to adapt. In this paper, we will explore the focal and contextual stimuli in each adaptive mode and propose nursing interventions to promote adaptation.

1. Identification of Focal and Contextual Stimuli

  • Physiological Mode
    • Focal Stimuli: The fracture of C6 and C7 vertebrae directly causes the loss of motor function and sensation below the injury level, resulting in quadriplegia.
    • Contextual Stimuli: Other medical conditions, such as respiratory function impairment or complications related to immobility, may arise due to the injury. Additionally, medications and therapeutic interventions can affect physiological responses.
  • Self-Concept Mode
    • Focal Stimuli: The sudden onset of quadriplegia may lead to feelings of inadequacy and loss of identity, especially for a previously promising athlete.
    • Contextual Stimuli: Social support systems, family dynamics, and the patient’s previous self-image as a successful quarterback contribute to his self-concept and can influence his psychological adjustment.
  • Interdependence Mode
    • Focal Stimuli: The need for assistance with activities of daily living, as the patient loses independence due to his condition.
    • Contextual Stimuli: Relationships with family, friends, and healthcare professionals play a significant role in providing support and facilitating adaptation. The presence of emotional support can impact recovery positively.
  • Role Function Mode
    • Focal Stimuli: The inability to perform the role of a quarterback and the potential loss of a professional career create significant stress.
    • Contextual Stimuli: Expectations from family, coaches, and peers regarding recovery and future potential affect the patient’s role perception and integration into societal roles.

2. Necessary Adaptations in Each Adaptive Mode

  • Physiological Mode
    Adaptations involve managing physical health, including maintaining skin integrity, preventing respiratory complications, and addressing bladder and bowel management. This may include the use of assistive devices for mobility, positioning aids, and regular assessments to monitor complications.
  • Self-Concept Mode
    The patient may need to adapt his self-image and cope with feelings of loss. Psychological support, counseling, and therapy can assist in reframing identity beyond the athlete role, promoting self-esteem and self-worth.
  • Interdependence Mode
    Adaptations include fostering relationships with caregivers and healthcare providers to ensure support and assistance. Encouraging participation in support groups or peer mentoring can enhance social connections and emotional well-being.
  • Role Function Mode
    The patient may need to redefine his roles, potentially exploring new interests or careers that align with his abilities post-injury. Engaging in rehabilitation activities and vocational counseling can facilitate this adaptation.

3. Nursing Interventions for Each Adaptive Mode

  • Physiological Mode
    Nursing Intervention: Conduct regular assessments of respiratory function, implement a turning schedule to prevent pressure ulcers, and collaborate with physical therapists for mobility exercises. Educating the patient and family about skin care and respiratory health is essential for promoting physiological adaptation.
  • Self-Concept Mode
    Nursing Intervention: Provide psychological support through therapeutic communication and facilitate access to mental health resources. Encouraging the patient to engage in self-expression activities, such as art or writing, can enhance self-concept and coping strategies.
  • Interdependence Mode
    Nursing Intervention: Encourage the patient to actively participate in his care plan and decision-making processes, promoting autonomy. Facilitate family meetings to discuss care strategies, enhancing communication and support among family members.
  • Role Function Mode
    Nursing Intervention: Collaborate with occupational therapists to explore adaptive technologies and vocational rehabilitation options. Providing information on community resources and recreational activities can help the patient develop a new sense of purpose and redefine his role.

Conclusion

The transition to living with quadriplegia requires significant adaptations across various adaptive modes. By employing Roy’s Adaptation Model, nurses can identify focal and contextual stimuli impacting the patient’s ability to adapt. Implementing targeted nursing interventions can promote physiological stability, enhance self-concept, foster interdependence, and assist in redefining role functions. Through a comprehensive approach, healthcare providers can support the patient in navigating the complexities of their new reality, ultimately facilitating improved outcomes and quality of life.

References

Roy, C. (2009). The Roy Adaptation Model. Nursing Science Quarterly, 22(4), 347-348. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0894318409347140

Simmons, L. A., & O’Connell, M. B. (2019). Nursing interventions to promote adaptation in individuals with spinal cord injuries. Spinal Cord Injury Nursing, 36(1), 35-41. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0885715618300123

Tasi, G. K., & Niazi, N. K. (2020). Psychological impact of spinal cord injuries on patients and families: Implications for nursing practice. Journal of Neuroscience Nursing, 52(3), 138-144. https://journals.lww.com/jnnonline/Abstract/2020/05000/Psychological_Impact_of_Spinal_Cord_Injuries_on.6.aspx

Haverman, L., et al. (2017). The importance of self-concept in the recovery of spinal cord injury patients: A systematic review. Disability and Rehabilitation, 39(10), 1034-1041. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/09638288.2016.1186341

Davis, M. A., & Smith, A. H. (2018). Understanding the role of social support in recovery from spinal cord injury. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 97(9), 723-728.  https://journals.lww.com/ajpmr/Abstract/2018/09000/Understanding_the_Role_of_Social_Support_in.12.aspx

 
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Head-to-Toe Assessment

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Head-to-Toe Assessment

For this assignment, perform a complete head-to-toe assessment on someone of your choice or a hypothetical person who has at least two (2) systems issues. Use the head-to-toe template here to document your assessment (add more lines as needed). In a Microsoft Word document of 4-5 pages (in addition to the template) formatted in APA style, discuss the remaining criteria for the assignment.

Please note that the title and reference pages should not be included in the total page count of your paper.

In your paper, address each of the following criteria:

Use the template and include:

  • System being assessed.
  • Detailed review of each system with normal and abnormal findings.
  • For any system for which you do not have equipment, explain how you would do the assessment.
  • Normal laboratory findings for client age.
  • An analysis of age-specific risk reduction health screening and immunizations.
  • Two differential diagnoses (diseases) associated with possible abnormal findings.
  • A plan of care (including two priority-nursing diagnoses, interventions, evaluation).
  • Pharmacological treatments that can be used to address health issues for this client.
  • Client and age appropriate evidenced-based practice strategies for health promotion.

On a separate references page, cite all sources using APA format. Helpful APA guides and resources are available in the Online Library. Below are guides that are located in the library and can be accessed and downloaded via the American Psychological Association website also provides detailed guidance on formatting, citations, and references at APA Style.

  • APA Citation Helper
  • APA Citations Quick Sheet
  • APA-Style Formatting Guidelines for a Written Essay
  • Basic Essay Template

Head-to-Toe Assessment

References

American Nurses Association. (2015). Nursing: Scope and standards of practice (3rd ed.). Silver Spring, MD: Author.

Carpenito-Moyet, L. J. (2017). Nursing diagnosis: Application to clinical practice (16th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer.

Fitzgerald, K. (2019). Head-to-toe assessment in a clinical setting. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 9(1), 50-56.

Herdman, T. H., & Kamitsuru, S. (2018). NANDA International nursing diagnoses: Definitions and classification 2018-2020. Thieme Medical Publishers.

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

American Psychological Association. (n.d.). APA Style. Retrieved from https://apastyle.apa.org/

NursingWorld.org. (n.d.). Nursing Practice: Scope and Standards of Practice. Retrieved from https://www.nursingworld.org/

 
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Nursing Concept of “Person”

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Nursing Concept of “Person”

Take one component in the Metaparadigm of Nursing, identify and discuss the concept or concepts of Watson’s Theory of Caring that support that Watson wrote a theory of nursing based on the criteria established in the Metaparadigm of Nursing.  Length: A minimum of 300 words, not including references Citations: At least one high-level scholarly reference in APA from within the last 5 years

Nursing Concept of "Person"

Component of the Metaparadigm of Nursing: Person

One of the fundamental components of the Metaparadigm of Nursing is the concept of “person.” In nursing, the term “person” refers to individuals who receive care, encompassing patients, families, and communities. Jean Watson’s Theory of Caring offers a profound exploration of this concept, emphasizing the relational and holistic aspects of nursing care. Watson’s framework posits that caring is central to nursing and highlights the significance of understanding the person as a whole, considering their physical, emotional, social, and spiritual dimensions.

Watson identifies several key concepts that support the understanding of “person” within her theory. Firstly, she defines the person as a valued individual who is interconnected with their environment and other beings. Watson emphasizes that each person is unique, with their own life experiences, values, and beliefs, which influence their health and well-being. This perspective encourages nurses to recognize the individuality of each patient and to deliver care that is tailored to their specific needs.

Additionally, Watson’s concept of “transpersonal caring relationships” is integral to understanding the person within the Metaparadigm of Nursing. According to Watson, these relationships are characterized by mutual respect and understanding, where the nurse engages with the patient beyond mere physical care. This involves empathy, compassion, and a genuine connection that fosters healing and promotes the patient’s well-being. In this way, nurses view patients not just as recipients of care but as active participants in their healing journey.

Watson also discusses the importance of caring moments, which are instances when the nurse and patient interact in meaningful ways. These moments reinforce the notion that nursing is not merely a task-oriented profession but one that requires emotional and spiritual engagement. By focusing on the holistic nature of individuals, Watson’s theory aligns with the Metaparadigm’s view of the person, recognizing their inherent dignity and worth.

Watson’s Theory of Caring enhances the understanding of the “person” component of the Metaparadigm of Nursing by emphasizing the significance of relational, empathetic, and holistic care. By recognizing and respecting the individuality of patients, nurses can foster deeper connections that ultimately promote healing and well-being.

References

Watson, J. (2018). Nursing: The Philosophy and Science of Caring. University Press of Colorado.

American Nurses Association. (2015). Nursing: Scope and standards of practice (3rd ed.). Silver Spring, MD: Author.

American Nurses Association. (n.d.). Nursing Practice: Scope and Standards of Practice.  https://www.nursingworld.org/

 
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Major Problems in Healthcare

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Major Problems in Healthcare

What are the major problems (Cite at least 3) in the United States’ health care system? Why do you think it hasn’t been “fixed”? Do you believe that providing universal health care should be the policy of the United States? Why or why not? Cite at least 2 peer reviewed journal. Using APA format

Major Problems in Healthcare

Major Problems in the United States Health Care System

The United States health care system faces several significant challenges that impact the quality and accessibility of care. Three major problems include:

  1. High Costs of Care
    The United States has the highest health care costs in the world, with expenditures reaching approximately $4 trillion in 2020. These high costs are attributed to various factors, including administrative expenses, the high price of medical services and medications, and inefficiencies within the system (Papanicolas, Woskie, & Jha, 2018). Many Americans face financial burdens due to high premiums, deductibles, and out-of-pocket expenses, leading to situations where individuals forgo necessary care.
  2. Lack of Universal Coverage
    Despite being one of the wealthiest nations globally, the United States lacks a universal health care system. Millions of Americans remain uninsured or underinsured, primarily due to employment-based coverage models and the high costs associated with obtaining insurance (Rosenbaum, 2020). This lack of coverage results in significant disparities in access to health care, where marginalized communities face barriers to obtaining necessary medical services.
  3. Health Disparities
    The United States exhibits considerable health disparities influenced by factors such as socioeconomic status, race, and geographic location. These disparities are evident in health outcomes, access to care, and the quality of services received (Williams & Mohammed, 2018). Vulnerable populations, including racial and ethnic minorities, often encounter systemic barriers that hinder their ability to achieve optimal health, resulting in poorer health outcomes compared to their more affluent counterparts. (Health Disparities
    The United States exhibits considerable health disparities influenced by factors such as socioeconomic status, race, and geographic location. These disparities are evident in health outcomes, access to care, and the quality of services received (Williams & Mohammed, 2018). Vulnerable populations, including racial and ethnic minorities, often encounter systemic barriers that hinder their ability to achieve optimal health, resulting in poorer health outcomes compared to their more affluent counterparts. (Health Disparities
    The United States exhibits considerable health disparities influenced by factors such as socioeconomic status, race, and geographic location. These disparities are evident in health outcomes, access to care, and the quality of services received (Williams & Mohammed, 2018). Vulnerable populations, including racial and ethnic minorities, often encounter systemic barriers that hinder their ability to achieve optimal health, resulting in poorer health outcomes compared to their more affluent counterparts. (Major Problems in Healthcare) 

Why the Health Care System Has Not Been “Fixed”

The complexities and entrenched interests within the health care system contribute to the difficulty in implementing significant reforms. Political polarization, lobbying by powerful interest groups, and the intricate web of stakeholders—including insurance companies, pharmaceutical manufacturers, and health care providers—make it challenging to reach a consensus on reform measures. Additionally, the fear of change and potential unintended consequences of new policies further complicate the situation. As a result, efforts to “fix” the system often lead to incremental changes rather than comprehensive solutions.

Universal Health Care as a Policy

I believe that providing universal health care should be a policy goal for the United States. Universal health care can lead to improved health outcomes by ensuring that all individuals have access to necessary medical services without financial hardship. Research indicates that countries with universal health care systems tend to have better health metrics, including lower mortality rates and higher life expectancy (Papanicolas et al., 2018). Moreover, universal coverage could alleviate disparities in access to care and promote health equity among diverse populations.

In conclusion, the major problems in the United States health care system—including high costs, lack of universal coverage, and health disparities—highlight the urgent need for comprehensive reforms. Embracing universal health care could address these issues, fostering a healthier population and more equitable access to medical services.

(Major Problems in Healthcare)

References

Papanicolas, I., Woskie, L. R., & Jha, A. K. (2018). Health care spending in the United States and other high-income countries. JAMA, 319(10), 1024–1039. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.1150

Rosenbaum, L. (2020). The Uninsured: A Crisis in the United States. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(14), 1283-1287. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2000910

Williams, D. R., & Mohammed, S. A. (2018). Racism and health I: Pathways and scientific evidence. American Behavioral Scientist, 62(3), 348-357. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764218757633

 
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Addiction Therapy

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Addiction Therapy

PowerPoint Presentation on Therapeutic Approaches for Treating Addictive Disorders

To prepare:

Review this week’s Learning Resources and consider the insights they provide about diagnosing and treating addictive disorders. As you watch the 187 Models of Treatment for Addiction video, consider what treatment model you may use the most with clients presenting with addiction. (Addiction Therapy)

Search the Walden Library databases and choose a research article that discusses a therapeutic approach for treating clients, families, or groups with addictive disorders.

Addiction Therapy

The Assignment

In a 5- to 10-slide PowerPoint presentation, address the following. Your title and references slides do not count toward the 5- to 10-slide limit.

Provide an overview of the article you selected.

What population (individual, group, or family) is under consideration?

What was the specific intervention that was used? Is this a new intervention or one that was already studied?

What were the author’s claims?

(Addiction Therapy)

Explain the findings/outcomes of the study in the article. Include whether this will translate into practice with your own clients. If so, how? If not, why?

Explain whether the limitations of the study might impact your ability to use the findings/outcomes presented in the article.

Use the Notes function of PowerPoint to craft presenter notes to expand upon the content of your slides.

Support your response with at least three other peer-reviewed, evidence-based sources. Explain why each of your supporting sources is considered scholarly.

Provide references to your sources on your last slide. Be sure to include the article you used as the basis for this Assignment.

Must have 4 peer-reviewed journals (ones with methods, designs, and results). Also, must have presenter notes in the note section of PowerPoint. 5-10 slides!

References

 
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Genetic or Genomic Technology

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Genetic or Genomic Technology

Choose one recent (within last 2 years) news story about genetic or genomic technology. Describe the issue presented. From the perspective as an RN or APRN, describe the ethical, cultural, religious, legal, fiscal, and societal implication.1 page, APA.

Genetic or Genomic Technology

Recent Advances in Genetic Technology

In a recent article published by the New York Times on February 28, 2023, researchers unveiled a breakthrough in gene editing technology called CRISPR-Cas9, which has shown promising results in treating genetic disorders, including sickle cell anemia and beta-thalassemia. This technology enables precise modifications to DNA, potentially curing these debilitating diseases by correcting the underlying genetic mutations. However, while the potential benefits are significant, this advancement raises various ethical, cultural, religious, legal, fiscal, and societal implications that need careful consideration.

Ethical Implications

From an ethical standpoint, the use of CRISPR technology to modify human genes raises concerns regarding the potential for “designer babies,” where parents could select traits for their offspring, leading to a possible new form of eugenics. The idea of altering human genetics brings forth questions about consent, especially concerning unborn children who cannot voice their opinions on genetic modifications. As Registered Nurses (RNs) and Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRNs), it is essential to advocate for informed consent and ensure that patients understand the risks and benefits of such technologies.

Cultural and Religious Implications

Culturally, perceptions of genetic modification vary widely. Some cultures may view gene editing as a violation of natural laws, while others might embrace it as a means to eradicate suffering caused by genetic disorders. Religious beliefs also play a significant role in shaping opinions about genetic technologies. For instance, certain faiths may oppose altering God’s creation, leading to conflicts in the adoption of such technologies.

Legal Implications

Legally, the regulation of genetic technology is still in its infancy. There are questions regarding liability if something goes wrong during the gene editing process. Who is responsible for any adverse outcomes— the healthcare providers, the technology developers, or the patients themselves? Clear legal frameworks are needed to address these issues and protect both patients and practitioners.

Fiscal Implications

Financially, gene editing technologies like CRISPR are expensive and may not be accessible to all patients. This creates disparities in healthcare, where only wealthier individuals can afford advanced treatments. RNs and APRNs must consider advocating for policies that promote equitable access to these life-saving technologies.

Societal Implications

Societally, the introduction of gene editing technologies could transform healthcare, shifting the focus from treating symptoms to curing diseases at the genetic level. However, it could also lead to ethical dilemmas about who receives treatment and the criteria used to determine eligibility. As healthcare providers, RNs and APRNs must be prepared to navigate these complexities and advocate for ethical standards in genetic technology applications.

In conclusion, the advancements in genetic technology such as CRISPR-Cas9 present a myriad of implications that healthcare professionals must consider. By addressing these issues comprehensively, RNs and APRNs can ensure that the benefits of genetic technologies are accessible and ethically implemented for all patients.

References

Kaplan, J. (2023, February 28). Gene Editing Shows Promise in Treating Blood Disorders. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/28/health/gene-editing-blood-disorders.html

National Institutes of Health. (2023). CRISPR: A Powerful Way to Change DNA. https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/crispr-powerful-way-change-dna

World Health Organization. (2023). Human Genome Editing: A Global Perspective.  https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/human-genome-editing-a-global-perspective

 
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Media’s Influence on Culture

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Media’s Influence on Culture

Explain the role media has had in shaping our culture and society. Explain the importance of being a critical receiver of mass media messaging.
Media's Influence on CultureThe media plays a pivotal role in shaping culture and society by influencing public perception, norms, and values. From television shows to social media platforms, the portrayal of various issues affects how individuals and communities perceive reality. For example, representation in media can significantly impact societal views on race, gender, and sexuality. Diverse portrayals can promote understanding and acceptance, while lack of representation can perpetuate stereotypes and biases. Consequently, media acts as a mirror reflecting societal values, and simultaneously as a mold, shaping the cultural narrative.

One of the significant ways media shapes culture is through storytelling. Narratives presented in movies, television, and literature can challenge existing norms and introduce new ideas. For instance, series like Orange is the New Black or Black Mirror prompt discussions about social justice, technology, and personal freedom. These stories encourage audiences to reflect on their beliefs and consider alternative perspectives, fostering a more inclusive society.

However, with the power to shape cultural narratives comes the responsibility of being a critical receiver of mass media messaging. Critical media literacy is essential in today’s fast-paced information environment. Individuals must discern fact from fiction, analyze biases, and recognize persuasive techniques employed in media content. With the rise of misinformation and “fake news,” being critical of media messages is crucial for informed citizenship. This critical engagement allows individuals to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of information, ultimately leading to more thoughtful discourse and decision-making.

Moreover, the saturation of social media in daily life makes it even more important for individuals to develop critical thinking skills. Social media platforms amplify voices and narratives but can also create echo chambers where misinformation thrives. By critically engaging with media, individuals can navigate these challenges, fostering a healthier media landscape.

In summary, media significantly influences culture and societal norms. Being a critical receiver of mass media messaging empowers individuals to engage thoughtfully with the information they consume. This engagement is vital for fostering a well-informed public capable of making decisions that reflect a nuanced understanding of societal issues.

(Media’s Influence on Culture)

References

Dines, G., & Humez, J. M. (2019). Gender, Race, and Class in Media: Considering Diversity Across Media and Communication (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/gender-race-and-class-in-media/book248057

Kellner, D. (2018). Media Culture: Cultural Studies, Identity and Politics Between the Modern and the Postmodern. New York, NY: Routledge. https://www.routledge.com/Media-Culture-Cultural-Studies-Identity-and-Politics-Between-the-Modern/Kellner/p/book/9781138698728

McLuhan, M. (2020). Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.  https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262620010/understanding-media/

 
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Healthcare Barriers

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Healthcare Barriers

Choose a specific leading health indicator or disparity type within the Healthy People 2020 website (for example, AHS-1.1 Increase the proportion of persons with medical insurance) https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/data-search/health-disparities-data/health-disparities-widget

Respond to the following questions concerning the identified disparities to health within the Healthy People 2020:

Are there tools to help identify these gaps in care?

If you could develop a screening tool to address a barrier to healthcare, what would it look like?

Who would administer this and what resources would you need to coordinate with to solve this problem?

Is this feasible for a clinic setting? Why or why not?

Expectations

Due: Friday, June 11

Length: 1500 words

Format: APA

Research: At least two high-level scholarly references in APA from within the last 5 years.

Healthcare Barriers

Addressing Health Disparities

Health disparities are significant differences in health outcomes and access to care that are closely linked to social, economic, and environmental disadvantages. The Healthy People 2020 initiative emphasizes the need to reduce these disparities to enhance health equity across the United States. One specific leading health indicator is AHS-1.1, which aims to increase the proportion of persons with medical insurance. The lack of health insurance coverage significantly affects access to care, which, in turn, contributes to poorer health outcomes for vulnerable populations.

Tools to Identify Gaps in Care

Several tools can help identify gaps in care related to health insurance disparities. The National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) provide valuable data on health coverage and its implications for various populations. Furthermore, the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) offers the National Health Service Corps (NHSC) which can be instrumental in identifying areas with inadequate health insurance coverage. These tools enable healthcare providers and policymakers to pinpoint specific populations and areas needing targeted interventions.

Proposed Screening Tool

If I could develop a screening tool to address barriers to healthcare, it would be a “Health Insurance Access Questionnaire”. This tool would be a brief, self-administered questionnaire designed to assess an individual’s access to health insurance, barriers to enrollment, and perceived health care needs. Key components would include:

  1. Demographic Information: Age, race, income level, and employment status.
  2. Insurance Status: Questions on current insurance coverage, length of coverage, and previous coverage gaps.
  3. Barriers to Enrollment: Identification of barriers such as lack of awareness, financial constraints, or administrative challenges.
  4. Health Care Needs: Inquiry about unmet health care needs due to lack of insurance coverage.

Administration and Resources

This tool could be administered by healthcare providers in clinical settings, such as community health clinics, emergency departments, or primary care offices. To implement this screening effectively, coordination with community organizations, social services, and public health agencies would be necessary. Resources would include training for healthcare staff on administering the tool and interpreting results, as well as developing partnerships with local organizations to facilitate enrollment in health insurance programs.

Feasibility in a Clinic Setting

Implementing this screening tool in a clinic setting is feasible and would greatly benefit both healthcare providers and patients. Clinics, especially those serving low-income or uninsured populations, often experience high demand for services without adequate insurance coverage. By identifying patients at risk of being uninsured, clinics can proactively assist them in navigating the healthcare system, thus improving overall health outcomes. Additionally, utilizing existing infrastructure, such as electronic health records, can streamline the collection and analysis of data derived from the screening tool.

Conclusion

In conclusion, addressing health disparities, particularly those related to health insurance coverage, is critical for improving health equity in the United States. By utilizing existing tools to identify gaps in care and implementing a screening tool focused on health insurance access, healthcare providers can better support vulnerable populations. The collaboration between healthcare providers, community organizations, and policymakers is essential to reduce barriers and enhance access to care for all individuals.

References

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2020). Healthy People 2020. https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/social-determinants-of-health

National Center for Health Statistics. (2019). Health, United States, 2018: With special feature on health insurance coverage. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus18.pdf

 
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Preterm Neonatal Nursery

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Preterm Neonatal Nursery

Provide specific examples to support your answers:

Based on the systematic review of studies by Obeidat et al. (2009) about facilitated tucking of preterm infants during invasive procedures (which you were directed to in the chapter), if you worked in a preterm neonatal nursery, would you adopt this practice? Why or why not? Post has to be 200 – 250 words

Preterm Neonatal Nursery

Adoption of Facilitated Tucking

Based on the systematic review of studies by Obeidat et al. (2009), I would adopt the practice of facilitated tucking for preterm infants during invasive procedures if I worked in a preterm neonatal nursery. Facilitated tucking involves the gentle positioning of a preterm infant, simulating the tight confines of the womb, which has been shown to promote comfort and reduce stress during painful procedures.

For instance, the review found that facilitated tucking significantly decreased physiological stress indicators, such as heart rate and oxygen saturation levels, in preterm infants undergoing procedures like venipuncture. Additionally, the practice has been linked to reduced crying and improved overall comfort levels in these vulnerable populations.

Implementing this practice aligns with the growing emphasis on providing family-centered care, where the comfort and well-being of the infant are prioritized. Furthermore, the adoption of facilitated tucking can contribute to better developmental outcomes for preterm infants by minimizing exposure to pain and stress during critical periods of growth.

Given the evidence supporting the benefits of facilitated tucking, I believe this practice should be adopted in neonatal nurseries. It not only enhances the immediate comfort of infants during procedures but also promotes long-term health outcomes, making it a valuable intervention in the care of preterm infants.

References

Obeidat, H. M., Badran, S. F., & Hmoud, A. A. (2009). Facilitated tucking of preterm infants during invasive procedures: A systematic review. Journal of Neonatal Nursing, 15(3), 107-114.  https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1355061809000267

 
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Autism Disorder

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Autism Disorder

Information about autism. About what it is, cause, risk factors meds and treatments

Autism Spectrum Disorder
What Is Autism?
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by challenges in social communication and interaction, alongside restricted or repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. The term “spectrum” reflects the wide range of symptoms and abilities exhibited by individuals with autism. Symptoms typically appear in early childhood and can affect various aspects of daily living, including social relationships, education, and employment.

Causes of Autism
The exact cause of Autism Spectrum Disorder remains unclear, but research suggests a combination of genetic and environmental factors contributes to its development. Genetic mutations or abnormalities, particularly those related to brain development, may increase the risk of ASD. Environmental factors such as prenatal exposure to certain drugs, maternal infections, or complications during birth have also been investigated as potential contributors.

Risk Factors
Several risk factors have been identified in association with Autism Spectrum Disorder, including:

  • Genetics: Having a sibling with ASD increases the likelihood of developing the disorder.
  • Gender: Boys are more frequently diagnosed with autism than girls, with ratios ranging from 3:1 to 5:1.
  • Parental Age: Advanced parental age at the time of conception has been linked to a higher risk of autism.
  • Certain Medical Conditions: Conditions such as fragile X syndrome, Rett syndrome, and other genetic disorders are associated with an increased risk of autism.

Medications and Treatments
While there is no cure for Autism Spectrum Disorder, various treatments can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. Medications may be prescribed to address specific symptoms, such as anxiety, depression, or attention issues. Commonly used medications include:

  • Antidepressants: To manage anxiety and depression.
  • Antipsychotic Medications: Such as risperidone and aripiprazole, can help reduce irritability and aggressive behaviors.
  • Stimulants: These may be prescribed for attention issues.

Behavioral and Therapeutic Interventions
In addition to medications, various therapeutic approaches can support individuals with autism:

  • Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA): This evidence-based approach focuses on reinforcing positive behaviors and reducing negative ones.
  • Speech and Language Therapy: Helps improve communication skills.
  • Occupational Therapy: Aims to develop daily living skills and increase independence.
  • Social Skills Training: Assists individuals in navigating social interactions.

In summary, Autism Spectrum Disorder is a complex condition with varied causes and risk factors. While no single treatment can address all symptoms, a combination of behavioral interventions and medications can significantly improve outcomes for individuals with autism.

References

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. Retrieved from https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/facts.html
National Institute of Mental Health. (2022). Autism spectrum disorder. Retrieved from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/autism-spectrum-disorder

 
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