Ethics in Psychological Testing

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Ethics in Psychological Testing

(Ethics in Psychological Testing)

Discussion Question 1 

What would you do if you were providing a psychological test to a counseling client and an issue arose in which your personal ethics were in conflict with the established state and/or federal laws and/or codes of ethics? Provide an example to support your response.

Discussions Question 2 

What serious ethical violation could occur if a counselor administered a psychological test incorrectly or without considering multicultural factors? Identify the ACA Code of Ethics statements that apply in this scenario.

Discussion Question 1 – Response

If I were administering a psychological test and encountered a situation where my personal ethics conflicted with state or federal laws or professional codes of ethics, I would prioritize the ethical guidelines of my profession and follow the legal requirements while addressing my personal beliefs through self-reflection or consultation with a supervisor. For example, if I was asked to administer a test to a client who had not given full informed consent due to a legal requirement, I would explain the testing procedure, obtain as much informed consent as possible within the legal context, and document my concerns regarding the ethical conflict. If the law required me to proceed with testing despite these concerns, I would comply with the law but seek guidance on how to handle future similar situations, ensuring that my actions align with both legal and ethical responsibilities.

Discussion Question 2 – Response

If a counselor administers a psychological test incorrectly or fails to consider multicultural factors, it could lead to serious ethical violations, such as cultural bias, misdiagnosis, or inaccurate treatment planning, which can harm the client. For instance, if a counselor uses a standardized psychological test without considering the client’s cultural background or linguistic differences, the results may be skewed, leading to improper diagnosis or inappropriate treatment recommendations. The ACA Code of Ethics (2014) addresses these concerns through several guidelines. For instance, Section E.5 (Multicultural and Diversity Considerations) emphasizes the importance of considering cultural factors when providing services. Section E.6 (Assessment and Diagnosis) highlights the need to use culturally appropriate assessments and to ensure that the tests used are valid and reliable for the population being tested. Administering tests without considering these factors may violate these ethical standards and can result in harm to the client.

 
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Group Policy Benefits and Challenges

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Group Policy Benefits and Challenges

(Group Policy Benefits and Challenges)

Discuss some of the benefits and disadvantages of using group policy in an organization.

Pick on of the policy that is available in Windows 2012 Server and explain it. Why do you think this policy is an important one to implement in an organization? What are the negative consequences for not setting this up properly?

Response.

Benefits of Using Group Policy in an Organization:

  1. Centralized Management: Group Policy allows administrators to manage settings and configurations for all computers and users in the domain from a central location. This helps streamline the management process, especially in large organizations.
  2. Security Enforcement: Group Policy can be used to enforce security policies such as password complexity, account lockout policies, and software restrictions, improving overall network security.
  3. Consistency Across the Network: By applying standardized policies to all users and computers, Group Policy ensures consistency in how devices and users operate, reducing errors and conflicts caused by individual configurations.
  4. Ease of Maintenance: Administrators can easily update policies across the network without having to manually configure each machine. This saves time and ensures that updates are applied uniformly.
  5. Automation of Configuration Settings: Group Policy can be used to automatically configure software settings, network configurations, and system settings, reducing the need for manual intervention.

Disadvantages of Using Group Policy in an Organization:

  1. Complexity in Large Environments: As organizations grow and policies become more complex, managing Group Policy can become difficult. Conflicts between policies or misconfigurations can cause disruptions.
  2. Overhead on Domain Controllers: Group Policy settings are processed by domain controllers, and in large networks, this can add overhead. This can also impact network performance if not properly optimized.
  3. Risk of Misconfiguration: Incorrectly configured Group Policy can lead to unintended consequences such as locked out users, restricted access, or improper system behavior.
  4. Limited Flexibility: Although Group Policy is powerful, it may not offer the level of flexibility needed for every situation. Some software or configurations may not integrate well with Group Policy, requiring additional workarounds.

Example of a Policy in Windows Server 2012: Account Lockout PolicyOne example of a policy available in Windows Server 2012 is the Account Lockout Policy, which can be configured via the Group Policy Management Console (GPMC). This policy controls how Windows handles multiple failed login attempts and whether it locks a user’s account after several unsuccessful login attempts.

Policy Settings:

  • Account Lockout Duration: Specifies how long the account will remain locked after the specified number of failed login attempts.
  • Account Lockout Threshold: Defines the number of failed logon attempts before the account is locked.
  • Reset Account Lockout Counter After: Specifies the time period after which the failed login attempt counter will reset to 0 if there are no further failed attempts.

Importance of Implementing the Account Lockout Policy:This policy is critical for security in an organization because it helps prevent unauthorized access to user accounts by thwarting brute-force attacks. Brute-force attacks involve an attacker attempting various password combinations to gain access to an account. The Account Lockout Policy helps mitigate this risk by locking accounts after a specified number of incorrect login attempts, thereby preventing further login attempts until an administrator or automated process resets the account.

Negative Consequences of Not Implementing the Policy Properly:

  1. Increased Risk of Brute-Force Attacks: Without an account lockout policy, attackers can continue attempting to guess passwords without consequence, greatly increasing the likelihood of a successful attack.
  2. Unauthorized Access: If an attacker gains access to a user account, they could potentially steal sensitive information or compromise the system, leading to security breaches and data loss.
  3. Password Guessing and Social Engineering Vulnerabilities: Not having an account lockout policy in place could encourage attackers to target weak or common passwords, potentially leading to greater vulnerabilities in the network.
  4. Resource Drain for IT Teams: If accounts are not locked out after failed login attempts, users might frequently forget their passwords and repeatedly try to log in, which can unnecessarily increase the IT support workload due to password reset requests.

In summary, the Account Lockout Policy is a vital tool in safeguarding user accounts and ensuring the overall security of an organization’s network. Proper configuration helps prevent unauthorized access and minimizes security risks.

 
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valuating Abnormal Psychology Research

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valuating Abnormal Psychology Research

(valuating Abnormal Psychology Research)

Abnormal psychology paper two page APA format

Purpose: The purpose of this assignment is to expose you to current research in psychopathology so that you can see how concepts in class are discussed and applied by modern researchers.

You will use the following skills to complete this assignment:

  1. Find recent empirical research.
  2. Write clear and brief short answers to a question.
  3. Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of a published empirical article.
  4. Identify how the findings apply to topics discussed in class.

You will use the following knowledge to complete this assignment:

  1. Understanding of a specific disorder or difficulty.
  2. Research methods and statistics.

Task:

These are the instructions for the discussion items for weeks 2, 3, and 4. You only need to complete this assignment TWO times (e.g., weeks 2 & 4).

  1. Access one of the following journals via the library:
  • Journal of Abnormal Psychology
  • Behavior Therapy
  • Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
  • Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology
  1. Find an article published between 2014 and 2018 that is related to one of the topics discussed in class this week.
  2. Read the article.
  3. Write a 2-page paper that provides a brief summary of the article in your OWN words (watch out for plagiarism).

Page 1
i. Methodology
ii. Results
iii. Main Conclusion

Page 2
i. Your general opinion of the quality of the article
ii. A critique of the article’s methodology (including major flaws or drawbacks)
iii. A future study you would conduct in this area based on the findings in the article (i.e., what would be the next logical step in research based on the article’s findings).

Criteria:

You will be successful in this activity if you can:
(a) Write a succinct, thoughtful summary of the article that you read,
(b) Write clearly so that I can understand how you are thinking about this topic,
(c) Demonstrate your ability to evaluate the quality of a published empirical article,
(d) Write a response of high quality (e.g., APA-style, proper grammar, spelling, etc.).

Please note, I am evaluating your ability to creatively apply these concepts and then explain your thinking.

The paper should be approximately 2 double-spaced pages long in 11 or 12 point, Times New Roman or Calibri font, and 1-inch margins. The following file types are acceptable: .rtf, .doc, .docx, .odt.

 
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Tragic Figures in Antigone

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Tragic Figures in Antigone

(Tragic Figures in Antigone)

Discussion Board 2: Greek TragedyAfter reading the scene from Sophocles’ Antigone and the material on Aristotle’s The poetics, answer the following questions:

1. What are the three main criteria for what Aristotle says makes a “tragic figure,” or “tragic hero” in drama?

Both Creon and Antigone are both victims of great tragedy. Who is the “tragic figure” in this play: Antigone or Creon? If you do a quick google search, many sources will tell you that Creon is the tragic hero. But is there a case for Antigone?

2. What examples from the play prove that Antigone also arguably meets the criteria of a tragic Hero?

  1. Aristotle’s Criteria for a Tragic Hero:

In The Poetics, Aristotle outlines three main criteria for a tragic hero:

  • Hamartia (Flaw or Error): The tragic hero has a flaw or makes an error in judgment that leads to their downfall.
  • Peripeteia (Reversal of Fortune): The hero experiences a dramatic reversal of fortune, moving from a state of happiness or power to one of suffering or destruction due to their own actions.
  • Anagnorisis (Recognition or Discovery): The hero comes to a moment of recognition, where they understand their flaw or mistake, often too late to prevent their tragic end.

According to Aristotle, these elements create the emotional response of catharsis in the audience—pity and fear—which makes tragedy a powerful form of drama.

  1. Who is the Tragic Figure in Antigone—Creon or Antigone?

While many sources claim Creon as the tragic hero of Antigone, there is also a strong case to be made for Antigone herself fitting the criteria of a tragic hero.

Antigone as a Tragic Hero:

  • Hamartia (Flaw or Error): Antigone’s tragic flaw could be seen as her unyielding loyalty to her family and the gods. Her determination to bury her brother Polynices, despite the king’s decree, leads to her arrest and eventual death. She is unwavering in her belief that divine law supersedes human law.
  • Peripeteia (Reversal of Fortune): Antigone begins the play determined and confident, ready to fulfill what she sees as her duty to her brother and to the gods. However, this confidence leads to her arrest by Creon and a slow, painful death by entombment. The reversal occurs when her commitment to what she believes is right directly leads to her destruction.
  • Anagnorisis (Recognition): Antigone doesn’t experience a typical recognition moment like Creon, but she does show a certain acceptance of her fate. Her tragic recognition comes when she understands that her actions, though justified in her eyes, have condemned her to death, yet she accepts this willingly as part of fulfilling her moral duty.

Thus, while Creon may seem to fulfill these criteria as the ruler whose decisions lead to the destruction of his family and his downfall, Antigone’s tragic flaw, the reversal of her fortune, and her eventual acceptance of her fate make her a strong contender for the tragic hero role.

Conclusion:

Both Creon and Antigone can be seen as tragic figures in Sophocles’ Antigone, but Antigone arguably fulfills the criteria of a tragic hero as laid out by Aristotle. Her steadfast determination to honor divine law over earthly decrees leads to her downfall, making her a classic example of a tragic figure who suffers due to her commitment to a principle.

 
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Transparency Shapes Employee Perceptions

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Transparency Shapes Employee Perceptions

(Transparency Shapes Employee Perceptions)

Given that an organization is reliant on employees to achieve its mission and objectives, there would appear to be value in organizational transparency. If employees perceive that leaders and managers are being transparent, their attitude toward work and overall efficiency will be better, even if they do not agree with the leaders and managers decisions. However, if employees perceive or discover that organizational leaders and managers have not been transparent, their efforts may reflect a less caring attitude. In such cases, there may not be any difference between employee perception and fact.

Consider the aforementioned aspects, and using the University online library resources, research the importance of employee attitudes and perception.

Then, respond to the following:

  • How important are employee attitudes and emotions as well as transparency in shaping organizational behavior?
  • Elaborate on how employee perceptions shape organizational behavior. Are perceptions and reality always the same?

By the due date assigned, post your response to the appropriate Discussion Area. Through the end of the module, review and comment on at least two peers’ responses.

Write your initial response in 300-500 words. Your response should be thorough and address all components of the discussion question in detail, include citations of all sources, where needed, according to the APA Style, and demonstrate accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation

The Role of Transparency in Shaping Employee Perceptions and Organizational Behavior

Organizational transparency is a cornerstone of trust, accountability, and employee engagement. When leaders are transparent, employees are more likely to feel valued and respected, which positively impacts their attitudes and emotions. Employee attitudes—encompassing their feelings, beliefs, and values about their work—play a critical role in shaping organizational behavior. These attitudes influence how employees interact with each other, approach tasks, and perceive the organization’s goals and culture.

Transparency serves as a catalyst for positive employee perceptions. Employees who perceive their leaders as transparent are more likely to trust organizational decisions, even if they disagree with them. For example, sharing the rationale behind a major restructuring or a budget cut can mitigate feelings of uncertainty or resentment among employees. By contrast, a lack of transparency can lead to mistrust, reduced morale, and disengagement. Research shows that transparency correlates with higher job satisfaction and lower turnover rates (Kerns, 2018). It also encourages open communication and collaboration, both of which are crucial for achieving organizational objectives.

Employee perceptions are powerful drivers of organizational behavior. If employees believe that they are part of an ethical, inclusive, and transparent organization, they are more likely to adopt behaviors that align with these values. This includes increased commitment, cooperation, and innovation. Conversely, negative perceptions, such as a belief that the organization is withholding information or being unfair, can lead to counterproductive work behavior, including apathy, absenteeism, or even sabotage.

Perception and reality, however, are not always the same. Perception is shaped by personal experiences, biases, and available information. For instance, an employee might perceive favoritism in the promotion process, even if the organization follows a merit-based policy. In such cases, it becomes essential for leaders to address the gap between perception and reality through clear communication and consistent actions. Transparency minimizes misunderstandings by aligning employee perceptions more closely with organizational reality.

In conclusion, transparency and positive employee attitudes are pivotal to fostering a healthy organizational culture. Leaders must prioritize transparent communication to ensure employees feel informed and valued, which, in turn, enhances organizational behavior. As employees are the backbone of any organization, aligning their perceptions with reality through transparent practices is not just beneficial—it is indispensable for long-term success.

References

Kerns, C. D. (2018). Building Trust in the Workplace: Strategies for Effective Leadership and Organizational Success. Journal of Organizational Culture, Communications and Conflict, 22(2), 1-14.

 
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Plea Bargaining: Purpose & Critique

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Plea Bargaining: Purpose & Critique

(Plea Bargaining: Purpose & Critique)

answer the discussion question with a minimum of 150 words. Please use apa format for works cited. Then respond to student a and b response to the question with a minimum of 50 words.

question: at purpose does plea bargaining serve for the defense? For the prosecution? Given the criticism leveled against plea bargaining, do you believe that it is an acceptable practice?

STUDENT A: Plea Bargaining is useful to both the defendant and the prosecution. Firstly, according to Frank Schmalleger’s Criminal Justice Today, An Introductory Text for the 21st Century (pg. 322) a plea bargaining is “the process of negotiating an agreement among the defendant, the prosecutor, and the court as to an appropriate sentence. . . reduces the time required for the resolution of a criminal case.” This practice allows the necessary time that it typically takes for a court case to conclude and reduces it significantly. Allowing another case to be heard and does not waste both the jury’s and the judge’s time with a case that can be easily concluded. Since, the majority of those convicted of a crime that receives a plea bargain either has, poor evidence or there is a lot of evidence stacked against them. Not to mention this allows those who are convicted to have a shorter sentence. Regardless of the criticism of plea bargaining, I still think that the practice should be still used since it saves time for everyone in the courtroom. What do you think?

STUDENT B: A plea bargaining is an arrangement between a prosecutor and defense in which the suspect pleads guilty to a lesser sentence. The plea bargain is a quicker process for the courts and allow both the prosecutor and defense from going to trial. The purpose of a plea bargain for the defense is so that they could receive a lighter sentence instead of going to trial and getting the maximum sentence. It sometimes reduces the charges, so that instead of them getting charged with rape they will get charged with assault instead. Like I stated earlier it is a quicker process so the defendant doesn’t have to keep waiting and they can go one with their lives. For Prosecutors plea bargaining saves them the time and money that they will need in order to prepare for trial. I think plea bargaining is a great system for those who are guilty and want to save time and also get a lighter sentence. A trial cost money so a plea bargain helps saves a lot of money for the prosecutor, defender, and the courts. Yes it can be bad for someone who is not guilty and might take it so that they don’t have to waste their money and take their chances going to court. If the defendant is really guilty i think this would be their best chance of getting a lighter sentence.

 
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School Safety Threat Assessments

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School Safety Threat Assessments

(School Safety Threat Assessments)

1.  Instructions

In your main post:

  • Explore the components of a successful threat assessment and risk management team model using USSS NTAC models.
  • Create a best practices model for responding to and mitigating threats to schools in your community using USSS NTAC examples.
  • Determine why the threat assessment process is a continuum.

2. Instructions

In your main post:

  • Describe sources of evidence reviewers used to complete their reports.
  • Identify the intrinsic value that a threat assessment professional has lost as a result of the destruction of the Columbine basement tapes.
  • Illustrate evidence of contagion of violence discovered by the reviewers.
  • Discuss whether the Court’s ruling that sealing the evidence on the basement tapes away from the public, public review, or public inspection was prudent

3. Instructions

In your main post:

  • Describe how your local school board implements zero tolerance.
  • Evaluate an example of one outcome of the implementation of zero tolerance in your local school system.
  • Articulate why, based on your readings, the public might want to abandon these zero tolerance laws, rules, regulations, policies, and procedures.

4. Instructions

In your main post:

  • Provide two explanations you found in your readings that explain the public’s misconception of schools being safe havens.
  • Describe why parents are likely to ignore or miss pre-warning communications.
  • Explain how your local and state boards of education address threat assessment in their secondary school plans

Response to Instructions

1. Components of a Threat Assessment Model

  • Successful Threat Assessment and Risk Management (USSS NTAC Model):
    1. Multidisciplinary Teams: Teams include school administrators, mental health professionals, law enforcement, and other key stakeholders.
    2. Behavioral Assessment Approach: Focuses on understanding the context, motive, and planning behaviors of potential threats.
    3. Preventative Measures: Emphasis on early identification and intervention before behaviors escalate.
    4. Continuous Training: Regular drills and scenario planning to keep teams prepared.
  • Best Practices for School Threat Response (Using USSS NTAC):
    1. Anonymous Reporting Mechanisms: Establish confidential tip lines or apps.
    2. Engagement with the Community: Regular workshops with students, parents, and staff to build trust and awareness.
    3. Intervention Programs: Implement tailored interventions for students exhibiting concerning behavior.
    4. Data-Driven Strategies: Use threat data analysis to update policies.
  • Why Threat Assessment is a Continuum: Threat assessment involves ongoing monitoring, evaluating changes in behavior, adapting interventions, and reassessing risks as part of a continuous cycle to prevent threats.

2. Columbine Basement Tapes and Contagion of Violence

  • Sources of Evidence:
    1. Review of police reports, forensic evidence, and digital records.
    2. Eyewitness accounts and interviews with survivors and community members.
  • Loss of Intrinsic Value from Basement Tapes: The tapes could have provided unique psychological insights into the perpetrators’ motives, behaviors, and planning processes, enhancing the understanding of pre-attack indicators.
  • Evidence of Contagion of Violence:
    1. Copycat attacks inspired by the Columbine shooters’ ideologies and tactics.
    2. Increased fascination with the perpetrators in certain subcultures.
  • Court’s Decision on Sealing the Tapes: While the decision to seal the evidence limits public access to potentially informative material, it was prudent to prevent further glorification or misuse of the content, mitigating the risk of inspiring future acts of violence.

3. Zero Tolerance Policies

  • Local School Board Implementation: Many schools implement zero tolerance through strict penalties for any perceived infraction, such as immediate suspension or expulsion for possession of prohibited items or violent behavior.
  • Outcome Example: In one case, a student was suspended for possessing a butter knife in their lunchbox. This inflexible enforcement led to criticism and raised questions about proportionality and fairness.
  • Why the Public May Want to Abandon Zero Tolerance:
    1. Research shows zero tolerance policies often disproportionately impact marginalized students and escalate conflicts instead of resolving them.
    2. These policies can lead to a school-to-prison pipeline, undermining long-term educational and social outcomes.

4. School Safety Misconceptions and Threat Assessment

  • Public Misconception of Schools as Safe Havens:
    1. Media focus on school shootings creates the perception that violence is random and unpredictable.
    2. Historical neglect in addressing systemic issues like bullying and mental health in schools contributes to misconceptions about safety.
  • Parents Missing Pre-Warning Signs:
    1. Over-reliance on schools to address all safety concerns.
    2. Cognitive biases, such as denial or misattribution of concerning behaviors, may cause parents to overlook warning signs.
  • Local and State Threat Assessment in Secondary Schools:
    1. Local Initiatives: Schools establish threat reporting protocols, emergency plans, and partnerships with local law enforcement.
    2. State Policies: Require schools to conduct regular safety audits, threat assessment team training, and integrate mental health services into safety plans.
 
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Exploring Mythology in Sandman

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Exploring Mythology in Sandman

(Exploring Mythology in Sandman)

comic book 1

Directions: In essence, intertextuality is the idea that each text we read will be informed by the previous texts we read. The magic of Neil Gaiman’s Sandman series is that multiple references to mythical beings and other characters in the DC Universe are present. Therefore, those who have read other DC titles and ancient mythology will be informed by these experiences upon reading Sandman. However, we do not need to know about these guests in order to enjoy Gaiman’s story.

Becoming familiar with the guests in the tale, however, does add to the depth of the story being told. Choose a character from Sandman: Preludes and Nocturnes and conduct a little background research on the character (example characters below). In two to three paragraphs, describe your findings.

One paragraph for each myth associated with the object or being you choose.

One paragraph about how they manifest in other comic books

One paragraph about how they manifest in other mythologies (if applicable).

Example below:

Be creative. If, for example, you find out Morpheus is the God of dreams. Then Google search “God of Dreams” and see what other types of characters show up. Hypnos would likely show up, for example. Or Oneiroi. You could write a paragraph on Hypnos, one on Oneiroi, and one on Morpheus as he exists in Ovid’s Metamorphoses.

Because I used Morpheus as an example, he cannot be used for the exercise 🙂

ONCE A CHARACTER HAS BEEN USED, PLEASE DO NOT USE THE SAME CHARACTER (exceptions allowed if you submit within a minute or two of another person, under the premise that you both wrote about the same character around roughly the same time).

1. Etrigan (DC Comics)

2. Hellblazer (DC Comics)

3. Dr. Destiny (DC Comics)

4. Cain & Abel (The Bible)

5. Azazel

6. Beelzebub

(Exploring Mythology in Sandman)

Mythological Background:

Etrigan is based on the figure of Demon from ancient mythological traditions, especially drawing on Judeo-Christian demonology. In particular, Etrigan shares many similarities with Lilith, a figure often depicted as a demon in various mythologies. In the Jewish tradition, Lilith is said to have been Adam’s first wife, cast out of Eden for refusing to submit to Adam’s will. In other stories, she is a night demon, associated with the endangerment of children and newborns. Etrigan himself is the human alter ego of the demon Jason Blood, a character cursed to house the demon within himself. While not a direct adaptation of Lilith, Etrigan embodies the dark, malevolent nature of demonic forces, having an indelible connection to Hell and chaotic supernatural powers.

Manifestation in Other Comic Books:

Etrigan is primarily featured in DC Comics and has appeared in numerous titles since his debut in The Demon #1 (1972), written by Jack Kirby. He is often depicted as a force of vengeance and a reluctant hero, forced to carry out the bidding of supernatural powers due to his bond with Jason Blood. Etrigan has been part of various storylines, sometimes teaming up with heroes like Batman and Justice League Dark. His powers in the comics are vast, including fire manipulation, superhuman strength, and the ability to summon hellish forces. His most unique trait is his ability to speak in rhymes, which makes him stand out in the DC Universe and adds a poetic flair to his dark persona. His connections to Hell and his constant struggle between his human side and his demonic counterpart are central themes explored in the comics.

Manifestation in Other Mythologies:

Etrigan’s demonic nature also finds roots in various Christian, Babylonian, and Persian mythologies. He shares similarities with Asmodeus, a king of demons in ancient mythologies, particularly in Jewish and Christian texts. Asmodeus is known for his association with lust, destruction, and chaos, much like Etrigan’s violent tendencies. In Persian mythology, the concept of the demon Ahriman embodies the duality of creation and destruction, something reflected in Etrigan’s role as both a destructive force and a reluctant hero, trying to break free from the curse of his demonic existence. This constant tension between creation and destruction is also an underlying theme in the portrayal of Etrigan throughout his comic appearances.

 
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Evolution of Health Systems

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Evolution of Health Systems

(Evolution of Health Systems)

medical sociology discussion 2

These are 2 separate questions so please to not put them together, also each question should be at least 200 words each.

1. Describe how medical and social ideas about mental illness have evolved over time.

2. If you were the leader of a country, why would you want to ensure that your citizens had adequate health care? Which of the models covered in the textbook would you want for your country? Explain your answer. Please refer to the textbook The Sociology of Health, Illness, and Health Care: A Critical Approach by Rose Weitz

Please do not use journals/articles for references. Use references that are verifiable by clicking on the link and not something that has to be paid for in order to check references.

(Evolution of Health Systems)

1. Describe how medical and social ideas about mental illness have evolved over time.

The understanding of mental illness has undergone significant transformations over the centuries, moving from supernatural explanations to more scientific and sociological interpretations. In early history, mental illness was often seen through a religious or spiritual lens. Ancient civilizations, such as the Greeks and Romans, viewed mental disorders as the result of divine punishment or demonic possession. These ideas persisted well into the Middle Ages, where mental illness was sometimes linked to witchcraft or moral failings, leading to cruel treatments like exorcisms or confinement in asylums.

During the Enlightenment period, the emergence of scientific thought began to shift perspectives. Figures like Philippe Pinel in France advocated for more humane treatment of the mentally ill, such as removing restraints and allowing patients to have more freedom. This was a step toward recognizing that mental illness could be a medical condition rather than a moral failing. By the 19th and early 20th centuries, the medical model of mental illness began to dominate. Theories such as those proposed by Sigmund Freud focused on psychological causes of mental illness, while the development of psychiatry as a medical field advanced diagnostic criteria and treatments, such as electroconvulsive therapy and psychotropic medications.

In the mid-20th century, the social model of mental illness gained traction, emphasizing the role of societal factors like poverty, inequality, and stigma in shaping the experience and treatment of mental illness. This perspective argued that mental illness cannot be fully understood without considering the broader social context. The deinstitutionalization movement of the 1960s and 1970s, which pushed for more community-based care, reflected this shift. Today, the understanding of mental illness is a complex intersection of biological, psychological, and social factors, with treatment approaches incorporating both medical and therapeutic interventions.

2. If you were the leader of a country, why would you want to ensure that your citizens had adequate health care? Which of the models covered in the textbook would you want for your country? Explain your answer.As a leader of a country, ensuring that citizens have access to adequate healthcare is essential for promoting the overall well-being of the population and fostering a productive, healthy society. Adequate healthcare ensures that all individuals, regardless of their socio-economic status, have the opportunity to receive necessary medical attention, preventing the spread of infectious diseases, reducing the burden of chronic conditions, and improving quality of life. Moreover, access to healthcare promotes social equity, as it helps to level the playing field between different socio-economic groups, ultimately reducing health disparities.

In terms of the model of healthcare, I would choose a universal health care system modeled on the Beveridge Model. This model, as described in The Sociology of Health, Illness, and Health Care: A Critical Approach by Rose Weitz, is where the government owns and operates most healthcare services. In this model, healthcare is financed through taxation, and the goal is to ensure that every citizen has access to healthcare services free at the point of use. This model aligns with the values of social justice and equity, providing a framework in which the government takes responsibility for the health of its people.

The Beveridge model has been successfully implemented in countries such as the United Kingdom, where the National Health Service (NHS) provides comprehensive care for all citizens. This approach allows for better control over healthcare costs and reduces administrative overhead compared to privatized systems. As a leader, I would prioritize the health and well-being of citizens as a fundamental right, which would be guaranteed through universal access to care. In a world where health disparities are often a result of systemic inequalities, adopting the Beveridge model would be an essential step toward creating a healthier, more equitable society for all citizens.

 
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Compensation Strategies and Practices

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Compensation Strategies and Practices

(Compensation Strategies and Practices)

Compensation Practice

Use the Internet or the Strayer Library to research a publicly traded company for which you would like to work.

Write a six to eight (6-8) page paper in which you:

  1. Briefly describe the company you researched, its compensation strategy, best practices they are applying, and compensation-related challenges they are facing.
  2. Analyze how your company applies compensation practice to determine the positive or negative impact to the company and its stakeholders.
  3. Examine the ways in which laws, labor unions, and market factors impact the company’s compensation practices. Provide specific examples to support your response.
  4. Evaluate the effectiveness of traditional bases for pay at the company you researched.
  5. Use at least three (3) quality references. Note: Wikipedia and other websites do not qualify as academic resources.

Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:

  • Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
  • Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.

The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:

  • Analyze how compensation practice can be applied to positively impact an organization and its stakeholders.
  • Examine the ways in which laws, labor unions, and market factors impact companies’ compensation practices.
  • Evaluate the effectiveness of traditional bases for pay (seniority and merit) against incentive-based and person-focused compensation approaches.
  • Use technology and information resources to research issues in compensation management.
  • Write clearly and concisely about compensation management using proper writing mechanics.

(Compensation Strategies and Practices)

NOTE: Expectations & Important information for this and future assignments

The ideology behind the required assignments is to test yourself, to assess your knowledge, and to serve as a testimonial that you grasped the material. These assignments help you to grow, excel, and succeeded in the future. In order to accomplish this, here are some guidelines to follow:

  1. Read the directions/requirements
  2. Review the rubric. Have the rubric in front of you while your compost the paper.

(Compensation Strategies and Practices)

Grading for this assignment will be based on answer quality, logic / organization of the paper, and language and writing skills, using the following rubric.

Points: 250 Assignment 1: Compensation Practice
Criteria Unacceptable
Below 60% F		 Meets Minimum Expectations
60-69% D		 Fair
70-79% C		 Proficient
80-89% B		 Exemplary
90-100% A
1. Briefly describe the company you researched, its compensation strategy, best practices they are applying, and compensation-related challenges they are facing.
Weight: 10%		 Did not submit or incompletely described the company you researched, its compensation strategy, best practices they are applying, and compensation-related challenges they are facing. Insufficiently described the company you researched, its compensation strategy, best practices they are applying, and compensation-related challenges they are facing. Partially described the company you researched, its compensation strategy, best practices they are applying, and compensation-related challenges they are facing. Satisfactorily described the company you researched, its compensation strategy, best practices they are applying, and compensation-related challenges they are facing. Thoroughly described the company you researched, its compensation strategy, best practices they are applying, and compensation-related challenges they are facing.
2. Analyze how your company applies compensation practice to determine the positive or negative impact to the company and its stakeholders.
Weight: 25%		 Did not submit or incompletely analyzed how your company applies compensation practice to determine the positive or negative impact to the company and its stakeholders. Insufficiently analyzed how your company applies compensation practice to determine the positive or negative impact to the company and its stakeholders. Partially analyzed how your company applies compensation practice to determine the positive or negative impact to the company and its stakeholders. Satisfactorily analyzed how your company applies compensation practice to determine the positive or negative impact to the company and its stakeholders. Thoroughly analyzed how your company applies compensation practice to determine the positive or negative impact to the company and its stakeholders.
3. Examine the ways in which laws, labor unions, and market factors impact the company’s compensation practices. Provide specific examples to support your response.
Weight: 25%		 Did not submit or incompletely examined the ways in which laws, labor unions, and market factors impact the company’s compensation practices. Did not submit or incompletely provided specific examples to support your response. Insufficiently examined the ways in which laws, labor unions, and market factors impact the company’s compensation practices. Insufficiently provided specific examples to support your response. Partially examined the ways in which laws, labor unions, and market factors impact the company’s compensation practices. Partially provided specific examples to support your response. Satisfactorily examined the ways in which laws, labor unions, and market factors impact the company’s compensation practices. Satisfactorily provided specific examples to support your response. Thoroughly examined the ways in which laws, labor unions, and market factors impact the company’s compensation practices. Thoroughly provided specific examples to support your response.
4. Evaluate the effectiveness of traditional bases for pay at the company you researched.
Weight: 25%		 Did not submit or incompletely evaluated the effectiveness of traditional bases for pay at the company you researched. Insufficiently evaluated the effectiveness of traditional bases for pay at the company you researched. Partially evaluated the effectiveness of traditional bases for pay at the company you researched. Satisfactorily evaluated the effectiveness of traditional bases for pay at the company you researched. Thoroughly evaluated the effectiveness of traditional bases for pay at the company you researched.
5. 3 references
Weight: 5%		 No references provided Does not meet the required number of references; all references poor quality choices. Does not meet the required number of references; some references poor quality choices. Meets number of required references; all references high quality choices. Exceeds number of required references; all references high quality choices.
6. Clarity, writing mechanics, and formatting requirements
Weight: 10%		 More than 8 errors present 7-8 errors present 5-6 errors present 3-4 errors present 0-2 errors present
 
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