Health Care Finance Models

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The purpose of this assignment is to describe how health care is financed by examining both market-based and government-based approaches.

Access the “Health Care Financing” document and complete the comparison chart. Write 3–4 sentences minimum for each approach. Submit the complete document in the assignment dropbox.

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

 

A COMMUNITY OF LEARNERS’ 6

 

Health Care Finance Models

There are two broad approaches to financing health care: a market-based approach and a government-financed approach. Answer the 12 questions, providing a minimum of 3–4 sentences for each approach.

 

Include any references used at the end of the chart.

 

  Market-based

(HMO, POS, PPO, etc.)

 Government-financed

(Medicare, Medicaid, Tricare, etc.)
Who is provided access?    
How much coverage is provided?    
How are the services paid for?    
How does reimbursement apply?    
Are there limitations of care?    
What guides care decision for patients?    
What is the quality of services (use HEDIS website for answer)?    
Are there competitive options?    
How much are prevention and wellness emphasized and measured?    
How are health care costs managed and controlled?    
How are medical advances generated?    
How is health care reform established?    

 

 

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All Work Solver

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When responding to Taylor and Lillian post, discuss their insights and offer additional tips and support, pulling from the readings and your own experiences as guidance. Remember it’s important to be thorough and honest here

Taylor post

When reviewing each section of my draft, I feel I did particularly well with my first key point paragraph. This was a strong paragraph to make a factual argument. I feel as if the sources that I selected to use in this paragraph make it strong, as it is factual information that I am able to present to my audience. I will use this tactic in the remaining key point paragraphs to make for a stronger argument. Often times when you are able to back up your argument with factual information, it will give your audience more confidence in your argument and the sources you use to support your argument.

While reviewing my draft, I feel as if I need to improve my introduction and conclusion paragraphs. These paragraphs seem very repetitive and not very interesting. I feel as if I need guidance on how to close out these paragraphs without feeling like I have a gap that needs to be filled before jumping into the next paragraph. I am very open to any feedback that anyone can provide to help me round off these two paragraphs for my final submission.

Lillian post

I found the process of outlining and writing my rough draft to be fairly fun and interesting. All the preparation that we did in the previous modules definitely helped when it came time to put words on paper. Looking at my rough draft now, I can see certain aspects of it that were strong and other parts that can use some revision.
My introduction and my first two main body paragraphs seem strong and I feel good about the fact that they will only need minor revisions. Additionally, I think that I did a good job at clearly defining my three key points and defending them. Some parts of my draft that I would like to focus on strengthening are my citations and my counter arguments. When I go to revise my citations, I want to utilize the course resources to make sure I am properly formatting each source to APA standards. Additionally, Dr. Lakatos suggested that I work on including transitional words to provide a better tempo and strengthen my paragraph. This feedback and the feedback that I received about my counter arguments in the writing workshop will be very helpful as I work on revising my rough draft.

 

Respond to two of your classmates and provide further insight into the impacts of the economic integration on business in that region. You might want to highlight other agreements that were not mentioned by your classmates.

Kristina post

Trade Elements (World Trade Organization)

Major Trading Partners               Exports: EU, United States, United Kingdom, China, India

Imports: EU, United States, United Kingdom, China, United Arab

Emirates

Major Imports/Exports

Exports:

Agriculture 9,836

Manufacture 230,750

Fuels & Mining 8,469

Gold, packaged medicines, medical cultures/vaccines, watches,

jewelry (Central Intelligence Agency)

Imports:

Agriculture 13,384

Manufacture 185,214

Fuels & Mining 15,275

Gold, packaged medicines, jewelry, cars, medical cultures/vaccines

(Central Intelligence Agency)

Regional Trade Agreements and Member Countries

RTAs in force

EFTA – Albania, EFTA- Bosnia and Herzegovina, EFTA-Canada. EFTA-Central America (Costa Rica and Panama), EFTA-Chile, EFTA-Columbia, EFTA, Egypt, EFTA-Georgia, EFTA-Hong Kong, China, EFTA-Israel, EFTA-Jordan, EFTA-Korea, Republic of, EFTA-Lebanon, EFTA-Mexico, EFTA-Montenegro, EFTA-Morocco, EFTA-North Macedonia, EFTA-Palestine, EFTA-Peru, EFTA-Philippines, EFTA-SACU, EFTA-Serbia, EFTA-Singapore, EFTA-Tunisia, EFTA-Turkey, EFTA-Ukraine, EU, Switzerland-Liechtenstein, European Free Trade Association (EFTA), Faroe Islands-Switzerland, Japan-Switzerland, Switzerland-China, United Kingdom-Switzerland-Liechtenstein

Accessions: EFTA-Accession of Iceland

RTAs for which an early announcement has been made:

EFTA-Central America-Accession of Guatemala, EFTA-

Ecuador, EFTA-GCC, EFTA-Indonesia, EFTA-India,

EFTA-MERCOSUR, EFTA-Russian

Federation/Belarus/Kazakhstan, EFTA-Viet Nam

Business Observations:

Switzerland was the United States’ 19th largest goods export market and the 14th largest supplier of goods imports in 2019.

The United States and Switzerland have strong bilateral ties, though no formal free trade agreement has been negotiated between the two parties.

Switzerland is not a member of the EU however; they do have a series of bilateral agreements with the EU that guarantee some economic advantages.

The EU is Switzerland’s main trading partner

Switzerland is the EU’s fourth trading partner after the US, China and the UK.

Christian post

Trade Elements (World Trade Organization Country Profile, 2021):

Major Trading Partners                          Exports: United States, China, European Union, Republic of

Korea, and Chinese Taipei

Imports: China, United States, European Union, Australia,

Republic of Korea

Major Imports/Exports                      Exports:

Manufactures (611.1 million)

Fuels and Mining (31.1 million)

Agriculture (11.6 million)

 

cars and vehicle parts, integrated circuits, personal

appliances, ships (Central Intelligence Agency, 2019)

Imports:

Manufactures (424.1 million)

Fuels and mining (201.7 million)

Agriculture (82.6 million)

crude petroleum, natural gas, coal, integrated circuits,
broadcasting equipment (Central Intelligence Agency, 2019)

Regional Trade Agreements and Member Countries

ASEAN-Japan; Brunei Darussalam-Japan; Chile-Japan; Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP); EU-Japan; India-Japan, Japan-Australia; Japan-Indonesia; Japan-Malaysia; Japan-Mexico; Japan-Mongolia; Japan-Peru; Japan-Philippines; Japan-Switzerland; Japan-Thailand; Japan-Vietnam

Business Observations:

Japan is extremely fortunate to be in trade agreements with numerous countries. This expands their options for goods in exports/imports tremendously.

Most of their trade partners include countries in Asia. I believe it’s due to the fact they’re so close. Japan still has a very close relationship with the US. Japan is the 4th largest trading partner they have.

I feel Japans biggest advantage is their trade in automobiles and products like steel and other manufacture resources. They will always be needed and Japan Leads in most exports in those categories.

 

Post  replies to Anthony, Hollie, Kayla, and Ashton post and be constructive and professional.

Anthony post

 

Looking at the discussion post as an HR professional and reviewing the HR Leadership Case Study, the key components of a job ad that would attract the most qualified applicants is to create clear and engaging job description helps attract the right candidates to apply for the job ad. The other key component is to be as transparent as possible. Make sure your job ads reflect your work life by giving specific examples and sharing employees’ stories to demonstrate their positive engagement in your company. (Pavlou, 2021). The best collaborative HR practice for conducting a job analysis and design for the job ad is to collaborate ideas among the department head, departmental subordinates, and HR department to help determine detailed skills and qualification for the position.

According to University of Phoenix Collaborative Learning Task and Group Roles Quick Reference Rubric (2020), when forming a group to collaborate with you must consider the following criteria to maximize the group’s efficiency:

● Understand the value of group work among teams

● Smaller groups promote group ease

● Supports informal group learning

● Fosters social presence and engagement

Hollie post

 

  • As an HR professional, how would you go about using a more collaborative approach in gathering information for creating a job ad?

I think getting feedback from employees that have been hired recently, that are qualified and good candidates would help. Ask them what made them stop to review the job posting and apply. Focus groups also help with obtaining information.

  • In your opinion, what are the key components of a job ad that would attract the most qualified applicants?

I have been applying for jobs very recently since I was laid off from my employer. I see all types of ads for jobs ranging from little to no information to so much you lose interest in reading. I always open the posting and look first for the qualifications needed, then the actual job tasks. I feel like I want to see what the job wants and is before I read about the company and the values etc. Most ads begin with the information about the company, where personally I want to see the details about the job then I will read about the company. I feel like stating exactly what the job is about and the qualifications required specifically will attract the correct people to apply. I know that if I see a job I think I am qualified for, then I read more than a few lines that I actually do not have experience with I will not waste the employers time by applying anyway. Maybe this is not a good approach but for me it is what I prefer.

  • What are the best collaborative HR practices for job analysis and design?

I think that feedback is a very useful tool. Asking employees and staff about what type of ad would make them apply for the job they have. Currently social media is a useful tool to gain knowledge of opinions and feedback and even for advertising a job.

Kayla post

 

My most recent job was being a telephone operator for a hospital. During my shifts, it was an extremely stressful environment. From not having enough staff, issues with the hospitals and technology issues, I wanted to rip my hair out. A major issue we had with the hospitals was doctors responding to patients or families in a timely manner. If I knew about the three-step approach back when I was working at the hospital I could’ve helped the situation tremendously.

The first step in the three-step approach is gathering as much information about the situation as I can. I can gather complaints from the patients and the families and I can also speak with the doctor to see what he or she has to say. The second step of the three-step approach is to analyze the consequences for the doctor and the patients/families. If the doctors aren’t getting to their patients/families in a certain amount of time, their health could quickly decline. The last step of the three-step approach is to determine the best way to fix the main issue at hand. Going through all the information gathered and figuring out a way to meet in the middle for both the doctors and patients/families.

Ashton post

 

I have experienced many ethical problems within my professional life. Most notably was a decision I had to make while working as a certified nursing assistant. Working as a certified nursing assistant was often difficult because staffing was constantly an issue, and as a result, CNA’s often had a patient load of 10-12. When working with long-term residents, you often have to utilize machineries such as the partial lift for partial weight-bearing or full lifts for residents with no weight-bearing capabilities. Anytime these lifts were used, it was state required to have 2 CNA’s present during operation. This was sometimes an issue because 1/4 of your residents might require lifts, and you would have to partner with someone and help with their residents as well. The ethical problem came when I found that some CNAs were using lifts without another aide. A 3-step approach could be used to find the solution to this problem, and I utilized something similar at the time.

The first step was to evaluate the situation at hand. Who were the CNA’s using lifts without help? Why were they using the lifts alone? What am I morally or ethically obligated to do with this information?

The second step was to analyze the consequence at hand for both the other aide(s) and myself. On one hand, it was state regulation for aides to have assistance when operating the machinery and the facility could have legal actions if someone were to get hurt. As previously stated, it was possible for someone to get hurt if an emergency situation occurred and an aide was stuck without help. On the other hand, if I were to alert the supervisors and it was known that I was the one who alerted them, I may be disliked by the other aides and struggle to get assistance when needed.

The third step is to weigh all of the information and determine the best course of action. In my situation, the risk to residents and the facility was far greater than the repercussion I might have had. For that reason, I decided to alert a supervisor who addressed the issue and worked to make access to help easier to obtain.

 
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Statistics

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On a hypothetical island virus outbreak becomes a threat of future pandemic. Researchers have narrowed down the cause of outbreak to two viruses (virus 1 and virus 2). The DNA sequencing lab receives a sample for further analysis. Unfortunately, the sample was contaminated and the removal of foreign DNA leaves the lab with a short DNA fragment: AGTAGCTTCCAG. Given all available information (provided below) how can lab determine the type of the virus that caused the outbreak.

Nucleotide probabilities of virus1
P(A)=P(T) =0.3
P(G)=P(C) = 0.2
Nucleotide probabilities of virus 2
P(A)=P(T)=P(G)=P(C)= .25

Assume:

– Virus 1 and Virus 2 are equally likely to occur in nature.
– nucleotides are independent and identically distributed.

 
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Bio

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BIO 100 S-2017 Exam #1 Part two

Directions: Answer the following questions (in red) with short paragraphs. Excellence in writing and your ability to defend your answers is important (and will be rewarded!) Point value proceeds each questions. Post your response to “Tools” under the Journal Site. There are 80 points total

PLEASE NOTE : You may discuss the questions, however the submitted answers must be in your OWN words. Evidence of copying another’s work or copying from internet sites is strictly forbidden. Failure to follow these rules about sharing quiz material is evidence of academic dishonesty and has severe consequences. (Please see syllabus regarding cheating).

Part I :The Nature of Science (10 points total)

We trust the methodology of “Science” to provide us with facts that will enhance our lives and our understanding of the world around us. But, is science always right?

Modern science

1. The Nature of Science: (4 points)

In your words, describe the assumptions science makes when reaching conclusions. Do you feel there are other ways of knowing or arriving at the truth? Explain why or why not.

2. False Assumptions in Science: (6 points)

 

Image result for health ranger

Image: http://www.foodrising.org/Media/8kT1mAvc51I.jpg

 

Mike Adams is the editor of The Health Ranger. Adams has lost many family members to cancer and believes we need to reconstruct how we view science in order to heal patients or prevent disease. He proposes that we are leaving out many possibilities when it comes to “cause and effect”. Visit his Health Ranger site at:

http://www.naturalnews.com/041736_modern_science_false_assumptions_consciousness.html

Select two of the Health Ranger’s “Ten false assumptions in science”. Do you agree or disagree with his point of view? Why or why not?

Part II: The Truth in Science Changes with time…(20 points)

.

Image result for what theory replaced miasma theory Image result for black death

Image courtesy of: https://sciencecommunication425.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/miasma-theory.jpg?w=320

 

1. Miasma Theory (10 points)

 

The miasma theory( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miasma_theory  held that diseases such as cholera, chlamydia or the Black Death were caused by a miasma a noxious form of “bad air”, also known as “night air”. The theory held that the origin of epidemics were due to a miasma, emanating from rotting organic matter. Though miasma theory is typically associated with the spread of disease, some academics in the early nineteenth century suggested that the theory extended to other conditions as well, e.g. one could become obese by inhaling the odor of food. The Theory was eventually given up by scientists and physicians after 1880. for references)

Visit the following websites to assist you in answering the questions below:

 

Miasma theory : http://dc.cod.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1416&context=essai

 

 

a) The popular children’s song “ring around the rosie” refers to what practice (used to prevent transmission of disease)

b) According to the above article: Some measure of scientific progress is made by disproving an existing theory, but substantially more progress can be made by doing what?

c) Provide at least two reasons why the miasma theory was believable to those in the early 14th century (2 points)

d) What theory replaced the Miasma theory? Using the Miasma example, describe how the truth in science changed over time. (3 points)

e) Locate a website (article or other reference) illustrating another example where the truth in science changed over time. Provide your link here:_____________Briefly describe the outcome of this “change in belief” (3 points)

 

 

2. Diseases that threaten us worldwide : (10 points)

 

Should more have been done to prepare for cholera outbreak in Hati ?

Image result for cholera images Image result for cholera images

Images https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/ab/57/b7/ab57b793f1a8da2188baceff2babb1fd.jpg

imageshttp://www.choleraalliance.org/files/Zimbabwe/cholera-children-drinking-dirty-water%20Zimbabwe.jpg

 

 

Visit the following websites to explore this dangerous pathogen

 

http://www.medicinenet.com/cholera/article.htm

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3771306/

A. What organism causes cholera?

B. What are the symptoms of cholera?

C. Describe the mode of transmission and how this related to sanitary conditions -How is cholera spread?

D. What might you do to educate citizens? (2 points)

Visit the World Health Organization to learn about Diseases that threaten us worldwide : http://www.who.int/csr/disease/en/ (5 points)

E. Describe two other diseases (besides cholera) that could pose a threat worldwide . What is their mode of transmission and how can we, as a society, protect our citizens?

 

 

 

 

 

 

Part III: How can we recognize TRUE science? (30 points)

Image result for eating chocolate

Image: http://goenglishmagazine.es/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/chocolate-eating-baby.jpg

1. Fooling ourselves with science: hoaxes, retractions and the public (5 points) “As consumers of science we should always beware the latest and greatest study with new results.” Visit the following website to learn more.https://www.theguardian.com/science/political-science/2015/jun/02/fooling-ourselves-with-science

A. What was the hoax that John Bohannon created?

B. What did the Bohannon hoax and LaCour/Green retraction have in common?

C. Why does the author feel we can set ourselves up to be fooled by science? Explain why you agree or disagree. (3 points)

 

 

2. Vaccines – Fear and skepticism: (5 points)

Image result for vaccinationsimage: https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTvlZpympZH02v9URx40C_gOWrI_0ZJvNEEBZV5haZ8y6UWx53pqQ

 

“One of the negative side effects of our totally plugged-in culture is that bad science and misinterpreted results are published quickly and persist long after something has been debunked. Almost everyone has been fooled by bad science in the past, and some bad science has had some very negative impacts…”

Visit the following website to view a few….

https://mic.com/articles/28940/5-bad-scientific-studies-that-fooled-millions#.SeZFFcJpB

a. What effect did the MMR vaccine study have on the public? (2 points)

b. What are your thoughts on vaccines? (3 points)

3. Science, pseudoscience and Quackery (10 points)

Answering the following four questions utilizing your study guide, power point #1 and chapter one of your textbook

Image result for quackery Image result for quackery

http://www.diet.com/info/img/nwaz_02_img0199.jpg

 

a) Describe the difference between real science, pseudoscience and Quackery. (3 points)

b) Search the internet for a website that is illustrating pseudo-science or Quackery. Post your website here:_________. Describe how you feel the public can be misled by this site. (3 points)

c) How do you trust internet sites for credibility and unbiased reporting? What are some warning signs that internet sites should NOT be trusted? (2 points)

d) What might politics have to do with the funding of experimental research? How do you feel this might affect the development of a hypothesis and bias? (2 points)

 

4. Has the Peer Review process in science been working? (10 points)

Image result for seralini rats

Image: https://www.geneticliteracyproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Screen-Shot-2014-06-24-at-6.04.53-AM.png

Visit the following website:

http://theness.com/neurologicablog/index.php/seralini-gmo-study-retracted/

a) The infamous Seralini study (November, 2012) claimed what? (2 points)

b) According to the article, anyone referencing the Seralini study as support for their position that GMO has health risks sacrifices what? (2 points)

c) According to the author, what does this study suffer from? (3 points)

d) Do you feel animal right activists would support this study? Why or why not? (3 points)

Part IV: Using Science to Live long, happy healthy lives?………(10 points)

 

More than half of American adults take some kind of herbal supplement, spending an estimated $30 billion a year in the belief that the supplements have some kind of healthful effect. And, of course, consumers think that what’s in the bottle is what the label promises…..

 

We all agree that we want to live as long as our quality of life is exceptional or at the least satisfactory. Right? How does science inform us on the effect of Nutrition and supplements in our diet?

 

1. Searching for the truth in nutrition: (4 points)

Dr. Cohen has become something of a mix of Indiana Jones and Sherlock Holmes in the supplement world. With chemist colleagues in the United States, Brazil, and Europe, he hunts for drugs illegally buried in supplements. Then he goes public. Visit the following website: http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2015/08/feature-revealing-hidden-dangers-dietary-supplements

A. What scandal did Cohen uncover?

B. What happened in 1994 that changed the way supplements were regulated? (3 points)

 

2. Who’s at fault? Who’s to blame for the products we purchase off the shelves at our local markets? (6 points)

 

Image result for pharmaceuticals homeopathy images image courtesy of: https://media.licdn.com/media/p/7/005/06a/3f2/3dd2845.png

Please visit the following site: http://www.consumeraffairs.com/news/gnc-target-walmart-walgreens-selling-bogus-herbal-supplements-ny-charges-020315.html

a. According to the article, what four companies were involved in selling store brand supplements that didn’t contain the labeled substance or contained ingredients that weren’t listed on the label? (2 points)

b. What percentage of Walmart products were cited as actually having DNA from the herb listed on the label?

c. What are some of the contaminants found in these products?

d. What are some of the possible risks of contaminants in supplements? (2 points)

 
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BI101 Discussion 2 Unit 1 Post Discussion And Reply To My Fellow Students Response As Well.

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UNIT 1 DISCUSSION 2


**I WILL SEND A SEPARATE MESSAGE HERE OF THE STUDENTS ANSWER THAT I NEED YOU TO REPLY TO.  THANK YOU!

DISCUSSION TOPIC

pH and the Scientific Method

pH

Your book defines pH as the “measure of the relative acidity of a solution, ranging in value from 0 (most acidic) to 14 (most basic). pH stands for potential hydrogen and refers to the concentration of hydrogen ions.” (G-12) Living organisms (e.g., plants, animals, bacteria) require careful control of their internal pH, since they are sensitive to even small changes in pH. Homeostasis is the maintenance, by living organisms, of stable surroundings; this includes pH, as well as temperature, osmolarity, and a number of other environmental variables.

1. Explain how organisms that require a neutral environment survive and function despite metabolic activities that tend to shift pH toward either acidic or basic ends of the pH scale? Be specific!

Scientific Method

You’ve read about the Scientific Method in our Unit 1 overview page and this unit’s lecture. The scientific method is used unconsciously by many people on a daily basis, for tasks such as cooking and budgeting. Understanding how to apply the scientific method to these seemingly non-scientific problems can be valuable in furthering one’s career and in making decisions. We talk about a hypothesis being used and tested, but a hypothesis is often confused with a prediction.

2. Explain what a hypothesis and a prediction are and how they are different.

3. Imagine that you notice that your neighbor’s lawn is lusher and greener than yours. You observe your neighbor for several units and it appears that he treats his lawn no different than you, except for the fact that he applies a fertilizer. Based on this observation, identify a testable hypothesis that explains your observation and provide at least one prediction based on your hypothesis.

 
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Para “For Magz64 Only”

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Page 1: Feeling Detoxified” by McCallum and Prud’homme-Généreux

by Giselle McCallum and Annie Prud’homme-Généreux Life Sciences Quest University, Canada

Feeling Detoxifi ed: Expectations, Eff ects, and Explanations

Part I – The Detoxifying Ionic Foot Bath Experience Stressed and tired, you look forward to your monthly visit at the A New You! * spa. Upon arrival, you are given an information booklet about a new treatment that is being off ered. It’s an ionic foot bath. You are seduced by the assurances that it will leave you feeling refreshed, and opt for this treatment. Th e spa’s technician tends to you, ensures that you are comfortable, and directs you to sit and place your feet in a bath of salt-water. She then switches on the electrical box connected to two metal rods that rest in the foot bath.

“Th is machine’s iron electrodes ionize the water in the bath.Th is creates a negative bio-charge in your body and draws unwanted toxins out of special pores on the soles of your feet. You’ll actually see it working,” the attendant explains enthusiastically.

“Oh, right,” you reply. A few minutes later, reddish-brown streaks appear in the bath water. By the time your half-hour treatment nears its end, the whole bath has a dark brown-red tinge, and bubbles cover the surface of the water, which smells faintly of chlorine. You ask the spa’s attendant about the smell.

“It’s from all the chlorine that we consume in our tap water. It can also be leftover in your body from swimming pools. Th e foot bath pulls it out of your feet. It detoxifi es your body.”

You leave the spa feeling refreshed. When you return home, you are intrigued. You read with interest the pamphlet that the spa provided you:

Electricity is used in this treatment to create positive and negative ions from the water molecules in the foot bath. Th ese ions can penetrate your body. Th eir positive and negative charge allows them to act as a molecular sponge to soak up and sequester particles of opposite charge. Th ese neutralized toxins then leave the body through the surface of the feet that are in contact with water in the foot bath, leaving you cleansed and refreshed.

Questions 1. Why might you be tempted to believe what the pamphlet and spa attendant say? What aspects are convincing? 2. Why might you be skeptical? What are some of the problems with the explanation provided? 3. Design an easy experiment to test whether the explanations provided by the spa are accurate.

* Note: A New You! is a fi ctional spa invented for the purpose of this case study (with a nod to Margaret Atwood’s book Year of the Flood ). Th e explanation for the mechanism of action of the ionic foot bath was inspired by the descriptions provided by the many companies that off er ionic foot bath services.

Photo credit: Public domain photo of “aqua detox” by Wikipedia user Jason7825, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aqua_Detox.jpg.

NATIONAL CENTER FOR CASE STUDY TEACHING IN SCIENCE

 

 

NATIONAL CENTER FOR CASE STUDY TEACHING IN SCIENCE

Page 2“Feeling Detoxifi ed” by McCallum and Prud’homme-Généreux

Part II – A Proposed Chemistry of Foot Baths After your spa foot bath, you feel refreshed. You are mentally alert, and that persistent pain in your right knee has faded considerably. Despite your skepticism about the scientifi c explanation behind it, you feel so fantastic that you sign up for another foot bath the following week.

Over lunch one day, you tell your friends about this experience. Your friends question your foot bath experience.

“But how does it actually work? How do you know it’s working? Have you tried taking your feet out and seeing what happens?”

Th ose questions nag at you when you visit the spa the next time. You resolve to do the experiment that your friends suggest. You are comfortably seated with your feet in the ionic foot bath. Th e attendant turns the machine on. However, this time, when she leaves the room, you look around cautiously and then slowly slide your feet out.

As time passes, the water slowly turns brown, the faint chlorine smell becomes detectable, and bubbles appear in the water. Hmmm. Your feet are not in the water, so obviously the bath is not drawing unwanted toxins out of your feet. Where do the chlorine smell, the reddish-brown color, and the bubbles come from?

Determined to solve the mystery, you call your friends for their help. Michael starts things off by drawing on Figure 1 as he says:

“Well, let’s start with the salty water. Th e most common salt is table salt, sodium chloride (NaCl), so let’s assume that’s the salt used in the foot baths. When it is dissolved in water, the two atoms in salt dissociate into their constituent ions: Na+ and Cl-. Th ere always exists a small number of water molecules (H2O) that are dissociated into H

+ and OH- ions. So, in other words, you have the following ions in the foot bath: H+, OH-, Na+, and Cl-.”

Allison, a chemistry major, thinks she holds another piece of the puzzle.

“What you have here is a simple electrochemical cell where oxidation and reduction reactions take place. Don’t panic about the jargon: let me explain. Th ere were two rods made of metal that were plunged into the water, and through which an electrical current was running. An electrical current means that electrons (e-) were fl owing in one direction through the wires. In solution, the current is carried by migrating ions. Th e electrons are induced to move by a force that is provided by the power supply that the foot bath is connected to.”

“Metals conduct electricity because they have electrons that can be freed from their atoms to move to other atoms. If we follow the path of an electron through the system, it might look like this. An electron starts in the metal of one of the rods; we’ll call this rod the anode. As the anode loses electrons, the metal acquires a positive charge (because it lost some negatively-charged electrons). Th e electrons fl ow through the wire and end up in the other metal rod (the cathode), which has a negative charge (because it accepted negatively-charged electrons).”

You and Michael nod in agreement. Allison continues as she draws on Figure 1.

“Th e spa attendant told you the metal rods are made of iron.* When an electrical charge is run through the cell, the anode loses electrons in the following reaction:

Figure 1. Proposed reduction-oxidation reactions in the ionic footbath. Anode: Fe(s)  Fe

+2 + 2e-

2Cl-  Cl2(g) + 2e –

Cathode: 2H+ + 2e-  H2(g) In the bath: Fe+2 + 2OH-  Fe(OH)2

* Note: As proposed by Lower (n.d.).

 

 

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Fe(s)  Fe +2 + 2e-

In other words, the electrode dissolves over time. While the Fe found in the electrodes cannot dissolve in water, the Fe+2 ions that are being created by the current are able to interact with other ions in the water.”

“In the foot bath, some of the positively charged Fe+2 ions react with negatively-charged OH- ions to form Fe(OH)2(s), which is reddish- brown in color (see Figure 2). You may also have seen fl ecks of rusty metal fl oating in the water.”

Fe+2 + 2OH-  Fe(OH)2(s) Allison continues this idea, as she adds to Figure 1.

“Th e negatively charged cathode attracts the positive H+ and Na+ ions in the water. Because H+ accepts electrons more easily than Na+, the Na+ ions do not react at the cathode. Th ey stay in the solution. Th e H+ ions, however, do react. Th ey gain electrons to become hydrogen gas:

2H+ + 2e-  H2(g) Following the same line of thought, you tentatively propose the following explanation.

“Another reaction occurs at the anode. Its positive charge attracts negatively charged ions. Th us, Cl- ions are drawn to this electrode. Once they reach the anode, they donate their extra electron, and combine to form chlorine gas:

2Cl-  Cl2(g) + 2e –

“Wow!” interjects Allison. “Did you know that chlorine gas is poisonous, and was used during World War I as a chemical weapon?”

Questions 1. What causes the red-brown color that you saw in the foot bath? Th e chlorine smell? Th e bubbles? 2. Should you be concerned about your foot bath’s production of a chemical used in warfare? 3. If simple chemistry in the foot bath (that does not involve changes to your body) can explain what you

observed, then why do you feel so much better after the treatment? Th ink of as many possibilities as you can to explain this phenomenon.

Figure 2. Fe(OH)2 is a red-brown substance that forms in the bath.

Credit: Reprinted with permission of James P. Birk, Arizona State University, http://www. public.asu.edu/~jpbirk/qual/qualanal/iron.html.

 

 

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Part III – Feeling Better After Treatment A few weeks go by. Despite being able to explain everything that you observed in the foot bath as a phenomenon that did not involve your body, you defi nitely felt better after the treatment. You wonder why.

One day over lunch, you share these concerns with Michael. He immediately becomes excited.

“We just read a landmark paper in my psychology class on a phenomenon that may shed some light on your question. In this experiment, two hundred patients with symptoms that could not be diagnosed because they had no obvious physical signs were selected for the study. Th ey were divided into four groups.

• One group received a “positive consultation” with an empathetic doctor, but received no treatment. • One group received a “positive consultation” with an empathetic doctor and received treatment. • One group received a “negative consultation” with an unfriendly doctor and received no treatment • One group received a “negative consultation” with an unfriendly doctor and received treatment.

When a treatment was provided, it was in the form of a pill containing no medicinal ingredient (a “sugar pill”). All patients were surveyed two weeks later to determine the outcome on their symptoms. I happen to have a copy of this article right here. Take a look at the results table.”

Positive consultations Negative consultations Treated (n=50)

Not treated (n=50)

Treated (n=50)

Not treated (n=50)

How much better do you feel having seen the doctor? Completely 7 (15) 10 (21) 2 (5) 3 (6) Much 21 (44) 18 (33) 12 (30) 10 (21) A little 14 (29) 18 (37) 15 (38) 12 (25) No better 6 (12) 2 (4) 11 (27) 22 (47)

Have you been helped by seeing the doctor? A lot 23 (79) 35 (73) 13 (52) 10 (30) A little 4 (14) 10 (21) 7 (28) 10 (30) Slightly 1 (3) 3 (6) 2 (8) 8 (24) Not at all 1 (5) 3 (12) 5 (15)

Table 1. Eff ect of compassion on treatment. Note that not every patient responded to all sections of the post-doctor-visit survey.

Credit: Data extracted from rows 3 and 4 of Table 2 from:Th omas, K.B. (1987). Practice research: General practice consultations: Is there any point in being positive? BMJ 294(6581): 1200–1202.

Questions 1. What do the two columns of numbers for each experimental group represent (the numbers and the numbers in

parentheses)? 2. How do you propose to analyze the data (i.e., how will you compare the treatment groups)? Defend why you

think your method is the best way of analyzing the data. 3. Based on this table, what do you suspect that the researchers were investigating? What was their hypothesis? 4. Which group(s) is/are the control? Explain your answer. 5. Complete the following form. Repeat as many times as necessary: When I compare Group ___ with Group ___, I learn that _____________. 6. Which of the two variables tested in this study appears to have the largest eff ect on improved health? 7. What can you conclude from this experiment? 8. Based on these results, propose a mechanism that might explain your improved health upon leaving the spa.

 

 

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Part IV – The Eff ect of Expectations After you have absorbed the data in the table, Michael looks at you expectantly. To recap, he adds:

“Empathy is a big part of receiving an eff ective treatment. Feeling catered to and pampered can go a long way towards making you feel refreshed and de-stressed, independently of any form of treatment.”

Pondering these thoughts, you ask: “OK, I buy that, but is there anything else that might be at work here?”

“Well, there is the placebo eff ect, as it is classically defi ned.”

“I’ve heard about this. Isn’t it when patients are given a sugar pill and it cures them?”

“Th at’s one form of it. Placebos are sham treatments that mirror the experience of undergoing a treatment but do not provide the active ingredient or therapy. In other words, it’s the part of the treatment that causes an eff ect based on human expectations.”

“So… If I believe I am receiving a treatment that can make me feel refreshed, that’s enough to make me feel refreshed?” you ask, a bit incredulously.

“Yes! Th e placebo eff ect does not work for all conditions, but anxiety, depression, pain, swelling, and stomach ulcers all seem to respond to a placebo (Evans, 2004).”

“I guess in my situation I was feeling stressed, which is a form of anxiety, right?”

“Sure. Th e placebo eff ect is bizarre. We studied it in class. Did you know that the color of the pill, the presence of a brand name on it, the number of doses to take each day, the route of administration (e.g., orally or intravenously) all aff ect the size of the placebo eff ect (reviewed in Goldacre, 2009)? Even more striking, the eff ectiveness of a treatment seems to decrease as new (and, people believe, more eff ective) treatments become available (Moerman & Harrington, 2005). Th ere is even evidence that the placebo eff ect shows diff erences in strength within diff erent geographical regions, and that in recent years the strength of the placebo eff ect is increasing (Silberman, 2009).”

Questions 1. Describe a situation where the placebo eff ect may have played a part in your response to a treatment (other than

your experience at the A New You! spa). 2. What’s the diff erence between (1) conventional and (2) complementary and alternative medicine? What role

does the placebo eff ect play in each type of therapy? 3. Propose a hypothesis to explain why the strength of the placebo eff ect might be increasing in recent years. 4. You were inclined to accept the spa attendant’s explanations for the foot bath on your fi rst visit, but you felt

diff erently during your second visit. If you had soaked your feet in the bath, should you still expect to feel better after your second treatment? Do you expect the placebo eff ect to work when you know it’s a placebo?

5. If the placebo eff ect is real, where’s the harm in letting people remain uninformed (or falsely informed) about the mechanism of action of ionic foot baths?

6. Why do people sometimes turn away from evidence-based medicine and scientifi cally trained experts in the treatment of their health?

References Evans, D. (2004). Placebo: Mind Over Matter in Modern Medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Goldacre, B. (2009). Chapter 5: Th e placebo eff ect. In: Bad Science. London: Fourth Estate. pp. 63–85. Lower, S. (n.d) Detoxifying foot bath quackery. Retrieved from http://www.chem1.com/CQ/FootBathBunk.html on

April 20, 2010. Moerman, D.E., and Harrington, A. (2005). Making space for the placebo eff ect in pain medicine. Seminars in Pain

Medicine 3(1): 2–6

 

 

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•

Credit: Licensed illustration in title block of stones and grass © SSilver | Foltoia, ID #16587035.

Case copyright held by the National Center for Case Study Teaching in Science, University at Buff alo, State University of New York. Originally published January 10, 2012. Please see our usage guidelines, which outline our policy concerning permissible reproduction of this work.

Silberman, S. (2009). Placebos are getting more eff ective. Drugmakers are desperate to know why. Wired Sept 2009: 128–136. Retrieved June 22, 2011 from http://www.wired.com/medtech/drugs/magazine/17-09/ff _placebo_ eff ect

Th omas, K.B. (1987). Practice research: General practice consultations: Is there any point in being positive? BMJ 294(6581): 1200–1202.

 

 
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Experimental Research Paper/ Introduction & Background Part

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The overall goal of these experiments is to investigate the expression of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) in bacterial cell. In other words, indicating the insertion of GFP into the target lepA/EF-4 to create a functional fusion protein. 

–Title

–Intro/background: What GFP is? he jellyfish green fluorescent protein (GFP) can be inserted into the middle of another protein to produce a functional, fluorescent fusion protein… Why GFP? GFP was the first intrinsically fluorescent protein discovered and the first shown to be useful as a fluorescent marker for analysis of cell structure and function… What lepA/EF-4 ? All living systems employ mRNA to convert genetic information (stored in nucleic acid polymers) into the functional forms of genes (expressed usually as polymers of amino acids). The process of converting mRNA into protein is known as protein synthesis, or translation; and it is one of the most highly conserved processes that living cells carry out. Protein synthesis requires ribosomes, many protein factors, and occurs in three stages; initiation, elongation, and termination… Initially the target plasmid (pPEM109) containing the lepA gene will be isolated and donor transposon DNA will be synthesized. After characterizing these pieces of DNA, they will be combined with Tn5 transposes. Also, include the a brief overview about what we did in lab taking this info from the material/method file below.

Use the references in the attachment ..you can use additional reference if you want to…

 
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Week 3 Discussion Biology

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Discussion: Energy for Life / Energy Reactions and Processes

In your primary post, please write a response of at least 125 words to one (1) of the following three (3) bulleted options. In addition, please make a substantive reply to a fellow student on any topic.

Discussion Topic 1. The phytoplankton that brought Earth to life. Review the video (Johnson, 2014) about the “phytoplankton that brought Earth to life” from the link given below, or from the link in the Instructor’s Insights area. In this clip, which is under 5 minutes in length, Penny Chisholm discusses a tiny phytoplankton called Prochlorococcus. Based on that video, please address the following:

(a) What is the importance of Prochlorococcus for life on the planet Earth, both historically and in the present day?

(b) Explain what the known geographic variations in Prochlorococcus tell us about relationships between organisms and their environments.

Discussion Topic 2. Characteristics of ATP. If you choose this topic for your primary post, you must base your post on the instructor’s video about ATP (Cox, 2015). The video can be found in the Instructor Insights area.

(a) Describe two or more characteristics of ATP, covered in the video.

(b) Explain how these characteristics are functionally important for the cell.

Please note that I am looking for specific points that are covered in the video, so material gleaned from Wikipedia or other sources may not meet the requirements.

Discussion Topic 3. Chemosynthesis in the Giant Tubeworm. The Giant Tubeworm (Riftia pachyptila) is an animal that lives on the floor of the ocean, near hydrothermal vents that release very hot, chemical-rich water. Like all organisms Riftia pachyptila needs energy to go on living. It has a unique source of energy, and a unique way of harvesting the energy (Deep Marine Sciences, 2015; JKM12988, 2016; Kusek, 2007).

(a) Describe how Riftia pachyptila get its energy.

(b) Discuss how this relates to this week’s lessons.

References

Cox, J. F. (2015). Four minutes about ATP.

. Please see “Instructor’s Insights” area for Week 3.

Deep Marine Scenes. (2013). Facts: Giant Tube Worms. [Video]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IddCPTnmj4Q

JKM12988. (2016, December 5). Giant Tube Worms and symbiotic bacteria. [Video]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dg6ZewBTRj8&t=6s

Johnson, R. (2014, March 5) The phytoplankton that brought Earth to life. PBS Newshour. Public Broadcasting System. Retrieved from http://video.pbs.org/video/2365193451/

Kusek, K. M. (2007, January 12). Deep-sea tubeworms get versatile ‘inside’ help. Oceanus Magazine. Retrieved from http://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/feature/deep-sea-tubeworms-get-versatile-inside-help

 
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Discussion 3

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Directions:

Your responses should be no more than a paragraph or two. Be sure to respond to another student’s post. Have your initial response done by the due date and your response done before the close date (two days after due date).

Prompt:

Identify and discuss the effectiveness of Jane Goodall’s message in her 2002 TED talk. She continues her tireless campaign, and some of you may have seen her give at talk called ‘Gombe & Beyond’ a year ago, last spring (April 20, 2016). Her message has stayed remarkably consistent over the years, as she has transitioned from pioneering primatologist to a more public figure and world advocate for conservation.
In concert with the two required short New York Times articles recently published, discuss effective ways we can raise consciousness about Goodall’s conservation efforts to a public that seemingly could not care less. How can we heed her words in everyday practice and inspire our peers and our children to become more aware about the marked similarities, and unique gifts our cousins provide, and the urgency we face in terms of their survival.  How does conservation today relate to the primate fossil (or subfossil) record of the future?  Will our conservation efforts, or lack thereof, affect how future anthropologists will study the primates that we know and love today? Feel free to bring outside examples into the discussion.

 
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Please Answer My Question

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The purpose of this assignment is to explore approaches to instruction that support adolescents’ physical, cognitive, or socioemotional growth and to understand the unique challenges adolescents face with regards to classroom learning.

Respond to each of the following scenarios with a 500-750 word rationale. Your response to each scenario should include the following:

Assessment of developmental characteristics of adolescent behaviors.

Explanation of specific challenges the student is facing, based on developmental characteristics and behaviors.

Approaches to instruction that promotes the physical, cognitive, or socioemotional development of each student.

Opportunities to facilitate learning with the use of technology.

Scenario #1

Marco is a senior in one of your classes. He has appeared to be depressed, showing signs of sadness, self-criticism, and hopelessness. As a result, his grades have dropped. You are considering whether to use the Response to Intervention approach to provide more guided, supportive instruction to Marco.

Explain how and why you might use Response to Intervention (RTI) to support Marco’s learning in your classroom. Offer specific intervention strategies and steps you will take, including the use of technology in your response.

Scenario #2

Megan, a sophomore in one of your classes, has been struggling with substance abuse and chemical dependency for the last year. She is now on an Individualized Education Program (IEP). Tasks that involve memory and retention of information pose a challenge for her.

Explain how you might help Megan in the classroom by supporting her capacity to remember/retain information, enhance her study skills, and organize and process her thoughts.

What strategies might you use to support her learning? Explain why you selected these strategies. Include the use of a technological tool as a means of supporting her learning in your response.

Support your findings with a minimum of three scholarly resources.

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a rubric. Review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin.

 
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