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1-Nerve impulses responsible for the sensation of taste are carried in all of the following cranial nerves except:
VII
VIII
IX
X
2- Which of the following is not a part of the bony labyrinth?
Vestibule
Semicircular canals
Stapes
Cochlea
3- Nissl bodies are comparable to this organelle in other cells:
golgi apparatus
endoplasmic reticulum
mitochondria
lysosomes
4- Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by filtration of blood in the:
central canal
choroid plexus
Subarachnoid space
Arachnoid villi
5- If the ventral nerve root of a spinal nerve were destroyed, a person would lose.
Sensory perception related to that pathway
Willed movement related to that pathway
Reflex activity only, related to that pathway
Both reflex activity and willed movement related to that pathway
6- An abnormally high metabolic rate could be associated with the functioning of the:
thyroid gland
parathyroid gland
posterior pituitary
thymus
7- Which of the following is a monoamine?
Insulin
Epinephrine
Testosterone
Parathyroid hormone
8- Regarding fetal circulation, the small vessel connecting the pulmonary artery with the aortic arch is called the:
ductus arteriosus
foramen ovale
ductus venosus
umbilical artery
9- Which of the following is not a leukocyte?
Basophil
Reticulocyte
Neutrophil
Monocyte
10- Depolarization of the SA node occurs during:
T wave
P wave
QRS complex
P-Q interval
11- Which of the following is not a chemcial buffer used in the blood?
Bicarbonate
Phosphate
Potassium
Protein
12- Lymph from the lower abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs is received by the:
right lymphatic duct
inguinal duct
thoracic duct
aorta
13- Which of the following is not an antigen presenting cell?
Dendritic cell
Macrophage
T cell
B cell
14- The type of immunity produced by vaccination would be:
active natural immunity
passive natural immunity
active artificial immunity
passive artificial immunity
15- Which of the following is involved in nonspecific resistance?
NK cell
B cell
T cell
C cell
16-If the blood ph decreases below normal:
the kidney tubules secrete less hydrogen ions blood to urine
the kidney tubules secrete more hydrogen ions from blood to urine
the kidney tubules secrete more sodium ions the urine
both a and c
17-Which of the following is not a normal constituent of urine?
nitrogenous wastes
hormones
pigments
plasma protoins
18-The most dangerous of the electrolyte imbalances is:
Na+
K+
CI+
Ca++
19-Which blood vessel carries absorbed food from the GI tract to the liver?
hepatic artery
hepatic portal vein
ductus venosus
renal artery
20-Which of the following vitamins is not stored in significant amounts in the body and must be continually supplied to the diet?
vitamin D
vitamin K
vitamin C
vitamin E

 

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BIOL 1408 Fall 2016 Lecture Final Exam Review 3 DEC. 2016

Dr. Basham Saturday 11:30 AM Dr. Basham Saturday 9 – 11:20 AM

Name ________________________

 

BIOLOGY CONCEPTS AND INVESTIGATIONS. MARIELLE HOEFNAGELS. THIRD EDITION

1. Imagine that you are a scientist working with one of the first research teams sent to the planet Mars. One day, while digging in one of your research plots, you discover something new in the soil. You think it might be alive!

a. How will you determine whether it is alive or not?

b. How will you know whether it is a prokaryote or a eukaryote?

c. How will you determine in which of the three Domains of life it might be classified?

2. Explain how energy enters and travels through most living systems on Earth.

a. What is the original source of the energy?

b. How is energy transferred within living systems? You may answer in written text and/or by drawing and labeling a diagram of a generalized system.

c. Why are there always more primary producers than there are consumers in living systems?

d. Include the following terms in your answer: autotroph, heterotroph, decomposers, primary producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers.

3. Explain why photosynthesis and aerobic respiration are considered to be opposite reactions. Use the following terms in your explanation: exergonic reaction, endergonic reaction, potential energy and kinetic energy.

4. Hypothesis testing and experimental design:

a. State an observation about your environment.

b. List three hypotheses (ideas that you can test) that might explain the mechanism(s) responsible for the phenomenon that you observed.

c. Choose one of those hypotheses to test. State your null hypothesis.

d. Design an experiment or a set of observations that you could perform to test your chosen hypothesis.

i. What would your control group be?

ii. What would your treatment group(s) be?

iii. What variables would you standardize?

iv. What variables would you measure?

e. What would the outcome of your experiment be if your hypothesis is correct?

f. What would the outcome of your experiment be if your hypothesis is incorrect?

5. How can a failed checkpoint during the cell cycle result in cancer? Describe some of the mistakes that can result if a checkpoint fails at each of the following stages of the cell cycle:

a. Gap Phase 1:

b. Synthesis Phase:

c. Gap Phase 2:

d. Metaphase of Mitosis:

6. Why is sexual reproduction so costly? If sexual reproduction is so costly, why do so many organisms have sex?

7. Draw a pair of un-replicated homologous chromosomes.

8. Imagine that you are a herpetologist (i.e., a scientist who studies reptiles) working in West Texas. You specialize in studying checkered whiptail lizard species, some of which reproduce sexually and some of which reproduce asexually. The asexual species are thought to have arisen from a hybridization event between two sexual species. One day you come across what you think is a new species of checkered whiptail lizards. It appears to reproduce asexually, but after some lab work, you discover that it does NOT replicate its DNA twice before undergoing meiosis like some of the other asexual species do. You also observe that the offspring of these asexual lizards still have the same number of chromosomes as their parents. What else could these lizards be doing (besides two rounds of DNA replication prior to meiosis) to reproduce themselves without reducing the number of chromosomes in their offspring?

a. Draw and label a normal sexual reproductive life cycle.

b. Draw and label your hypothesized asexual reproductive life cycle for the newly discovered lizard species.

9. If you have a plant that expresses a dominant trait, how can you determine its genotype?

Tall (L) = Dominant allele Short (l) = Recessive allele

a. What are the possible genotypes for a tall plant?

b. With what genotype/phenotype plant could you cross a “mystery” tall plant to determine its genotype?

c. Draw the punnette square for the possible crosses?

d. What phenotypic ratios would you expect in the offspring if the “mystery” plant were homozygous dominant?

e. What phenotypic ratios would you expect in the offspring if the “mystery” plant were heterozygous?

f. What is the term for this type of cross?

10. Sex-linked Traits:

a. What is the probability that a human couple will give birth to a girl?

b. Hemophilia is an X-linked recessive trait. What is the probability that a woman who is a heterozygous carrier and a hemophiliac man will give birth to a daughter with hemophilia?

11.

 

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For this discussion board, you will watch “The Power of Belief” a 6 part documentary by John Stossel  (Under exemplary speeches, it should take about 45 minutes to watch all 6 parts) . The documentary explores the supernatural, ESP, psychic powers, astrology, voodoo, and other ideas that many people believe because they want to believe.

** Your response should be at least 450 words.

1.Can we discount these claims as “impossible” given the evidence that refutes the claims?

2.Were the controlled tests illustrated in the program fair? Were they valid tests of paranormal phenomena?

3. What are the dangers of true belief illustrated in this documentary?

4.How do we find this juxtaposed to the importance of research our book describes?

 

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Virtual Lab: Virtual Frog Dissection

http://mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/virtual_labs/BL_16/BL_16.html

1. If you come upon any terms that are unfamiliar to you, please refer to your textbook for further explanation or search the word here: http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/dictionaryhome.aspx

2. In this exercise, you will be performing a virtual frog dissection. To begin, click on the “Introduction” link on the opening page. Read through and listen to the information presented to learn about the basics of dissection and animal phylogeny. When you are finished, click the “Menu” button at the bottom of the page to return to the opening page of the laboratory activity.

3. Once you are back to the opening page, click the “External Anatomy” button. Read through, watch and listen to the information presented in these segments. When you are finished, click the “Menu” button at the bottom of the page to return to the opening page of the laboratory activity.

4. The last portion of this activity involves an examination of the internal anatomy of a frog. To do this, click the “Internal Anatomy” button on the opening page of the laboratory. Read through, watch and listen to all of the information presented in these segments and actively participate where required. You may have to do a virtual cut on the frog by dragging the appropriate tool to the frog or label organs of the dissected frog by dragging the appropriate organ names to the site on the opened frog. Please STOP when you are through with each labeling step and be sure to fill in your final answers on Figures 1 and 2 below.

 

Figure 1: Digestive System Organs

A   =

B   =

C   =

D   =

E   =

F   =

 

Figure 2: Organs   of the Circulatory, Respiratory, Excretory and Reproductive Systems

A   =

B   =

C   =

D   =

E   =

F   =

G =

H =

Frog Dissection Post-laboratory Questions:

1.  The dorsal side of the leopard frog:

a.  Is a light, solid color

b. Is a colored and patterned

c. Is initially cut during a dissection

d. A and C

2.  Leopard frogs:

a.  Are invertebrates

b. Are warm-blooded

c. Have a gills at one time during their life cycle

d. All of the above

3. In regards to the external anatomy of a leopard frog:

a.  It is easy to tell the sex of the animal

b. The cloaca is at the anterior end of the animal

c. The feet of the hind limbs have 5 toes

d. All of the above

4.  In the opened mouth of the leopard frog, one can see:

a.  The nostrils

b. The glottis

c. The vomerine teeth

d. A and B

e. All of the above

5.  Which of the following is found in the digestive system of the leopard frog but not in that of a human?

a.  Gall bladder

b. Stomach

c. Pancreas

d. Liver

e. None of the above

6.  Arteries in the circulatory system:

a.  Carry blood to the heart

b. Carry blood away from the heart

c. Carry out diffusion of gases

7.  In the leopard frog heart:

a.  The right atrium carries oxygen rich blood

b. The left atrium carries oxygen poor blood

c. There are 3 chambers present

d. All of the above

8.  By comparison to the leopard frog heart, the human heart:

a.  Has 4 chambers present

b. Carries mixed blood in the ventricles

c. Is more efficient

d. A and C

e. All of the above

9.  Fat bodies play a role in:

a.  Respiration

b. Circulation

c. Hibernation

d. Reproduction

e. C and D

10.  The most anterior portion of the leopard frog brain is/are the:

a.  Olfactory lobes

b. Cerebrum

c. Optic lobes

Virtual Lab: Virtual Fetal Pig Dissection

https://www.whitman.edu/academics/departments-and-programs/biology/virtual-pig

Figure 1: Fetal Pig: Digestive System

1. __________________________
2. __________________________
3. _________________________
4. _________________________
5. ________________________
6. _________________________
7. __________________________
8. __________________________
9. __________________________
10. _________________________
11. _________________________
12. _________________________
13. ________________________

Identify the organ (or structure)

14. _____________________________ Opening (valve) between stomach and small intestine.
15. _____________________________ Stores bile, lies underneath the liver.
16. _____________________________ A branch of the large intestine, a dead end.
17. _____________________________ Separates the thoracic and abdominal cavity
18. _____________________________ Membrane that holds the coils of the small intestine.
19. _____________________________ The straight part of the small intestine, after stomach.
20. _____________________________ Empties bile into the duodenum from the gall bladder.
21. _____________________________ The last stretch of large intestine
22. _____________________________ Bumpy structure under the stomach; makes insulin
23. _____________________________ Lies between the two umbilical vessels.

Figure 2: Urinary and Reproductive Systems

Male  Female

Identify the Organs (or structure) on the above diagram:

A.

B.

C.

D.

E.

F.

G.

H.

I.

J.

K.

Identify the organ:

· Urine passes through the _________ to reach the urinary ___________ for storage.

· Urine exits the ________ to the outside through the ____________

· The ______________ is where sperm production takes place.

· The ______________ contain all the developing eggs the female pig will ever have.

· Called a ___________________ in humans, the __________ receives the egg from the ovary at ovulation.

· Fertilized eggs travel from the oviducts into the ______________ for implantation.

 

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MN551-1: Integrate knowledge of advanced physiology and pathophysiology across the lifespan with the clinical implications for the advanced practice nurse.

 

ONLY ADDRESS CASE 1!!!!!

Case Study: Cell Biology and Genetics

 

Below are several case studies. Your instructor will either assign you a case study or have you select one. If all of the case studies have not been covered, your instructor may assign a case study that no one has covered. Be sure to integrate your knowledge of advanced physiology and pathophysiology across the lifespan with the clinical implications for the advanced practice nurse.

 

Case Study Posting Requirements

1.    Make sure all of the topics in the case study have been addressed.

2.    Cite at least three sources; journal articles, textbooks, or evidenced-based websites to support the content.

3.    All sources must be within five years.

4.    Do not use .com, Wikipedia, or up-to-date, etc., for your sources.

 

Case Study 1 Marsha and Clement are both carriers of sickle cell disease, a disease that is autosomal recessive. Their first child, Amelia, does not have the disease. Marsha and Clement are planning another pregnancy, but they are concerned about their second child having the condition. Clement’s dad died from complications of sickle cell disease shortly before Amelia was born. 1.    Draw a Punnett square to determine the likelihood of Marsha and Clement having a baby with sickle cell disease. What is the chance the baby will be a carrier of the disease, just like the parents? 2.    Marsha suggested to the nurse at the local family planning clinic that if the baby were a boy he might have a higher risk for developing the disease, just like his grandfather. If you were this Practitioner, how would you respond? 3.    When Amelia, who does not have sickle cell disease, grows up and marries someone who does have the disease, how likely is it that her children will have the disease?

Case Study 2 Maria is a sedentary, 68-year-old woman who is overweight. She complains that her hands and feet are always cold, and she tires quickly when cleaning the house. At her most recent visit to her doctor, her blood pressure was 184/98 mm Hg. She has edema around her ankles and legs, and her physician is concerned about an echocardiogram that indicates Maria has an enlarged heart. 1.    Identify two reasons why Maria will have tissue ischemia. How might this lead to hypoxia? 2.    What two early and reversible changes occur to tissue cells when they are hypoxic? 3.     What specific type of cellular adaptation has taken place in Maria’s enlarged heart? What made you come to this conclusion? 4.    Predict why Maria’s heart has become enlarged. Why doesn’t this enlargement give her the same cardiac strength and endurance as a well-trained athlete?

Case Study 3 Kevin worked for 10 years at a uranium mine, excavating uranium for a nearby nuclear power plant. Now, 25 years later, he has small cell lung cancer. Kevin is anorexic and has lost a considerable amount of weight. His muscles are wasting, and he is weak. He tries to move around the house throughout the day but tires easily. It has been difficult for him to access care, and the treatment for his cancer is just starting. 1.    With the ongoing exposure to the ionizing radiation, DNA damage occurred. Outline the three stages of carcinogenesis that occurred after his exposure to radiation. 2.    Kevin is normally a fit and active man, and his wife often commented on how much food he used to eat after a day at mine. Why would there be muscle wasting and weight loss now? Explain your answer using your 3.    knowledge of the metabolic changes seen with cancer. 4.     In some cancer patients, muscle weakness may result from the production of onconeural antigens. Describe the effects of these antigens. What form would this process likely take in Kevin’s situation?

Case Study 4 Felicity is a very busy 29-year-old woman in a professional career. She has diabetes mellitus, and is also pregnant for the first time. Due to her busy schedule, it took her three weeks to visit the family doctor to have the pregnancy confirmed. Felicity became very concerned when her physician asked whether she had been taking folic acid. It was all Felicity could do to remember to manage her insulin levels, and taking folic acid supplements was something she hadn’t even considered. Her doctor told her to take 600 μg of folic acid daily and advised Felicity to return later for maternal serum marker testing. 1.    Explain the potential teratogenic effect of folic acid deficiency on the developing fetus. What other risk factor is noteworthy in Felicity’s case? 2.    What is the benefit of maternal serum marker testing? What other test would be particularly useful to monitor the development of Felicity’s baby in this situation?   3.    When is the fetus most vulnerable to the effects of teratogens and why?

Assignment Requirements:

Before finalizing your work, you should:

·         Ensure you have written at least four double-spaced pages.

·         be sure to read the Assignment description carefully (as displayed above);

·         consult the Grading Rubric (under the Course Home) to make sure you have included everything necessary; and

·         utilize spelling and grammar check to minimize errors.

·         follow the conventions of Standard American English (correct grammar, punctuation, etc.);

·         be well ordered, logical, and unified, as well as original and insightful;

·         display superior content, organization, style, and mechanics; and

·         use APA 6th Edition format as outlined in the APA Progression Ladder.

 

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