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For this assignment, conduct research and consider airspace capacity challenges currently facing the aviation industry. You will select one specific topic that is leading to an airspace capacity challenge to address in your paper (e.g. unmanned systems operations, an increase in commercial air traffic, etc.).

Your paper must include:

• The impact of capacity on the current structure of the national airspace
• An evaluation of the FAA’s National Airspace Systems Plan on current air traffic control systems
• An assessment of the impact of equipment capacity on national airspace system availability
• A proposed recommendation to increase the capacity of the national airspace

Your paper must be supported by a minimum of three scholarly references, should be grammatically sound, and free of spelling errors. You must include a properly formatted title page, in-text citations where appropriate, and a reference page formatted according to current APA guidelines. If you have any questions regarding APA requirements, please refer to the current APA manual or ask your instructor.

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Discussion 1-3 EPid ( two pages)

Because it draws from other fields such as biostatistics and social sciences, epidemiology is described as being interdisciplinary. From which aspects of other disciplines do you feel epidemiology borrows? In what ways does epidemiology differ from those disciplines? When responding to your classmates, provide additional connections between epidemiology and other disciplines. Support your response with specific examples.

Response one

Epidemiology and Other Disciplines

Epidemiology is the “study of the distribution and determinants of health and disease, morbidity, injuries, disability, and mortality in populations” (Friis & Sellers, 2014, p. 743).  Epidemiology was first developed to understand causes of certain diseases such as smallpox and polio among humans. It now also includes the study of factors associated with non-transmissible diseases like cancer. It is described as interdisciplinary as it borrows elements from many other disciplines including microbiology and sociology. Epidemiology utilizes microbiology to help understand specific disease agents and modes of transmission. Microbiological techniques are borrowed to help in revealing sources of outbreaks and to determine sources. Sociology is equally important in epidemiology to aid in the study of social conditions and disease processes. Social sciences also assist epidemiologists in providing different methods on sampling such as measurement, questionnaire development, design, and delivery (Friis & Sellers, 2014). “Social factors have become more important precisely because epidemiological and biomedical knowledge has shifted the causes and consequences of disease from fate, accident, and bad luck to factors that are under some human control” (Link, 2008, p. 367).

Epidemiology differs from other disciplines in its perspective on groups or populations rather than individuals. It contrasts diseases and characteristics relative to different time periods, different places or different groups. It also differs from the physical sciences because it does not investigate the biological mechanism leading from exposure to disease. Epidemiologists can identify modifiable conditions that contribute to the health outcome without also identifying the biological mechanism or agent that lead to the outcome. An example of this is the improvements of environmental hygiene that reduced infectious diseases like cholera, that was possible before the identification of the actual bacteria (Ahrens, Krickeberg, & Pigeot, 2005).

Epidemiological studies are crucial to preventing, controlling and eradicating diseases. The research helps us to understand the incidence and prevalence of diseases, the cost of illness, and the burden of disease on society (Friis & Sellers, 2014). I have attached an article that I read about the role of mathematical modeling and prediction in infectious disease epidemiology that I felt was interesting and relevant to our Epidemiology course.

Mathematical modelling and prediction in infectious disease epidemiology

References

Ahrens, W., Krickeberg, K., & Pigeot, I. (2005). An introduction to epidemiology. New York, New York: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

Friis, R. H., & Sellers, T. A. (2014). Epidemiology for Public Health Practice (5th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Link, B. G. (2008). Epidemiological Sociology and the Social Shaping of Population Health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 49(4), 367–384. Retrieved from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/27638766

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READ CAREFULLY !!! YOU MUST watch the videos in order to answer the 4 questions.

You need to listen to video lectures on Line, Shape and Space.  You’ve also need to view the approx. 12 minute video segments on Vija Celmins, Doris Salcedo, and Julie Mehretu.  I will post a LINKS for all the lectures and videos at the bottom. Again you must see them in order to answer the following questions.

Answer the following questions (MINIMUM OF 550 WORDS)

1)  Which artist’s work did you find most interesting?  Why?

2)  How did her work relate to the ideas of Shape or Space in Chapter 4?  Both in technical terms, but also conceptually.

Be specific here by using vocabulary from the textbook.  I’m looking for you to be able to apply the language and concepts from the book to the specific works shown in the videos.  Can you expand on the just the actual presence of shape and space and apply these formal elements to their main concept?  Make sure you cite specific works from the video.

3)  How did her work relate to the ideas of Line in Chapter 3?  Both in technical terms, but also conceptually.

Again, be specific by using the terminology from the textbook.  Also, see if you can push the formal element of line to apply to the main concept of the artist.

4)  Compare your answers to questions 1 – 3 with one of the other two artists.  Did this other artist use Shape, Space, or Line differently?  How?

Make sure you cite specific works from the video.

YOU MUST CITE SPECIFIC WORKS FROM THE VIDEO ONLY or the book !

LINKS:

1. Line,shape,space

https://us-lti.bbcollab.com/collab/ui/session/playback

https://us-lti.bbcollab.com/collab/ui/session/playback

2. Vija

https://art21.org/artist/vija-celmins/

3.Doris

https://art21.org/watch/art-in-the-twenty-first-century/s5/doris-salcedo-in-compassion-segment/

4. Julie

https://art21.org/watch/art-in-the-twenty-first-century/s5/julie-mehretu-in-systems-segment/

5.

I attached the TEXTBOOK from where you can see chapter 3 and 4 so you can answer the questions.

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Response one

Toy Factory Cohort Study

If I were the state epidemiologist and I suspected that smoke from the local toy factory was connected to adverse health outcomes among the town’s residents I would conduct a retrospective cohort study to further investigate this concern. Retrospective cohort studies are used when participants already have a known disease or outcome and the residents of the town are suspected of having adverse outcomes or disease. This type of study can look back into the past to determine why participants have the disease and when they have been exposed. The concern of the towns residents is that smoke from the toy factory is causing adverse health outcomes among the town’s residents. In order to conduct this type of study I would use historical data to identify members of the population who have been exposed (or not exposed) to smoke from the local toy factory. These members would be assembled for me to study. Data on relevant events for each resident such as the exposure, the latent period, and the time of any subsequent occurrence of the outcome are collected from existing records and can be analyzed immediately to determine the relative risk of the cohort compared to the control group. This type of cohort study has many advantages as it requires less time to complete, are less expensive and are better for analyzing multiple data. Retrospective studies do have certain limitations as researchers must rely on others for accurate record keeping as they cannot control exposure or outcome assessment. Another cause for concern is significant biases may affect the selection of controls because some key statistics cannot be measured (Friis & Sellers, 2014).

One of the first recognized retrospective cohort studies was Lane-Claypon’s 1926 study of breast cancer risk factors, titled “A further Report on Cancer of the Breast, With Special Reference to its Associated Antecedent Conditions.” This study contained the first published epidemiologic questionnaire. Data abstracted from the published contingency tables included age at menarche, age at menopause, parity, age at marriage, and duration of lactation for each childbirth. This study provided the first epidemiological evidence that low fertility increases breast cancer risk. Lane-Clayton’s study is an excellent example of how one investigator’s work can help develop a field of scientific inquiry (Press & Pharoah, 2010).

References

Friis, R. H., & Sellers, T. A. (2014). Epidemiology for Public Health Practice (5th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Press, D. J., & Pharoah, P. (2010). Risk Factors for Breast Cancer: A Reanalysis of Two Case-control Studies From 1926 and 1931. Epidemiology, 21(4), 566–572. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/25680588

Response two.

As state epidemiologist with a town that has suspicion smoke from the local toy factory was connected to adverse health outcomes among the town’s residents’ I would set up an ambispective cohort study. This design would include retrospective features (historical data) to determine baseline exposure, and prospective features to determine disease developed in the future. A benefit of using historical data is that it is already available this can cut years off the amount of time it will take to conduct the research for the study. Follow-up studies can be conducted to complete gathering of current information of the entire cohort (residents of the town) being studied. In this case the residents of the town. Expense for this type of study is of consideration (Friis & Stellers, 2014). Ideally much of the research and analysis would be able to be done in house, keeping the expense down. A limitation of the study would be residents that have moved away and newer residents. Parameters would need to be identified for inclusion to the cohort based on length of residency. Our community has a lot of seasonal residents, this population should be identified to see if intermittent exposure has any effect on the health outcomes.

There would be immediate concerns from the town residents. These would need to be addressed at the same time. Air quality testing and emissions checks could be tested at the toy factory. Experts would need to be consulted to determine if there were any immediate concerns on a day to day basis. Public relations would need to work closely with the lead for the research. Residents would need to be reassured everything that could be done to maintain their health was being done and to determine if there were any concerns with long term exposure.

Ancona, Badaloni, Mataloni, Bolignano, Bucci, Cesaroni, Forastiere, (2015), conducted a similar study in Rome, Italy. In 2001, they decided to look into the possible health effects the incinerator that had been operating since the 1960’s may have had on the suburb of Rome. They conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study. A Lagrangian dispersion model was utilized to determine the exposure assessment. They examined mortality data and hospital records for admissions and followed the cohort until 2010. They were able to determine that exposure from the incinerator was associated with pancreatic cancer mortality in males and females (HR 1.40 95 percent CI 1.03 – 1.90 in med, HR 1.47 95 percent CI 1.12 – 1.93 in women) and breast mortality in women (HR 1.13 95 percent CI 1.00 – 1.27).

References

Ancona, C., Badaloni, C., Mataloni, F., Bolignano, A., Bucci, S., Cesaroni, G., … Forastiere, F.   (2015). Mortality and morbidity in a population exposed to multiple sources of air pollution: A retrospective cohort study using air dispersion models. Environmental     Research, 137, 467–474. https://doi-org.ezproxy.snhu.edu/10.1016/j.envres.2014.10.036

Friis, R. H., Sellers, T. A. (2014). Epidemiology for Public Health Practice. Burlington, MA:       Jones & Bartlett Learning.

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