Intro To Epidemiology

Assignment 4.1 Applying the Bradford Hill Criteria

Instructions:

Attached to this assignment, you will find the articles and instructions necessary to complete Assignment 4.1 Applying the Bradford Hill Criteria.

First, you will read the short article about GMOs found at The Generic Literacy Project. (Links to an external site.)This article serves as your example of how to apply the Bradford Hill criteria. As you read, think about how the Bradford Hill criteria were applied to formulate this stance about GMOs. Consider the factors that were identified about GMOs to represent each of the Bradford Hill criteria and, subsequently, form an opinion.

Second, you will read the attached article about a proposed link between French fries and breast cancer. You will then note how the Bradford Hill criteria apply to that article and decide if causation is present based on your application of the Bradford Hill criteria. To complete the assignment, list each of the nine Bradford Hill criteria in a Word document, using the class lecture slides to remind you of the criteria. Next to each one of the criteria, write what you find in the article which corresponds to that criterion–that is, supporting or refuting evidence for each criterion. You may not find evidence for all nine criteria. That is ok. Be sure that you report evidence for at least five of the criteria. After you have noted supporting or refuting evidence for at least five criteria, write a brief summary paragraph stating your conclusion about whether there is a causal link between french fries and breast cancer and why you believe there is or is not based on your application of the Bradford Hill criteria.

Third, you will read the attached article about HPV and cervical cancer. You will apply the Bradford Hill criteria to that article, noting supporting or refuting evidence for each one of the criteria as you did for the previous article. Just as you did before, after noting supporting or refuting evidence for at least five of the Bradford Hill criteria, you will write a brief summary paragraph stating your conclusion about whether there is a causal link between HPV and cervical cancer and why there is or is not based on your application of the Bradford Hill criteria.

Submission Instructions:

Submit your assignment as a Word document

Attachments

 
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SOCW 6070-Week 3 Discussion 1 Responses

SOCW 6070-week 3 discussion 1 responses

Respond to at least two colleagues separately by addressing an example in each colleague’s post in at least one of the following ways:

Suggest a strategy for addressing a situation that your colleague described in one of his or her examples.

Offer additional thoughts regarding the impact of the interaction described in the example.

Peer 1 Discussion to respond to

Jasmine Dixon 

RE: Discussion 1 – Week 3

Top of Form

Personal Leadership Philosophy and Style

Individual attributes that have an impact on leadership skills and knowledge: general cognitive ability, crystallized cognitive ability, motivation, and personality. These attributes play important roles in the skills model. Complex problem solving is a very difficult process and becomes more difficult as people move up in the organization. These attributes support people as they apply their leadership competencies. A social worker administrator personal leadership and style may influence the environment of the organization, well as how efficient the organization will operate. With an administrator who has positive leadership philosophy and style the organization can benefit in a positive way to achieve their goals. However, an administrator with a negative style and philosophy might have a negative influence and therefore experience internal issues within the organization amongst staff, therefore making it difficult to achieve their goals (Northouse, 2021).

Influence of Organization’s Culture

Internal environmental influences affecting leadership performance can include such factors as technology, facilities, expertise of subordinates, and communication. For example, an aging factory or one lacking in high-speed technology could have a major impact on the nature of problem-solving activities. Another example might be the skill levels of followers: If a leader’s followers are highly competent, they will definitely improve the group’s problem solving and performance. Similarly, if a task is particularly complex or a group’s communication poor, the leader’s performance will be affected (Northouse, 2021). All of the factors listed could be potential factors that are needed for the administrator to function properly in their roles.

Interactions with Stakeholders

A stakeholder model of organizational leadership presumes that leadership emerges from and influences those stakeholders in an organization’s environment on which it is dependent (e.g., donors) or with which it is significantly interdependent (like those it collaborates with in service delivery) Such authority is used to encourage, facilitate, and guide process, rather than to direct action that is aimed at specific outcomes (Lauffer, 2011).

Positive interaction with stakeholders is needed in order for the organization to properly serve their clients. This can include effectively communicating in order to address the needs and the concerns of their clients. These interactions can determine what polices are revised or created in order to better serve them. If the interactions are negative due to lack of competency, training, or power understanding the goal of the organization could be at risk. As a leader or someone in management this is an important factor.

References

Lauffer, A. (2011). Understanding your social agency (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Sage.

Northouse, P. G. (2021). Introduction to leadership: Concepts and practice (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Sage.

Peer 2 discussion to respond too

Emily Heare 

RE: Discussion 1 – Week 3

Top of Form

Leadership Philosophy and Style Influencing Organization’s Culture

A social work administrator’s leadership philosophy and styles influence the human services organization’s culture based on the administrator’s personal experience in leadership, how they interact with organization staff, and the organization’s atmosphere. The administrator can have one of two leadership philosophies; Theory X and Theory Y (Northouse, 2021). Theory X believes that people dislike having to work and will get out of work whenever possible. The idea that people have to be controlled and given directives is a part of Theory X. Theory Y is the opposite of Theory X. Theory Y believes that people do not like or dislike work, but instead, they work naturally. Theory Y also believes that if people are committed and valued, they will show more responsibility and commitment (Northouse, 2021).

If a social work administrator’s leadership philosophy is in line with Theory X, they are more likely to have an authoritarian leadership style (Northouse, 2021). Authoritarian leaders need to be in control, and in some situations, micromanage, similar to task style (Northouse, 2021). The organization’s culture may be stressful or uptight as a result. If the leadership philosophy is like Theory Y, then the leader will be more apt to have a democratic leadership style (Northhouse, 2021). Democratic leaders work with their employees, which is a more relationship style (Northouse, 2021). As a result of this philosophy, the organizations’ culture may be more relaxed and less stressed.

Organization’s Culture Influencing Personal Leadership Style 

An organization’s culture can also influence personal leadership styles. If an organization’s culture is relaxed and staff members take responsibility for themselves, then a personal leadership style of laissez-faire style may develop (Northouse, 2021). There could be an organization that has an authoritarian style atmosphere. Depending on the person, that style may not be a good fit, resulting in identifying and preferring a more democratic manner.

Stakeholder Interactions Impacting Oganization’s Treatment of Clients

Stakeholders can be various groups; organization boards, community groups, volunteers, or charitable donors. Depending on how interactions go with each stakeholder can determine the organization’s treatment of clients. For example, if a stakeholder group favors cutting services to save money, then the treatment of clients will decline. However, if a stakeholder group wants to expand the organization, then the clients will benefit. The impact is determined by the intentions of the stakeholder’s interactions.

Reference

Northouse, P.G. (2021). Introduction to leadership: Concepts and practice (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Sage.

Bottom of Form

 
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MGT164: Journal Entry For Class 2

How to write a good journal entry:

1. Read the assigned materials

2. In your journal, answer the questions by referring to the materials in your own words

3. Tie the journal topics to either your personal opinion/experience, examples from other business, and/or examples from class

4.Make sure you have read and understood the material, along with making connections to the reading

**Please make sure to check your submission for accidental plagiarism.*** Carefully review the document: Anti-Plagiarism Guidelines – Use Citations and quotes for text quoted from web or other sources — 

Requirements of Journal Entry for Class 2 (500 words):Read all the materials i posted below and answer the questions

1. “Case: Apple Inc in 2020” — Historically, what have been some of Apple’s competitive advantages that help it create value? Describe 2 of them. What is Apple’s value proposition?

2. “Becoming the Boss” talks about learning how to lead for the first time. It names five misconceptions of first-time managers. Which ones surprised you the most? Why? (Note that we are looking for your point of view here; there is not a single correct answer.)

Class 2 Readings:

1. Case: Apple Inc. in 2020 (reader)

2. “Becoming the Boss” (reader)

3. How To: Business Model Canvas Explained (http://bit.ly/36jxu3w (Links to an external site.))

4.“Purpose of a Corporation” (one-page pdf in Module 2 on canvas)

David B. Yoffie and Eric Baldwin, “Apple Inc. in 2018,” Harvard Business Review, Harvard Business School Publishing, Product No. 9-718-439, May 4, 2018, pp. 1-30.

Linda Hill, “Becoming the Boss,” Harvard Business Review, Harvard Business School Publishing, Product No. R0701D, January 2007, pp. 1-11.

 
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Socw 6500 Discussion 1

In this Discussion, you apply ethical decision making to a true-to-life scenario in social work practice. This activity takes place in the Discussion Board, but you do not need to respond to your peers. This Discussion works as follows:

  • You must post your initial Day 3 response before you are able to see the responses of your colleagues.
  • Your online classroom Instructor will post a general response that applies to the breadth of the responses (i.e., responses this week will not be individualized).
  • Then, for the Day 6 response, follow the instructions below. Again, your online classroom Instructor will post a general response that applies to the breadth of the responses (i.e., responses this week will not be individualized).

The goal of this activity is to simulate how a change in circumstance or information can affect your ethical decision-making process—and in that way mirror common situations in actual practice.

To Prepare

  • Read Chapter 12 in the course text.
  • Review the NASW Code of Ethics.
  • Review the Ethical Decision-Making Tree.
  • Review the scenarios below and choose one to respond to for this Discussion.

Scenario 1

You are in the first weeks of your internship, and you hear the employees discussing a client in the hallway. They are using terms like “junkie,” “loser,” and “hopeless.” How do you handle this situation?

Scenario 2

You are terminating with a client, and the client asks if they can take a picture of the two of you together to post on their social media page. They want to say how great you were. What are some considerations before responding to their request?

Scenario 3

You are doing an intake on a new client, and they tell you that they recognize you from your church. You do not know “specifically” who they are—but they do seem familiar. How do you respond to this?

By Day 3

  • Within the context of your agency, explain what your first choice of action would be based on the scenario you chose, and explain why you made that choice. Support your answer using the NASW Code of Ethics and your agency policy when applicable.
    Note: Be sure to indicate which scenario you chose in the title of your response.
  • Your Instructor will then post an evaluation of the scenario in general terms and how to think critically about it.

For this Discussion, you post your response first before your colleagues’ responses show. Follow the directions below for posting your response.

By Day 6

  • Imagine that each scenario has changed in the following way:

Scenario 1

You overhear the colleagues share that the client stated he wanted to “die,” and if he didn’t get admitted, he would “kill himself.” One of the colleagues stated, “He always says that—he’s never going to go through with it. Just ignore him.”

Scenario 2

After talking with your field Instructor, who has told you “no,” you find out that the client has already snuck a picture of the two of you and has posted it on their social media page.

Scenario 3

After talking with your supervisor, and addressing your conflict with the client, they still want to proceed with you as their social worker. During the session, the client admits that they have been having an affair with the pastor, and they have been stealing from the offering tray.

  • Respond by explaining what your next steps would be in the situation, and explain why you chose those steps.
 
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WEEK $ CLASSIC LOGIC FOR MANASE

1) 8.2 statement A6

Using the truth-table definitions of the dot, the wedge, and the curl, determine if the following statement is true:

London is the capital of England V ~ London is the capital of England

2) 8.2 statement B6

If AB, and are true statements and XY, and are false statements, is the following true?

(B • C) V (Y • Z)

3) 8.2, statement C6

Using the letters EIJL, and to abbreviate the simple statements,

“Egypt’s food shortage worsens,” “Iran raises the price of oil,” “Jordan requests more U.S. aid,” “Libya raises the price of oil,” and “Saudi Arabia buys five hundred more warplanes,” symbolize the statement

Iran or Libya raises the price of oil but they do not both do so.

4) Exercise 8.3, statement A7

This is an exercise on page 308.

If AB, and are true statements and XY, and are false statements, determine if the following is true, using the truth tables for the horseshoe, the dot, the wedge, and the curl.

(A כּ B) כּ C

5) Exercise 8.3, statement B2

This is also on page 308.

B. Symbolize the following, using capital letters to abbreviate the simple statement involved.

2. If Argentina mobilizes, then either Brazil will protest to the UN or Chile will call for a meeting of all the Latin American states.

6) Exercise 8.4, Group A, argument a

This one is in page 313.

You have to read both Group A and Group B, to do this one.

The directions, given in page 312, say:

Here follow a group of arguments (Group A, lettered a–o) and a group of argument forms (Group B, numbered 1–24).

Just do the following:

For the given argument (in Group A), indicate which of the argument forms (in Group B), if any, is the specific form of that argument.

This one (the given argument that you have to work with) is

A • B

Therefore, A

7) Exercise 8.7, argument 2

Just do B 2, given in page 322.

Use truth tables to determine the validity or invalidity of the following argument:

#2 is given as

(C V D) כּ (C • D)

C • D

Therefore, C V D

8) Exercise 8.8, statement A1

This is in page 328.

For the statement in the left-hand column, indicate which, if any, of the statement forms in the right-hand column have the given statement as a substitution instance, and indicate which, if any,\ is the specific form of the given statement.

Just indicate which one the specific form of the given statement.

You can do that by looking!

The given statement is A V B.

9) Exercise 8.8, statement B3

Use truth tables to characterize the following statement form as tautologous, self-contradictory, or contingent.

(p • q) • (p כּ ~ q)

10) Exercise 8.8, bi-conditional C2

In this case, you have to provide a truth-table.

This is an exercise from page 329.

(p כּ q) ≡ (~p כּ ~ q)

The directions say:

Use truth table to decide if the bi-conditional is a Tautology.

 
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MN551 Advanced Pathophysiology Across The Lifespan Unit10 Quiz (All Correct)

Question 3.                       

A female patient is suspected of having psoriasis. Which of the following aspects of the woman’s history and her care provider’s assessment would be potential contributors to her health problem?

The woman takes an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor for the treatment of hypertension.

She has been diagnosed with arthritis.

The woman has a family history of diabetes.

Skin trauma of any kind often precedes an outbreak.

The woman has dark skin.

Question 5.                       

Which of the following pathophysiologic phenomena would be most indicative of ankylosing spondylitis?

Loss of motion in the spinal column and eventual kyphosis

A progressive loss of range of motion in knee and hip joints

A facial “butterfly rash” and multiorgan involvement

Decreased bone density in long bones

Question 10.                    

The father of an 18-month-old girl noticed a small vesicle on her face several days ago. The lesion ruptured and left a straw-colored crust that remained on the girl’s face. The eruption of new vesicles has prompted him to bring the child to the emergency department. Which of the following treatments for the child’s skin problem is most likely?

A topical antifungal ointment

An oral corticosteroid

An antiviral ointment

A topical antibiotic

 

Question 16.                    

Which of the following statements best conveys an aspect of the process of keratinization?

Keratin cells synthesized in the dermis migrate to the surface over 20 to 30 days.

Mitosis that begins with the cells of the stratum granulosum results in a continual supply of new keratinocytes.

The stratum germinativum continuously produces new keratinocytes to replace losses.

The basal cells of the epidermis migrate to the skin surface at a rate that matches superficial losses of skin cells.

 

Question 19.                    

A 35-year-old woman who has been in recovery from alcoholism for 2 years presents at her primary care nurse practitioner’s office with chronic hip pain. She reports that as part of her commitment to her recovery, she began exercising regularly about a year earlier. After a month or two, her hip began to hurt when she ran on the treadmill. She stretches, has had a physical trainer check her form to ensure that it is correct, and rests adequately between each workout. Six months ago the pain began awakening her at night, and now it is constant. She is not aware of any injury to her hip and has no other outward symptoms. Which of the following is most likely to be the cause of her pain?

Hematogenous osteomyelitis

Osteomyelitis with vascular insufficiency

Tuberculosis of the bone

Osteonecrosis

 

Question 22.                    

Clinical investigation of a 40-year-old female patient with diverse dermatologic signs and symptoms has focused on the woman’s basement membrane. Which of the following skin functions would a clinician most likely attribute to a region of the integument other than the basement membrane?

Lack of sensory nerve impulse conduction

Formation of blisters on various skin surfaces

Lack of adhesion between the dermis and epidermis

Large immunoglobulin deposits

Question 29.                   

An 80-year-old female with a diagnosis of osteoporosis receives daily supplements of calcitonin in the form of a nasal spray that she instills each morning. Which of the following phenomena would her care providers expect to result from her supplementation?

Decreased serum calcium levels

Increased bone resorption

Acceleration of osteoclast action

Increased bone formation

Question 30.                    

A 41-year-old woman has been diagnosed as having a loose body of cartilage in her left knee. What data would be most likely to lead clinicians to this conclusion?

A visible hematoma is present on the anterior portion of the knee.

The woman experiences intermittent, painful locking of her joint.

Computed tomography indicates a complete tear of her knee ligament.

An X-ray shows that her femoral head and tibia are no longer articulated.

 
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Child And Family Development Forum And Responses

Forum 4: Tolerance and Children

As children grow up, they are often exposed to and taught about the implications of tolerance across a broad range of social dynamics.  Using a child development theory of your choice, explain the advantages and disadvantages of promoting social tolerance among children under the age of 10.  In your initial post, you must present a balanced argument for both positions (for example, you cannot favor advantages over disadvantages or visa versa).
The purpose of this assignment is to investigate how social perceptions and influences affect developing children.

400 Level Forum Grading Rubric

 

Possible points Student points
Met initial post deadline (Wednesday)  10  
Initial post is substantive  10  
Initial post is at least 400 words  10  
Initial post employs at least two citations; one can be text; other must be from an academic source  10  
     
First response to classmate posted by Sunday  10  
First response is at least 200 words  10  
First response employs at least 2 citations; one can be text; other must be from an academic source  10  
     
Second response to classmate posted by Sunday  10  
Second response is at least 150 words  10  
Second response employs at least 2 citations; one can be text; other must be from an academic source  10  
     
   100  

 

respond to this forum:

 Tolerance and Children

Patricia Berry (Jul 26, 2016 12:03 PM) – Read by: 3Mark as ReadReply to This MessageReply

 

Last Edited By Patricia Berry on Jul 26, 2016 11:03 AM

Children learn from interaction with others, and child-rearing techniques affect child development. The authoritative style is warm, consistent, and grants gradual autonomy. The authoritarian, often harsh, overbearing and grants no autonomy to the child. Permissive is warm, but makes no demands and is inconsistent. Uninvolved parenting lacks involvement or interest in the child at any stage of development. Depending upon the style of parenting, a child may or may not adjust well to outside influences. That being said I chose the Ecological Systems Theory or bioecological theory, (Bronfenbrenner) which centers on a child’s environment, interrelationships, and biology that shape a child’s development, and the environment affects the child and the child affects the environment (Berk, 2012, p. 27). The theory contains five systems, defined as:

  • The microsystem concerns relations between the child and the immediate environment;
  • The mesosystem, connections among immediate settings;
  • The exosystem, social settings that affect but do not contain the child;
  • The macrosystem, the values, laws, customs, and resources of the culture that affect activities and interactions at all inner layers;
  • The chronosystem refers to the dynamic, ever-changing nature of the person’s environment (Berk, 2012, p. 27).

In my opinion, the two (most) important of the systems are the exosystem and mesosystem, the child is exposed to both formal groups (school, church, childcare center) and informal (the social systems of friends, neighbors and relatives) which also affects the parent and child relationship (Berk, 2012, p. 571). The macrosystem and chronosystem reflects challenges in today’s up-side-down world. The basic system or microsystem is the anchor of a child’s learning, attitude, and how they initially begin to form opinions, especially in respect to social tolerance.

Advantage: Based upon the model of the Ecological Systems Theory, we assume that social tolerance and attitude, begins at home and therefore connects to outer-reaching elements. The model, if true, reflects (assumed positive experiences) going in line with what most school systems teach. If family members model positive social interaction and tolerance, the child is more likely to exhibit the same attitudes and understanding in public places. Children Live What They Learn (Canfield & Wells 1976).

The disadvantage of ‘teaching’ social tolerance to children under age 10 is in not recognizing that a child is/might be ill prepared to learn (at the pace desired by the school). If a child’s home environment is a cold or negative place, we see poor interaction that is (usually) mirrored outside the home. Within the model, I see it as an assumption that all children learn positivity at the same pace, thereby are prepared to learn tolerance accordingly.  A child, due to adverse conditions at home or neighborhood, may not be ready for changes, such as learning the school version of tolerance of others outside the immediate family (Huitt & Dawson, 2012). Having a negative influence at home and in the neighborhood can leave a child at a severe disadvantage, especially in learning to and becoming tolerant.  Lastly, as religion (being all but criminalized) in public schools, a child learning religious based tolerance at home faces a dilemma in school. Therefore, total and all-inclusive tolerance is incompatible across the model of the Ecological Systems Theory.

 

Berk, L. E.  (2012). Child Development, 9th Edition. Pearson Education.

Canfield, J. & Wells, H. C. (1976). 100 ways to enhance self-concept in the classroom: A handbook for teachers and patents. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

Huitt, W. & Dawson, C. (2011, April). Social development: Why it is important and how to impact it. Educational Psychology Interactive. Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University. Retrieved from http://www.edpsycinteractive.org/papers/socdev.pdf.

 
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Part 6: UNESCO Workshop (Presentation)

Part 6: UNESCO Workshop (Presentation)

Now, you will bring together the research you have completed during the duration of this course. Your final deliverable for this project with be a multimedia presentation of the previous responses using effective presentation skills and for your UNESCO audience. Your presentation should:

  1. Present a well-organized and engaging summary of your work in the form of a narrated recorded presentation in PPT or another format.
  2. Contain at least ten slides, including an introduction a conclusion.
  3. Include engaging visuals that complement the content and are mindful of the audience.
  4. Be between 15 and 20 minutes long. You may use PowerPoint to narrate your presentation or use a screen casting software to make a video. There are some resources to help you with this below.
  5. Include a written transcript of what you say in your presentation.
  6. Include citations for your sources using MLA style.
  7. Show evidence that you have edited and proofed each slide and your transcript for standard use of English and thought about the use of Standard English in your narration.

Resources to help you with the project:

Due Date for Part 6: Wednesday 6pm

https://en.unesco.org/themes/learning-live-together

 
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SOCW 6060 Week 9 Assignment-Application Of The Problem Solving Model

the case of  Tiffani Bradley

PowerPoint presentation that addresses the following:

  • Identify the theoretical orientation you have selected to use.
  • Describe how you would assess the problem orientation of the client in your selected case study (i.e., how the client perceives the problem). Remember to keep the theoretical orientation in mind in this assessment stage.
  • Discuss the problem definition and formulation based on the theoretical orientation you have selected.
  • Identify and describe two solutions from all the solutions possible. Remember, some of these solutions should stem from the theoretical orientation you are utilizing.
  • Describe how you would implement the solution. Remember to keep the theoretical orientation in mind.
  • Describe the extent to which the client is able to mobilize the solutions for change.
  • Discuss how you would evaluate whether the outcome is achieved or not. Remember to keep the theoretical orientation in mind.
  • Evaluate how well the problem-solving model can be used for short-term treatment of this client.
  • Evaluate one merit and one limitation of using the problem-solving model for this case.

Your 11- to 12-slide PowerPoint presentation should follow these guidelines:

  • Each slide should be written using bullet points, meaning no long paragraphs of written text should be in the slides.
  • Include a brief narration for each slide (i.e., the narration takes the place of any written paragraphs, while the bullet points provide context and cues for the audience to follow along).
 
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HITECH Act And HIPAA Sanctions

Navigate to the Breach Portal on the Office for Civil Rights website and review the list of breaches of unsecured protected health information.

Analyze the data by creating graphs or charts that illustrate the following:

  • The states where the breaches occurred
  • The covered entity types
  • The number of individuals affected in each breach
  • The month and year when the breaches where reported
  • The type of breach
  • The location of breached information

Evaluate the graphs or charts.

Look for trends and extract any information that can be useful for compliance within the organization.

Write a 1-page summary of your findings. Include your charts or graphs in your summary.

Cite 1 reputable references to support your assignment (e.g., trade or industry publications, government or agency websites, scholarly works, or other sources of similar quality).

 
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