Discussion Critique Classmates. Short And Easy. DUE TONIGHT (4 Hours!!!)
Classmate Discussion Entries (Pick TWO and respond or critique)
ONE:
We have to be able to breathe in order to live. Every cell in your body needs oxygen. The respiratory system works together to help you breathe. It moves fresh air (o2) into the body and gets waste gases (CO2) out of the body. This exchange of gases takes place in the lungs. Volume changes cause gas pressure changes in the thoracic cavity. These movements of air are from Boyle’s Law. Today I will explain these processes and how it relates to Boyle’s Law. I will also talk about how asthma is related.
Air flows from a high pressure to a low pressure along the pressure gradient. The pressure inside the lungs is called intrapulmonary pressure. The pressure here is higher than the pressure in the pleural cavity called intrapleural pressure. It is the difference that keeps the lungs inflated. If it were equal, the lungs would deflate which would not be good. Unlike intrapulmonary pressure and intrapleural pressure, atmospheric pressure is a set value of 760mmHg at sea level. It does not change while you breathe.
Boyle’s Law states that at constant temperature, the pressure of a gas decreases if the volume of the container increases and vice versa. So, volume and pressure are inversely related. Air does not move if the pressure is equal. During inhalation of normal breathing (quiet breathing), the diaphragm contracts and becomes flat. The external intercostal muscles contract, ribs are pushed outwards and upwards and the sternum is lifted up. The intrapulmonary area enlarges and intrapulmonary pressure reduces compared to atmospheric pressure. It decreases from 760mmHg to 759mmHg which will make air come into the lungs. During exhalation, it does the opposite. The diaphragm relaxes and becomes dome- shaped and there is relaxation of external intercostal muscles. The ribs and sternum are pulled in. Intrapulmonary area decreases and lungs show elastic recoil. When intrapulmonary pressure is 761mmHg, air goes out of the lungs.
If anything in the process of Boyle’s Law is affected or not just right, then asthma can develop. Asthma is an inflammatory lung disease that is marked by bronchoconstriction. The airways are narrow or even obstructed. Extra mucus is produced, making breathing nearly impossible. Allergens such as pollen can trigger symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, tightness in chest and shortness of breath. Other triggers can be cold air, cigarette smoke or physical activity. The list goes on and on and varies from one person to another. Some cases of asthma are so serious that a person would need to carry around an inhaler with them at all times. Life or death kind of a thing. Inhalers can reduce the inflammation. Another treatment option may include bronchodilators that open up the airway. Asthma can be controlled. Some young children with mild cases of asthma have even “grown out of” asthma symptoms.
In conclusion, you can see how important and complex the respiratory system is. Our whole body needs oxygen. It is essential for the brain, nerves, internal organs and glands. Without oxygen we would die within a few minutes. We take for granted that we can just breathe without even thinking about it. Yet, when one’s breathing becomes restricted, we are quickly reminded of the importance of this automatic process.
TWO:
Even though we do not think about breathing or even realize we are doing it, it is a process that has many different components to it. I will be explaining the mechanics of breathing. For example, the relationship between intrapulmonary pressure, atmospheric pressure, and air flow during normal inspiration and expiration. Also, I will be relating this to Boyle’s law and asthma.
Intrapulmonary pressure changes with breathing. It can be higher, lower, or equal to atmospheric pressure and is equal to atmospheric pressure at the end of inspiration and expiration. On the other hand, atmospheric pressure is the force per unit area exerted against a surface by the weight of the air above that surface. Finally, air flow is the measurement of the amount of air that flows through a particular device.
Quiet breathing is also known as normal breathing. This is the type of breathing we do when our heart rate is normal. During inhalation in quiet breathing, the diaphragm contracts and becomes flat. Next, the external intercostal muscles contract. After that, the ribs are pushed out and up. Next, the sternum is lifted up. Also, the intrapulmonary area enlarges and the pressure reduces compared to atmospheric pressure. The pressure is 759 mmHG inside the lungs. For exhalation in quiet breathing, first, the diaphragm relaxes. Next, the external intercostals relax. After that, the lungs show elastic recoil and the intrapulmonary area decreases. After that, the intrapulmonary pressure is 761 mmHG. Finally, the air goes out of the lungs to the outside.
The relationship between intrapulmonary pressure, atmospheric pressure, and air flow during normal inspiration and expiration refer to Boyle’s law. The body follows the same relationship as Boyle’s law. Boyle’s law states that pressure decreases as volume increases, and pressure increases as volume decreases. This is an inverse relationship that moves down the pressure gradient. Boyle’s law creates the pump, which is the vacuum activity that allows us to breathe. Also, Boyle’s law is active in inhalation. The intrapulmonary pressure reduces to 759 mmHG inside the lungs due to Boyle’s law. Also, in exhalation, the intrapulmonary pressure is 761 mmHG. It goes from high to low pressure due to Boyle’s law.
Asthma is a chronic lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. This means that airways are contracted or obstructed, which makes respiration difficult. Asthma can flare up in allergies. Some of the effects are wheezing, a tight chest, shortness of breath, and coughing that usually occurs at night or in the morning. A person may also have mucus, which could cause cell damage. Asthma results in bronchoconstriction, which means there is not enough air coming inside the body. Although asthma is a serious condition, a person can still live with it. People use inhalers, take medicine, and take inhaled corticosteroids to lessen the severity of asthma.
Breathing is very important in everyone’s lives. If we are not breathing, we are not alive. It is crucial that the intrapulmonary pressure, atmospheric pressure, and air flow during normal inspiration and expiration work together so that the respiratory system will function properly. It is also important that our airways stay clear because the body depends on oxygen. If the respiratory system is not working, our whole body is lacking oxygen.
THREE:
In Martini’s Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology intrapulmonary pressure is described as the pressure inside the respiratory tract at the alveoli. This pressure rises and falls with the phases of breathing. Atmospheric pressure is described as the weight of Earth’s atmosphere compressing our bodies and everything around us (pg. 830,833). The relationship between intrapulmonary pressure and atmospheric pressure regulates the direction of airflow. The airflow is different during normal inhalation and exhalation. Inhalation is air flowing into the lungs and exhalation is gas leaving the lungs. Both of these are two phases involved in respiration. Respiration is described as the process of gas exchange between the atmosphere and cells. “During inhalation the atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg., the lungs expand and the intrapulmonary pressure drops to 759 mm Hg. During exhalation the lungs recoil and intrapulmonary pressure is raised to 761 mm Hg. So intrapulmonary pressure is written as -1 or +1, these pressures describe the small difference between atmospheric and intrapulmonary pressure, when breathing is relaxed and quiet”(Martini, pg.833).
Quiet breathing (eupnea) is the contraction of the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles during inhalation. Exhalation is the relaxing of these muscles and is done without thinking. Forced breathing (hyperpnea), is a type of breathing that is active and occurs during activities, such as exercising or singing. Forced breathing differs from quiet breathing because; during forced breathing the contraction of the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles occur during both inhalation and exhalation. During forced inhalation muscles contract and raise the thoracic wall causing an increase in lung volume. During forced expiration muscles contract pushing organs up against the diaphragm, allowing more air to be pushed while reducing the volume of the thoracic cavity.
Boyle’s law, describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of gas. “For a gas in a closed container and at a constant temperature, pressure (P) is inversely proportional to volume (V). That is, if you decrease the volume of a gas, its pressure will rise. If you increase the volume of a gas, its pressure will fall. The relationship between pressure and volume is reciprocal, this relationship P= 1/V, is called Boyle’s law it was named after Robert Boyle a chemist who recognized it in the 1600’s” (Martini pg. 831). This law is describing what happens during inhalation and exhalation. When we inhale our lungs expand and fill up with oxygen, our diaphragm pulls down lowering the pressure inside our chest cavity. The heavier air outside the body is pushed into the lungs and takes up space created by lower pressure. When we exhale our lungs contract, causing the diaphragm to contract and create more pressure inside the body than outside. The air is then forced out of our body, because of the opposite relationship of pressure and volume in Boyle’s Law, the pump- vacuum movement is created allowing us to breathe.
What is Asthma?
Asthma is a long-term chronic lung disease that causes inflamed and narrowed airways. Some of the signs and symptoms of asthma include; coughing (often worse in the morning or at night), Wheezing (a whistling or squeaky sound when you breath), chest tightness and shortness of breathe. Some triggers to these asthma symptoms include, but are not limited to; allergens from dust mites, physical activity, upper respiratory infections, cigarette smoke and sulfites in foods and drinks. The cause of asthma is unknown but may be genetic, there is no cure for asthma but there are medications and treatments available. Asthma is treated with two types of medications, long-term control and quick-relief. Long-term medicines help decrease inflammation in the airways and prevent symptoms, these medications are often pills that have to be taken daily. Quick-relief or “rescue” medicines temporarily relieve symptoms, these medications are often inhalers.
Asthma relates to this topics discussed above because, this disease attacks the lungs and limits the airflow to them. The lungs are a vital piece in the respiratory system and allow oxygen inside and carbon dioxide out. With asthma breathing is affected in a negative way and makes everyday activities complicated. Asthma and other diseases like it, place restrictions on our breathing and on our life. It is important that we keep our respiratory organs healthy in order to have good breathing.
Do you need a similar assignment done for you from scratch? Order now!
Use Discount Code "Newclient" for a 15% Discount!
