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AIRMAN LEADERSHIP SCHOOL STUDENT GUIDE

PART I COVER SHEET

LESSON TITLE: EA02, JOINT ORGANIZATION

TIME: 2 Hours

METHOD: Experiential

LESSON REFERENCES: Air Force Pamphlet (AFPAM) 36-2241. Professional Development Guide, 1 October 2013. Airman, Official magazine of the U.S. Air Force, The Book 2011, Washington, DC: Air Force

Office of Public Affairs. Volume LV, Number 3, 2011.

Bartolotto, LTC John K. “The Origin and Developmental Process of the National Security Strategy.” Research Project, US Army War College, 3 May 2004.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site. “Military Protocol: Uniformed Services.” http://www.cdc.gov/od/occp/officership/military_protocol.htm

Department of Defense (DOD) Directive 5100.1. Functions of the DoD and Its Major Components, 21 December 2010.

Joint Publication (JP) 1. Doctrine for the Armed Forces of the United States, 02 March 2007, Incorporating Change 1, 20 March 2009.

U.S. Africa Command official Web site. “About the Command.” http://www.africom.mil/index.asp

U.S. Air Force official public Web site. “Mission Part One: From the Signal Corps to the Air Corps.” http://www.airforce.com/learn-about/history/part1/

U.S. Army official public Web site. “Soldier Life.” http://www.goarmy.com/soldier-life/being- a-soldier/living-the-army-values.html

U.S. Central Command official Web site. “About CENTCOM.” http://www.centcom.mil/

U.S. Coast Guard official Web site. “United States Coast Guard Core Values & Creed.” http://www.uscg.mil/hq/cg3/cg3pcx/corevalues.asp

U.S. Department of Defense official public Web site. “DOD at a Glance.” http://www.defense.gov/pubs/almanac

U.S. Department of Defense official public Web site. “Unified Command Plan.”

 

 

http://www.defense.gov/home/features/2009/0109_unifiedcommand

U.S. European Command official Web site. “About EUCOM.” http://www.eucom.mil/

U.S. Navy official Web site. “Honor Courage Commitment.” http://www.navy.mil/navydata/navy_legacy_hr.asp?id=193

U.S. Northern Command official Web site. “About USNORTHCOM.” http://www.northcom.mil/home.html

U.S. Pacific Command official Web site. “About.” http://www.pacom.mil/

U.S. Southern Command official Web site. “About Us.” http://www.southcom.mil/AppsSC/index.php

U.S. Special Operations Command official Web site. “About USSOCOM.” http://www.socom.mil/SOCOMHome/Pages/default.aspx

U.S. Transportation Command official Web site. “About USTRANSCOM.” http://www.transcom.mil/

U.S. Strategic Command official Web site. “Organization.” http://www.stratcom.mil/

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES: The Joint Electronic Library: http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine

The Defense Link Home page: http://www.defenselink.mil STUDENT PREPARATION: Reading assignments (approx 5,600 words) and homework assignment (total time, approximately 45 minutes).

PART IA GENERAL LEARINING OUTCOME: Students who graduate from Airman Leadership School are prepared to perform first-level supervisory responsibilities, effectively lead individuals and work center teams as evidenced by their comprehension of Joint Organization.

SUPPORTS: The Joint Organization lesson supports the following AF Institutional Competencies:

1. Enterprise Perspective – Government organizations and processes 2. Enterprise Perspective – Enterprise Structure and Relationships

The Joint Organization lesson supports the following Basic EJPME Learning Areas: 1. National Military Capabilities and Organization 2. Armed Forces Overview

TERMINAL COGNITIVE OBJECTIVE: Know the concepts of national, military, and joint organization structure.

C1_EA02SG – 2

 

 

EA02SG – 3

TERMINAL COGNITIVE SAMPLES OF BEHAVIOR

1. List the combatant commands

2. State:

a. Origin of national security

3. USAF structure (MAJCOMS)Recall:

a. Organization for national security

b. How defense organizations fit into the overall (national security/government) structure

c. Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) organization, role, and function

d. Two distinct chains of command

i. Operational

ii. Administrative

e. Purpose, roles, and functions of (i – viii)

i. President

ii. Secretary of Defense (SecDef)

iii. National Security Council (NSC)

iv. Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS)

v. Combatant Commanders (CCDR)

vi. Joint Force Commanders (JFC)

vii. Service Component Commanders

viii. Combat Support Agencies

f. Relationships (chain of command) of (i – viii)

i. President

ii. Secretary of Defense (SecDef)

iii. National Security Council (NSC)

iv. Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS)

v. Combatant Commanders (CCDR)

vi. Joint Force Commanders (JFC)

vii. Service Component Commanders

viii. Combat Support Agencies

g. Roles and responsibilities of each Air Force major command (MAJCOM)

i. Air Force Material Command (AFMC)

ii. AF Space Command (AFSPC)

iii. AF Reserve Command (AFRC)

iv. Air Education Training Command (AETC)

v. Pacific Air Forces (PACAF)

 

 

 

EA02SG – 4

h. Primary roles and functions of sister services

i. Army

ii. Navy

iii. Marine Corps

iv. Coast Guard

i. Core values of sister services

i. Army

ii. Navy/Marine Corps

iii. Coast Guard

j. General customs and courtesies of sister services

i. Army

ii. Navy/Marine Corps

iii. Coast Guard

k. Uniform and rank insignias of sister services

i. Army

ii. Navy

iii. Marine Corps

iv. Coast Guard

4. Match combatant commands with their:

a. Primary functional area of responsibility

b. Geographic area of responsibility

5. Explain the importance of each MAJCOM‘s role (i.e. unique way it supports national security)

a. Air Force Material Command (AFMC)

b. AF Space Command (AFSPC)

c. AF Reserve Command (AFRC)

d. Air Education Training Command (AETC)

e. Pacific Air Forces (PACAF)

AFFECTIVE OBJECTIVE: Value Joint Organization concepts and their impact on

NCO, unit, and mission effectiveness.

 

 

 

EA02SG – 5

PART IB

LESSON OUTLINE:

CONTENT

INTRODUCTION: Attention, Motivation, and Overview

MP1. Head of the Class Challenge

MP2. Homework Review

MP3. Pop Quiz

CONCLUSION: Summary, Remotivation, and Closure

PART II

STUDENT READING

NATIONAL MILITARY CAPABILITIES AND ORGANIZATION

The Origin of National Security

Today, ―national security‖ is a collective term encompassing both national defense and

foreign relations of the United States, but it wasn‘t until 1943, during World War II, that

the term ―national security‖ came into full usage in US political discourse. Since the end

of World War II, each administration has sought to develop and perfect a reliable set of

executive procedures and institutions to manage national security policy. Congress

stepped into the debate by passing the National Security Act in 1947, which, among other

things, created the National Security Council (NSC) under the chairmanship of the

President to coordinate foreign policy and defense policy and to reconcile diplomatic and

military commitments and requirements. The next precedent came in 1972 when the

Nixon administration made official statements of National Security Strategy (NSS) in a

State of the World Report.

The Nixon administration‘s precedent became law in 1986 with the Goldwater-Nichols

Department of Defense (DoD) Reorganization Act, which required the President to report

regularly to Congress and the American people on the NSS. Congress‘ mandate tasked the

Executive Branch to publish a NSS and in 1987 the first document called, “The National

Security Strategy of the United States” was published by the Reagan administration. 1

Organization for National Security

The ability of the United States to achieve its national strategic objectives is dependent on

the effectiveness of the US Government employing the instruments of national power.

These instruments of national power (diplomatic, informational, military, and economic)

are normally coordinated by the appropriate government officials, often with advice from

the NSC. They are the tools the United States uses to apply its sources of power, including

its culture, human potential, industry, science and technology, academic institutions,

geography, and national will. 2

 

 

EA02SG – 6

How Defense Organizations Fit Into the Overall Structure

The DoD is responsible for the military component of the NSS. 3 The DoD is a cabinet-

level organization. Reporting to it are the three military departments (Army, Navy and Air

Force) and 16 defense agencies. The four armed services are subordinate to their military

departments. The Marine Corps is a second armed service in the Department of the Navy. 4

The Armed Forces serve under the civilian control of the President who is the Commander

in Chief. 5 The Secretary of Defense (SecDef) is the principal assistant to the President in

all matters relating to the DoD. All functions in the DoD and its component agencies are

performed under the authority, direction, and control of the SecDef. 6 The SecDef is

responsible to the President for creating, supporting, and employing military capabilities. 7

The Joint Chiefs of Staff

The Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) consists of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

(CJCS), Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (VCJCS), and the Service Chiefs: US

Army Chief of Staff, Chief of Naval Operations, US Air Force Chief of Staff,

Commandant of the Marine Corps, and the Chief of the National Guard Bureau. The Joint

Staff supports the JCS and constitutes the immediate military staff of the SecDef. 8

The CJCS is the principal military advisor to the President, the NSC, and the SecDef. 9 The

other members of the JCS also provide advice if and when requested by the President,

NSC, or SecDef. Their main function is to advise the CJCS with regards to their

respective service. 10

 

The Commandant of the Coast Guard may be invited by the CJCS or the Service Chiefs to

participate in meetings or to discuss matters of mutual interest to the Coast Guard and the

other services. 11

 

Two Distinct Branches of the Chains of Command

The President and SecDef, with assistance from the CJCS, exercise authority and control

of the Armed Forces through two distinct branches of the chain of command (see Figure

1). 12

 

Operational Branch: used to employ forces and begins with the President, through the

SecDef, and onto the combatant commanders (CCDRs). Orders are normally

conveyed to the CCDRs by the CJCS under the authority and direction of the SecDef.

Conversely, reports from CCDRs are normally submitted to the SecDef through the

CJCS who acts as the spokesman for the CCDRs. 13

 

Administrative Branch: Used to recruit, organize, train, and equip forces. It also

begins with the President, through the SecDef, but proceeds to the Secretaries of the

military departments. 14

The Secretaries exercise administrative control through the

commanders of the service component commands assigned to combatant commands.

They go through the Service Chiefs (as determined by the Secretaries) for forces not

assigned to the combatant commands. 15

 

 

 

EA02SG – 7

 

Figure 1 Chain of Command and Control

 

 

 

EA02SG – 8

Combatant Commanders

A combatant command (COCOM) is a command with a broad continuing mission under a

single commander and composed of significant assigned components of two or more

military departments that are established and so designated by the President, through the

SecDef with the advice and assistance of the CJCS. 16

The commander of a COCOM is

referred to as the combatant commander (CCDR). A COCOM (command authority)

provides full authority to organize and employ commands and forces as the CCDR

considers necessary to accomplish assigned missions. Operational control is inherent in a

COCOM. 17

 

COCOMs are established in the Unified Command Plan (UCP) by the President, through

the SecDef and with the advice and assistance of the CJCS. The UCP is a classified

document that sets forth basic guidance to all CCDRs. It establishes their missions,

responsibilities, and force structure, delineates the general geographical area of

responsibility for geographic combatant commanders (GCCs), and specifies functional

responsibilities for functional combatant commanders (FCCs). 18

Common functions of a

CCDR are shown in Figure 2.

 

Figure 2. Common Functions of a Combatant Commander

Joint Force Commanders

Joint Force Commander (JFC) is a general term applied to a CCDR, subunified

commander, or Joint Task Force (JTF) commander authorized to exercise combatant

command (command authority) or operational control over a joint force. 19

A JTF is

established when the mission has a specific limited objective. JTFs are established on

geographical areas or functional basis depending on the mission and when the mission

does not require overall centralized control of logistics.

 

 

EA02SG – 9

Service Component Commanders

A Service component command, assigned to a CCDR, consists of a Service component

CDR and the Service forces (such as individuals, units, detachments, and organizations,

including the support forces) that have been assigned to that CCDR. Service component

CDRs have responsibilities that derive from their roles in fulfilling the Services‘ support

function. The JFC also may conduct operations through the Service component CDRs. 20

 

Combat Support Agencies

In addition to the military Services, a number of DoD agencies provide combat support or

combat service support to joint forces and are designated as combat support agencies

(CSAs). Included among CSAs are the:

Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA)

National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA)

Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA)

Defense Logistics Agency (DLA)

Defense Contract Management Agency (DCMA)

Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA), and

National Security Agency (NSA).

These CSAs provide CCDRs specialized support and operate in a supporting role.

Executive authority over these CSAs resides with the SecDef. 21

 

There are currently nine combatant commands—six are geographically organized and three

are functionally organized. 22

 

Geographically Organized

Combatant Commands (GCC)

Functionally Organized

Combatant Commands (FCC)

US Africa Command (USAFRICOM)

US Central Command (USCENTCOM)

US European Command (USEUCOM)

US Northern Command (USNORTHCOM)

US Pacific Command (USPACOM)

US Southern Command (USSOUTHCOM)

US Special Operations Command (USSOCOM)

US Transportation Command (USTRANSCOM)

US Strategic Command (USSTRATCOM)

Table 1. The Combatant Commands

Geographic Combatant Commands

GCCs are assigned a geographic Area of Responsibility (AOR) within which their

missions are accomplished with assigned and/or attached forces. Specific responsibilities

of each GCC vary but all GCCs are responsible to:

 deter attacks against the United States, its territories, possessions and bases, and employ appropriate force should deterrence fail; and

 carry out assigned missions and tasks and plan for and execute military operations,

 

 

EA02SG – 10

as directed, in support of strategic guidance.

 

US Africa Command (USAFRICOM) 23

 

Headquarters: Kelley Barracks, Stuttgart, Germany

US Africa Command is responsible for US military relations with 53 African countries,

including the islands of Cape Verde, Equatorial Guinea, and Sao Tome and Principe, along

with the Indian Ocean islands of Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, and Seychelles. US

Central Command maintains its traditional relationship with Egypt, though USAFRICOM

coordinates with Egypt on issues relating to Africa security.

USAFRICOM better enables the DoD to work with other elements of the US government

and others to achieve a more stable environment where political and economic growth can

take place. USAFRICOM is committed to supporting US government objectives through

the delivery and sustainment of effective security cooperation programs that assist African

nations build their security capacity to enable them to better provide for their own defense.

US Central Command (USCENTCOM) 24

 

Headquarters: MacDill AFB, Florida

US Central Command‘s AOR is the Middle East, Egypt, and Central Asia.

With national and international partners, USCENTCOM promotes cooperation among

nations, responds to crises, deters or defeats state and nonstate aggression, and supports

development and, when necessary, reconstruction in order to establish the conditions for

regional security, stability, and prosperity.

US European Command (USEUCOM) 25

 

Headquarters: Stuttgart, Germany

US European Command‘s AOR covers almost one-fifth of the planet, including all of

Europe, large portions of Asia, parts of the Middle East and the Arctic and Atlantic

Oceans. The command is responsible for US military relations with NATO and 51

countries on two continents with a total population of close to a billion people.

USEUCOM conducts military operations, international military partnering, and

interagency partnering to enhance transatlantic security and defend the United States

forward.

US Northern Command (USNORTHCOM) 26

 

Headquarters: Peterson AFB, Colorado

US Northern Command conducts homeland defense, civil support, and security

cooperation to defend and secure the United States and its interests.

USNORTHCOM‘s AOR includes air, land, and sea approaches and encompasses the

continental United States, Alaska, Canada, Mexico and the surrounding water out to

approximately 500 nautical miles. The commander of USNORTHCOM is responsible for

theater security cooperation with Canada, Mexico, and the Bahamas.

USNORTHCOM plans, organizes, and executes homeland defense and civil support

 

 

EA02SG – 11

missions, but has few permanently assigned forces. The command is assigned forces

whenever necessary to execute missions as ordered by the President or SecDef.

The commander of USNORTHCOM also commands the North American Aerospace

Defense Command (NORAD), a bi-national command responsible for aerospace warning,

aerospace control, and maritime warning for Canada, Alaska, and the continental United

States.

USNORTHCOM‘s civil support mission includes domestic disaster relief operations that

occur during fires, hurricanes, floods, and earthquakes. Support also includes counter-drug

operations and managing the consequences of a terrorist event employing a weapon of

mass destruction. The command provides assistance to a Primary Agency when tasked by

the DoD. Per the Posse Comitatus Act, military forces can provide civil support but cannot

become directly involved in law enforcement.

In providing civil support, USNORTHCOM generally operates through established Joint

Task Forces subordinate to the command. An emergency must exceed the capabilities of

local, state, and federal agencies before USNORTHCOM becomes involved. In most

cases, support will be limited, localized, and specific. When the scope of the disaster is

reduced to the point that the Primary Agency can again assume full control and

management without military assistance, USNORTHCOM will exit, leaving the on-scene

experts to finish the job.

US Pacific Command (USPACOM) 27

 

Headquarters: Camp H. M. Smith, Hawaii

US Pacific Command‘s AOR encompasses about half of the earth‘s surface, stretching

from the waters off the west coast of the US to the western border of India and from

Antarctica to the North Pole.

USPACOM protects and defends, in concert with other US Government agencies, the

territory of the United States, its people, and its interests. With allies and partners,

USPACOM is committed to enhancing stability in the Asia-Pacific region by promoting

security cooperation, encouraging peaceful development, responding to contingencies,

deterring aggression, and when necessary, fighting to win. This approach is based on

partnership, presence, and military readiness.

US Southern Command (USSOUTHCOM) 28

 

Headquarters: Miami, Florida

US Southern Command is responsible for providing contingency planning, operations, and

security cooperation for Central and South America, the Caribbean (except US

commonwealths, territories, and possessions), and Cuba, as well as for the force protection

of US military resources at these locations. USSOUTHCOM is also responsible for

ensuring the defense of the Panama Canal and canal area.

Functional Combatant Commands

FCCs support (or can be supported by) GCCs or may conduct assigned missions

independently. Primary responsibilities of the three FCCs are as follows:

 

 

 

EA02SG – 12

US Special Operations Command (USSOCOM) 29

 

Headquarters: MacDill AFB, Florida

The US Special Operations Command is the Unified Combatant Command charged with

overseeing the various Special Operations Commands of the Army, Air Force, Navy and

Marine Corps of the United States Armed Forces.

USSOCOM conducts several covert and clandestine missions, such as unconventional

warfare, foreign internal defense, special reconnaissance, psychological operations, civil

affairs, direct action, counter-terrorism and war on drugs operations. Each branch has a

Special Operations Command that is unique and capable of running its own operations, but

when the different Special Operations Forces need to work together for an operation,

USSOCOM becomes the joint component command of the operation.

US Transportation Command (USTRANSCOM) 30

 

Headquarters: Scott AFB, Illinois

As the single manager of America’s global defense transportation system, USTRANSCOM

is tasked with the coordination of people and transportation assets to allow the US to

project and sustain forces, whenever, wherever, and for as long as they are needed.

US Strategic Command (USSTRATCOM) 31

 

Headquarters: Offutt AFB, Nebraska

US Strategic Command is charged with space operations (such as military satellites),

information operations (such as information warfare), missile defense, global command

and control, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR), global strike and strategic

deterrence (the United States nuclear arsenal), and combating weapons of mass

destruction.

 

THE UNITED STATES AIR FORCE MAJOR COMMAND STRUCTURE

Most units of the Air Force are assigned to a specific major command (MAJCOM), led by

a general officer. MAJCOMs have extensive functional responsibilities. MAJCOMs may

be subdivided into numbered air forces (NAFs) with each NAF responsible for one or

more wings or independent groups.

Wings are the primary units of the working Air Force and are responsible for maintaining

an Air Force base or carrying out a specific mission. Wings may be commanded by a

general officer or a colonel. There are different types of wings, based on objective:

operational, air base, or specialized mission.

Wings typically contain an operations group, a maintenance group, a support group and a

medical group, with each group having several squadrons.

The majority of individual officers and Airmen are assigned to a squadron, which may be

composed of several flights.

Additionally, there are other types of organizations in the Air Force structure such as

centers, field operating agencies, and direct reporting units. 32

 

 

 

EA02SG – 13

Air Combat Command (ACC)

Headquarters: Langley AFB, Virginia

Air Combat Command organizes, trains, equips and deploys combat ready forces to

support combatant commanders around the globe. Additionally, ACC provides the air

component headquarters to USNORTHCOM, USSOUTHCOM, and USCENTCOM and

supports the in-place air components of USEUCOM and USPACOM. ACC also provides

air defense forces to North American Aerospace Defense Command. To accomplish the

objectives of the National Defense Strategy, ACC operates fighter, attack, bomber,

intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR), combat search and rescue, battle-

management, electronic-combat, and unmanned aircraft system platforms. In addition,

ACC conducts information operations and provides command, control, communications,

and intelligence systems to theater commanders and combat forces. 33

 

Air Education and Training Command (AETC) 34

 

Headquarters: Randolph AFB, Texas

Air Education and Training Command develops America‘s Airmen for tomorrow. With a

vision to deliver unrivaled air, space and cyberspace education and training, the command

recruits Airmen and provides basic military training, initial and advanced technical

training, flying training, medical training, space and missile training, cyber training, and

professional military and degree-granting professional education. The command also

conducts joint, readiness and Air Force security assistance training.

AETC sustains the combat capability of the operational Air Force by providing highly

trained and motivated Airmen and manages mobility and contingency tasking support for

combatant commanders.

Air Force Global Strike Command (AFGSC) 35

 

Headquarters: Barksdale AFB, Louisiana

Activated Aug. 7, 2009, this is the Air Force‘s newest command.

AFGSC develops and provides combat-ready forces for nuclear deterrence and global

strike operations—safe, secure, effective—to support the President of the United States

and combatant commanders.

AFGSC is responsible for organizing, training, and equipping the Air Force‘s three

intercontinental ballistic missile wings, two B-52 Stratofortress wings and the only B-2

Spirit wing. The three weapons systems make up two-thirds of the nation‘s strategic

nuclear triad by providing the land-based and airborne nuclear deterrent forces.

Air Force Materiel Command (AFMC) 36

 

Headquarters: Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio

Air Force Materiel Command delivers war-winning technology, acquisition support,

sustainment, and expeditionary capabilities to the warfighter.

AFMC conducts research, development, and test and evaluation, and provides acquisition

management services and logistics support necessary to keep Air Force weapon systems

ready for war.

 

 

EA02SG – 14

Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC) 37

 

Headquarters: Robins AFB, Georgia

Air Force Reserve Command provides personnel to augment the active duty community to

carry out the warfighting mission with approximately 14% of the total force while

spanning a wide variety of missions such as: space, flight testing, special operations, aerial

port operations, civil engineering, security forces, intelligence, military training,

communications, mobility support, transportation, and services. AFRC also conducts two

missions no one else does in the DoD: fixed-wing aerial spray missions to kill mosquitoes

in the aftermath of natural disasters and the Hurricane Hunters who monitor hurricanes for

the National Weather Service. 38

 

Air Force Space Command (AFSPC)

Headquarters: Peterson AFB, Colorado

Air Force Space Command is responsible for organizing, training, and equipping mission-

ready space and cyberspace forces and capabilities for North American Aerospace Defense

Command, US Strategic Command, and other combatant commands world-wide.

AFSPC oversees Air Force network operations to provide capabilities in, through, and

from cyberspace, manages a global network of satellites, and is responsible for space

system development and acquisition. The command executes spacelift to launch satellites

with a variety of expendable launch systems and operates them to provide space

capabilities in support of combatant commanders around the clock. AFSPC also provides

positioning, navigation, timing, communications, missile warning, weather and intelligence

warfighting support.

AFSPC personnel operate sensors that provide direct attack warning and assessment to US

Strategic Command and North American Aerospace Defense Command. The command

develops, acquires, fields, operates, and sustains space systems and fields and sustains

cyber systems. 39

 

Air Mobility Command (AMC)

Headquarters: Scott AFB, Illinois

Air Mobility Command provides airlift and aerial refueling for all of America‘s armed

forces. They also provide aeromedical evacuation and Global Reach Laydown (GRL).

GRL strategy uses resources from various organizations and brings them together to form

those deployed organizations required to achieve the specific objectives of any particular

mobility operation. These resources are also used to expand already existing AMC

presence or establish AMC presence and infrastructure where none exists.

Additionally, AMC has many special-duty and operational support aircraft and plays a

crucial role in providing humanitarian support at home and around the world. 40

 

 

 

 

 

EA02SG – 15

Pacific Air Force (PACAF)

Headquarters: Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, Hawaii

Pacific Air Force provides USPACOM integrated expeditionary Air Force capabilities to

defend the homeland, promote stability, dissuade/deter aggression, and swiftly defeat

enemies.

PACAF organizes, trains, equips, and maintains resources prepared to conduct a broad

spectrum of air operations—from humanitarian relief to decisive combat employment—in

DoD‘s largest area of responsibility.

PACAF also conducts multinational exercises and hosts international exchange events to

foster partnerships for regional security and stability. 41

 

US Air Forces in Europe (USAFE)

Headquarters: Ramstein Air Base, Germany

US Air Forces in Europe executes the USEUCOM mission with forward-based air power

to provide forces for global operations, ensure strategic access, assure allies, deter

aggression and build partnerships.

USAFE builds and maintains partnerships, promotes regional stability, provides forces for

global operations, supports combatant command missions, sustains forward-based

infrastructure, ensures strategic access to US forces, assure allies and deter aggression. 42

 

Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC)

Headquarters: Hurlburt Field, Florida

Air Force Special Operations Command is responsible to US Special Operations

Command for the readiness of Air Force special operations forces to conduct the war on

terrorism and to disrupt, defeat, and destroy terrorist networks that threaten the United

States, its citizens, and interests worldwide.

The command‘s mission areas include shaping and stability operations, battlefield air

operations, information operations, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR),

specialized air and space mobility, precision engagement, and agile combat support. 43

 

 

ARMED FORCES OVERVIEW

Primary Roles of the Services to organize, train, equip, and provide forces. 44

 

The Department of the Army is the nation‘s principal land force and promotes national

values and interests by conducting military engagement and security cooperation, deterring

aggression and violence, and should deterrence fail, compelling enemy behavioral change

or compliance. The Army includes land combat, service forces, aviation, water transport,

and space and cyberspace forces. The Army is organized, trained, and equipped primarily

for prompt and sustained combat incident to operations on land, and to support the other

military services and joint forces. The Army is responsible for the preparation of land

forces necessary for the effective prosecution of war and military operations short of war.

The Army contributes forces through a rotational, cyclical readiness model that provides a

predictable and sustainable supply of modular forces to the combatant commands and a

 

 

EA02SG – 16

surge capacity for unexpected contingencies. 45

 

The Department of the Navy is composed of the Navy and the Marine Corps. They

provide sea, land, air, space, and cyberspace forces, both combat and support, with the

capabilities necessary to operate and support the other military services and joint forces.

The Navy and Marine Corps comprise the nation‘s principal maritime force. The Marine

Corps serves as a versatile, all-purpose, fast response task force capable of quick action in

areas requiring emergency intervention using both ground and air combat elements while

relying on the Navy to provide the sea combat elements. The Navy employs the global

reach, persistent presence through forward-stationed and rotationally-based forces, and

operational flexibility to secure the nation from direct attack. Along with the Marine

Corps, they also secure strategic access and retain global freedom of action, strengthen

existing and emerging alliances and partnerships, establish favorable security conditions,

deter aggression and violence by state, non-state, and individual actors, and should

deterrence fail, prosecute the full range of military operations in support of US national

interests. 46

 

The Coast Guard is a unique military service residing within the Department of

Homeland Security (DHS) while simultaneously providing direct support to the DoD.

During peacetime, the Coast Guard protects the maritime economy and environment,

defends US maritime borders, and conducts search and rescue missions. They also provide

port and waterway security, drug interdiction, migrant interdiction, marine safety, and

other law enforcement missions. Upon the declaration of war or when the President

directs, the Coast Guard will operate under the authority of the Department of the Navy

and will continue to do so until the President transfers the Coast Guard back to the DHS by

executive order. 47

 

Core Values of the Sister Services

At this stage in your career, you are no doubt familiar with the Air Force core values:

Integrity First, Service Before Self, and Excellence In All We Do. They are at the heart of

who we are and shape us as a Service. Below are the core values of our sister Services.

Take a moment to learn them. Consider the differences and similarities between our core

values and those of our brethren.

Army: Loyalty, Duty, Respect, Selfless Service, Honor, Integrity, Personal Courage 48

 

Navy/Marines: Honor, Courage, and Commitment 49

 

Coast Guard: Honor, Respect, Devotion to Duty 50

 

Special Note: Why do I need to know the core values and other customs and courtesies of

our sister services? Great question! There are two reasons. First, the Chairman of the

Joint Chiefs of Staff directed all services to incorporate joint information into its EPME

curriculum. The learning outcomes, objectives, and samples of behavior for this lesson

come straight out of CJCSI 1805.01A, 1 October 2010. Second, as members of the

Profession of Arms (POA), it is our responsibility to advance the POA which includes

knowing certain things about our sister services’ functions, capabilities, and customs and

courtesies.

 

 

 

EA02SG – 17

General Customs and Courtesies of the Services 51

 

Executing appropriate customs and courtesies in a joint environment can be a challenge. It

is expected that errors will be made, but through sincere effort and practice you can

decrease mistakes, mitigate embarrassment, increase your credibility, and strengthen unit

cohesion.

Salutes are exchanged among members of all the uniformed services: Army, Navy, Air

Force, Marines, Coast Guard, Public Health Service, and the National Oceanographic and

Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).

Saluting when not in uniform and uncovered is not usually performed by members of the

Navy or Marine Corps. You may see this practice in the Army and/or the Air Force. If an

officer is saluted when not in uniform or in uniform and not covered, tradition dictates that

the officer does not return the salute. Instead, the officer may greet the person saluting

with “‘Good morning,‘ ‗Good afternoon,‘ or ‗Good evening‘‖ depending on the situation.

If you approach someone who is senior to you and you are in civilian attire, do not salute.

Instead, say “Good morning sir or ma‘am.‖

―Saluting the Colors‖ refers to paying tribute to the United States Flag. There are two

daily ceremonies in which uniformed service personnel salute the Colors, Reveille, and

Retreat. US Army installations generally play (or sound) Reveille as the flag is raised near

sunrise, though its exact time varies from base to base. On board US Navy, Marine Corps,

and Coast Guard facilities, the flag is generally raised at 0800 while the National Anthem

or the bugle call To the Colors is played. On some US military bases, Reveille is

accompanied by a cannon shot. Evening Colors, also known as Retreat is sounded by the

Bugler at sundown each evening during the flag-lowering ceremony at all naval stations,

marine barracks, naval or marine camps, and aboard ship. Prior to the beginning of the

ceremony, Attention is sounded by the Bugler. After a short pause he sounds Evening

Colors. Upon completion of Evening Colors the Bugler sounds Carry On. When a band is

present at the ceremony the National Anthem follows Evening Colors in the ceremony and

is followed by Carry On sounded on the bugle. On US Army bases, the bugle call Retreat

is sounded just before the actual lowering of the flag. At the last note of this call a cannon

is fired. Then, if a band is present, the National Anthem will be played. In the absence of

a band, the bugle call ―To the Colors‖ is substituted.

If you are outdoors during Reveille or Retreat, stop what you are doing, face the flag or the

direction in which Colors are being held, come to the position of attention and render a

hand salute. On US Army installations it is customary to stop your vehicle, get out, come

to the position of attention, and render a hand salute if Colors or Retreat is sounded. On

Naval, Coast Guard, and Air Force installations and Colors or Retreat is sounded, stop

your vehicle and sit at attention until the last note of the music is sounded; then you may

proceed. If you are in doubt as to sit at attention or exit your vehicle, it is better to be

formal than disrespectful. Therefore it is recommended that you exit your vehicle, face in

the direction where Colors are being held, come to the position of attention and render a

hand salute.

When in uniform and boarding any Naval vessel where the national ensign (flag) is flying,

halt at the gangway, face aft, and salute the ensign. Then turn to the officer of the day

(OOD), salute, and say, ―I request permission to come aboard, sir/ma‘am.‖ If you are

 

 

EA02SG – 18

boarding a ship other than your own, also state the purpose of your visit. The OOD returns

both salutes and says, ―Come aboard‖ or a similar expression. When you leave a ship, the

order of saluting is reversed. Salute the OOD first and say, ―I request permission to leave

the ship, sir/ma‘am.‖ After receiving permission, face and salute the ensign (if it is flying)

and depart.

Uniform and Rank Insignia

Knowing the uniform and rank insignia of your joint teammates is a must. Properly

recognizing other military members and rendering salutes when appropriate is at the heart

of military courtesy. Addressing members by their rank i.e. “Good morning Petty Officer

Jones” or “Good afternoon 1st Sergeant Smith” is a show of respect and strengthens the

profession of arms. The charts in Figures 3 and 4 show enlisted and officer ranks for all

the US Armed Services. Public Health Service and NOAA officer ranks are equivalent to

the Navy and the Coast Guard.

 

 

EA02SG – 19

Figure 3. Rank Insignia of the United States Armed Forces – Enlisted

52

 

 

EA02SG – 20

 

Figure 4. Rank Insignia of the United States Armed Forces – Officers 53

 

 

 

EA02SG – 21

HOMEWORK

Part I: List the other eight Combatant Commands using the format (#1) below.

1. US Africa Command (USAFRICOM) 5. ____________________________

2. ____________________________ 6. ____________________________

3. ____________________________ 7. ____________________________

4. ____________________________ 8. ____________________________

9. ____________________________

Part II: Fill in the boxes on the map with the appropriate geographical Combatant

Command responsible for each AOR. Note: Combatant Commands may be used once,

more than once or not at all.

 

1

5

3

2 6

4

7

EA02SG – 22

Part III. Match a combatant command from the list in Part I with its description below

and indicate your answer by writing the name of the command on the line provided. Note:

A Combatant Command may be used once, more than once or not at all.

8. Tasked with the coordination of people and transportation assets to allow the US to project and sustain forces, whenever, wherever, and for as long as they are needed

_______________________________

9. Responsible for US military relations with NATO and conducts military operations, international military partnering, and interagency partnering to enhance

transatlantic security and defend the United States forward

_______________________________

10. Conducts several covert and clandestine missions, such as unconventional warfare, foreign internal defense, special reconnaissance, psychological operations, civil

affairs, direct action, counter-terrorism and war on drugs operations

_______________________________

11. Plans, organizes and executes homeland defense and civil support missions

_______________________________

12. Charged with space operations, information operations, missile defense, global command and control, and intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance

_______________________________

13. AOR includes Egypt

_______________________________

 

EA02SG – 23

Acronym Glossary

ACC Air Combat Command

AETC Air Education and Training Command

AFGSC Air Force Global Strike Command

AFMC Air Force Materiel Command

AFRC Air Force Reserve Command

AFSOC Air Force Special Operations Command

AFSPC Air Force Space Command

AMC Air Mobility Command

AOR area of responsibility

CCDR combatant commander

CDR commander

CSA combat support agency

CJCS Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

DCMA Defense Contract Management Agency

DIA Defense Intelligence Agency

DISA Defense Information Systems Agency

DLA Defense Logistics Agency

DoD Department of Defense

DoDD Department of Defense directive

DTRA Defense Threat Reduction Agency

EJPME enlisted joint professional military education

GRL global reach laydown

ISR intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance

JCS Joint Chiefs of Staff

JFC joint force commander

JTF joint task force

MAJCOM major command

NAF numbered air force

NGA National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency

NMS national military strategy

NCO noncommissioned officer

NOAA National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration

NSC National Security Council

NSA National Security Agency

NSS National security strategy

OOD Officer on duty

PACAF Pacific Air Force

SecDef Secretary of Defense

USAFE US Air Forces in Europe

USAFRICOM United States Africa Command

USCENTCOM United States Central Command

USEUCOM United States European Command

USNORTHCOM United States Northern Command

USPACOM United States Pacific Command

USSOCOM United States Special Operations Command

USSOUTHCOM United States Southern Command

USSTRATCOM United States Strategic Command

USTRANSCOM United States Transportation Command

UCP Unified Command Plan

VCJCS Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

 

 

EA02SG – 24

NOTES

1 Research Project, The Origin and Developmental Process of the National Security Strategy, 3 May 2004, 2-3.

2 Joint Publication 1, Doctrine for the Armed Forces of the United States, 02 March 2007, x.

3 Ibid., III-1.

4 U.S. Department of Defense official public Web site, ―DOD at a Glance,‖

http://www.defense.gov/pubs/almanac/ (accessed 5 March 2011). 5 Joint Publication 1, Doctrine for the Armed Forces of the United States, 02 March 2007, i.

6 Ibid., III-1.

7 Ibid., II-2.

8 Ibid., III-3.

9 Ibid., III-3.

10 Ibid., III-4.

11 Ibid., III-4.

12 Ibid., II-4.

13 Ibid., II-4.

14 Ibid., II-4.

15 Ibid., II-6.

16 Ibid., GL-11.

17 Ibid., GL-5.

18 Ibid., GL-11.

19 Ibid., GL-8.

21 Ibid., II-7.

22 U.S. Department of Defense official public Web site, ―Unified Command Plan,‖

http://www.defense.gov/home/features/2009/0109_unifiedcommand/ (accessed 5 March 2011). 23

U.S. Africa Command official Web site, ―About the Command,‖ http://www.africom.mil/index.asp (accessed

5 March 2011). 24

U.S. Central Command official Web site, ―About Centcom,‖ http://www.centcom.mil/ (accessed 5 March

2011). 25

U.S. European Command official Web site, ―About EUCOM,‖ http://www.eucom.mil/ (accessed 5 March

2011). 26

U.S. Northern Command official Web site, ―About USNORTHCOM,‖ http://www.northcom.mil/home.html

(accessed 5 March 2011). 27

U.S. Pacific Command official Web site, ―About,‖ http://www.pacom.mil/ (accessed 5 March 2011). 28

U.S. Southern Command official Web site, ―About Us,‖ http://www.southcom.mil/AppsSC/index.php

(accessed 5 March 2011). 29

U.S. Special Operations Command official Web site, ―About USSOCOM,‖

http://www.socom.mil/SOCOMHome/Pages/default.aspx (accessed 5 March 2011). 30

U.S. Transportation Command official Web site, ―About USTRANSCOM,‖ http://www.transcom.mil/

(accessed 5 March 2011). 31

http://www.stratcom.mil/ 32

Airman, Official magazine of the U.S. Air Force, The Book 2011, Washington, DC: Air Force Office of

Public Affairs, Volume LV, Number 3, 2011, 3. 33

Ibid., 6. 34

Ibid., 7. 35

Ibid., 8. 36

Ibid., 9. 37

Ibid., 10. 38

Ibid., 10. 39

Ibid., 11. 40

Ibid., 12. 41

Ibid., 14. 42

Ibid., 15.

 

 

EA02SG – 25

43

Ibid., 15. 44

Joint Publication 1, Doctrine for the Armed Forces of the United States, 02 March 2007, xiii. 45

Department of Defense Directive 5100.1, Functions of the DoD and Its Major Components, 21 December

2010, 29. 46

Ibid., 30 thru 31. 47

Ibid., 32 thru 33. 48

U.S. Army official public Web site, ―Soldier Life,‖ http://www.goarmy.com/soldier-life/being-a-

soldier/living-the-army-values.html (accessed 5 March 2011). 49

U.S. Navy official Web site, ―Honor Courage Commitment,‖

http://www.navy.mil/navydata/navy_legacy_hr.asp?id=193 (accessed 5 March 2011). 50

U.S. Coast Guard official Web site, ―United States Coast Guard Core Values & Creed,‖

http://www.uscg.mil/hq/cg3/cg3pcx/corevalues.asp (accessed 5 March 2011). 51

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site, ―Military Protocol: Uniformed Services,‖

http://www.cdc.gov/od/occp/officership/military_protocol.htm (accessed 5 March 2011). 53

Ibid., inside back cover.