Psychology homework help

PSY 525

Counseling Systems and Techniques

Text:

Authors: Publisher:

Theories of Counseling and Psychotherapy: A Case Approach

2nd Edition, 2009

ISBN-10: 0132286521; ISBN-13: 9780132286527

Nancy L. Murdock

Prentice Hall

Study Guide

PSY 525 Counseling Systems and Techniques

Unit 1 Examination

Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)

1. A counseling theory:

a. helps therapists organize information about their clients.

b. may lead a therapist to view a client from a biased perspective. c. contributes to the gap between theory and practice.

d. both a and b are true.

2. Counseling theories provide therapists with:

a. fancy ways to talk to their clients about their presenting problems. b. a method to identify with their clients.

c. a professional schemata.

d. alternative to relying on self-disclosure during therapy sessions.

3. A good counseling theory is:

a. precise.

b. has empirical support. c. fits the client well.

d. a and b

4. The most important point of Project MATCH was to:

a. conduct a bigger, better, psychotherapy outcome study.

b. discover the unique ingredients of the Alcoholics Anonymous approach.

c. look at the effectiveness of three approaches to therapy with many kinds of clients. d. assess the effects of client characteristics in psychotherapy outcome.

5. The Consumer Reports study was controversial because:

a. it used retrospective reports of clients. b. it was not an experimental study.

c. the therapists in the study were atheoretical. d. a and b

6. The Scientist-Practitioner Model means that:

a. all counselors should be scientists.

b. all counseling should be conducted in a laboratory.

c. most of the standard counseling theories should be abandoned. d. none of the above

7. The role of the analyst is BEST characterized as that of:

a. a sage.

b. a teacher.

c. a fellow traveler. d. a doctor.

8. Susan, the analyst, looks forward to her 10:00 client on Fridays. She spends a lot of time reading about issues relevant to this client’s presentation. Susan is probably experiencing:

a. countertransference. b. transference.

c. sublimation. d. burnout.

9. Traditional psychoanalysis is:

a. well supported by research.

b. popular with insurance companies. c. not supported by research.

d. never practiced anymore.

10. The primary purpose of the training analysis is:

a. to prevent countertransference.

b. to make sure that the therapist knows her theory.

c. to examine parallel processes between client and counselor. d. to ensure the continuation of psychoanalytic psychotherapy.

11. Susan is an analyst who is working with her client Chloe and asks Chloe to “free associate” and tell Susan everything that comes into her mind. Chloe does not disclose everything that she is thinking because she does not feel that it is relevant to the session. Chloe has:

a. violated the Fundamental Rule of Psychoanalysis. b. assumed the role of the analyst.

c. taken the “back seat”.

d. completed her formal assessment.

12. Which of the following is true regarding the Id and the Ego?

a. The goal of the id is to seek pleasure and avoid pain, and the goal of the Ego is to satisfy the Id and keep the individual safe.

b. Topographically, the Id represents unconsciousness and the Ego represents consciousness. c. The Id neutralizes pressure that the individual experiences from the environment and the

Ego provides a moral guide for the individual.

d. The Id operates according to secondary process and the Ego operates according to primary process.

13. Women experience a more difficult development path, according to Freud, because they:

a. are inherently inferior to men. b. have male relatives.

c. do not develop egos.

d. don’t experience a fear of castration.

14. The end result of SP therapy is:

a. to rebuild the self rather than insight or expansion of the ego’s capacities. b. to repress all unpleasant childhood memories.

c. to be more in touch with the sexual and aggressive aspects of one’s personality. d. to have more friends.

15. The core of therapy in the SP model is:

a. transference.

b. enlightenment. c. empathy.

d. disengagement.

16. Which of the following theories uses formal assessment methods?

a. Self Psychology (SP) b. Ego Psychology (EP) c. Object relations (OR) d. None of the above

17. RP practitioners prefer to meet with the clients more than once a week:

a. because they want to earn extra money.

b. to encourage the development of the countertransference. c. to encourage development of the transference relationship. d. none of the above

18. The goal(s) of RP is/are:

a. to give the client new ways of interacting with others. b. to help them get in touch with their inner self.

c. to help clients change relationship patterns that are problematic. d. a and c

19. Neoanalytics were about the only theorists to write extensively about:

a. personality disorders. b. sexual urges.

c. family dysfunction. d. aggression.

20. Laurie doesn’t do her homework. According to Adler, her parents should:

a. force her to do it. b. do it for her.

c. talk to her teacher.

d. allow natural consequences.

21. Which of the following is true about outcome research on Individual Psychology counseling?

a. It can be questioned methodologically. b. It is uniformly supportive of IP theory.

c. It is not supportive of IP theory. d. It is published in many journals.

22. Which of the following best describes Alfred Adler’s view of human nature?

a. Humans develop the desire to achieve perfection based on feedback that they receive from their adult caregivers.

b. Humans are more likely to adapt to their environment when they develop apart from others. c. Humans create their own life paths.

d. Humans are born with a sense of superiority.

23. Jennie tells her Adlerian counselor that she would love be a party girl but she is just too shy.

Andy, the Adlerian, instructs Jennie to spend the next two weeks pretending that she is outgoing and sociable. Andy is using the Individual Psychology technique know as:

a. creating images.

b. pushing the button. c. acting as it.

d. interpretation.

24. Alfred Adler believes that psychological dysfunction results from:

a. lifestyles that enhance the self and are not socially oriented.

b. satisfying the needs of society rather than focusing on the needs of self. c. a fundamental lack of connection between mind and body.

d. failing to use the organismic valuing system to evaluate self worth.

25. Dwight is a well-trained Adlerian therapist. Richard has begun treatment with Dwight to relieve his feelings of anxiety that he experiences when giving presentations at work. During last week’s session, Dwight instructed Richard to visualize being at the ocean, a scene that brings pleasant feelings to Richard. Dwight then instructed Richard to visualize

giving a presentation and focus on his feelings of anxiety. When Dwight reported to Richard that he felt substantially anxious, Richard instructed Dwight to again visualize being at the ocean and focus on the calm feelings that he experienced.

The purpose of the intervention that Richard used was to:

a. allow Dwight to gain awareness of his unconscious aggression toward is co-workers. b. allow Dwight to consider the ridiculous nature of his reaction to giving presentations. c. teach Dwight that he has control over the feelings that he experiences.

d. experience life from another person’s perspective.

Written Assignment for Unit One

•

Include your name, student number, course number, course title and unit number on each page of your written assignment (this is for your protection in case your materials become separated).

•

Begin each written assignment by identifying the question number you are answering followed by the actual question itself (in bold type).

•

Use a standard essay format for responses to all questions (i.e. an introduction, middle paragraphs and conclusion).

•

Responses must be submitted as a MS Word Document only, typed double-spaced, using a standard font (i.e. Times New Roman) and 12 point type size.

Word count is NOT one of the criteria that is used in assigning points to written assignments. However, students who are successful in earning the maximum number of points tend to submit written assignments that fall in the following ranges:

Undergraduate courses: 350 – 500 words or 1 – 2 pages. Graduate courses: 500 – 750 words or 2 – 3 pages. Doctoral courses: 750 – 1000 words or 4 – 5 pages.

Plagiarism

All work must be free of any form of plagiarism. Put written answers into your own words. Do not simply cut and paste your answers from the Internet and do not copy your answers from the textbook. Be sure to refer to the course Syllabus for more details on plagiarism and proper citation styles.

Please answer ONE of the following:

1. Describe the stages of psychoanalysis.

2. Describe how Self Psychology is different from the other three types of neoanalytical theories.

3. Discuss Adler’s ideas about birth order.

PSY 525 Counseling Systems and Techniques

Unit 2 Examination

Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)

1. Tim comes to the counselor because he is afraid of life. He does not trust others and therefore has difficulty establishing satisfying relationships. His Person Centered therapist, Carl, would hope that, as a result of counseling, Tim could:

a. learn assertiveness skills.

b. be more in touch with his experience. c. use fewer defense mechanisms.

d. confront his parents about conditions of worth they instilled.

2. Patty, the Person Centered counselor, tells her client Jose that she is feeling uncomfortable with the way he interacts with her. She is demonstrating:

a. congruence.

b. misjudgment.

c. countertransference. d. anxiety.

3. Person Centered therapy has been criticized because:

a. it is too positive about human beings. b. the techniques are difficult to learn.

c. it is individualistic. d. a and c

4. The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapy, according to Person Centered theorists, include all EXCEPT:

a. the client and counselor are equals.

b. counselor is the expert, guiding the client on a journey to healing. c. the counselor strives to understand the client’s experience.

d. all of the above are necessary and sufficient conditions.

5. Achieving good health is a process, not a:

a. destination.

b. impossible outcome. c. fluke.

d. dream.

6. In a Person Centered model, growth of the individual depends upon:

a. creating conditions of worth.

b. accurate perceptions of others.

c. accurate perceptions of experience. d. eliminating destructive tendencies.

7. Little Stella has a friend, Shelly, who tends to punch on Stella when they play together.

Lately, Stella has been crying when she sees Shelly and tries to crawl away from her. Stella is demonstrating the operation of the:

a. self-actualization tendency. b. core conditions.

c. conditions of worth.

d. organismic valuing process.

8. If you were an ET theorist and your client was “being in the physical world”, what is the correct term for that state of being?

a. Umwelt b. Mitwelt

c. Eigenwelt d. Bigwelt

9. If you were an ET theorist and your client was “in the inner psychological world”, what is the correct term for that state of being?

a. Umwelt b. Mitwelt

c. Eigenwelt d. Bigwelt

10. In Existential theory, the ultimate concern is:

a. bankruptcy.

b. being unloved. c. death.

d. a and c

11. This type of anxiety is destructive, paralyzing and tends to be repressed:

a. Normal

b. Existential c. Neurotic

d. Psychotic

12. When a client is experiencing guilt about possibilities unfulfilled, this is called:

a. Catholic guilt.

b. existential guilt. c. Umwelt guilt.

d. normal guilt.

13. An ET counselor is more interested in the client’s experience than his/her .

a. present; past

b. present; future c. past; present

d. future; present

14. A major characteristic of the therapeutic atmosphere of Gestalt therapy is to:

a. focus solely on events of the past and disregard the experience of the here and now.

b. focus solely on the experience of the here and now and disregard what has happened in the past.

c. examine what has happened in the past as it is experienced in the here and now of therapy. d. prevent the client from gaining awareness of how past events influence how he or she

interacts in the here and now.

Please answer questions 15 – 16 based on the following paragraph:

Desi is a 35 year-old Hispanic male who moved to the U.S. from Mexico approximately 4 years ago. Desi is married to Julie, a 32 year-old Caucasian female, who is an assistant professor in the counseling psychology program of a well-known university. Desi and Julie have 3 children and the couple decided after their first child was born that Desi would care for the children due to Julie’s full-time teaching and research activities. Desi was referred to counseling by his primary care physician due to Desi’s complaint of panic attacks, nightmares, and shortness of breath. His therapist (Pat) is a practicing Gestalt therapist.

15. Pat will MOST likely assess Desi to determine:

a. the most accurate DSM-IV diagnosis.

b. whether his presenting symptoms of anxiety are due to his history of asthma. c. the career that would be most appropriate for him to pursue.

d. Desi’s current level of awareness.

16. As Desi’s therapy progresses, Pat will:

a. encourage Desi to actively explore key aspects of his sense of identity.

b. actively explore key aspects of his sense of identity using projective methods.

c. gather evidence to support his perception of Desi’s sense of identity without disclosing his findings to Desi.

d. disclose aspects of his own sense of identity with the hope that Desi will assimilate them.

17. Which of the following characteristics of Gestalt therapy contributes to its usefulness with clients from diverse populations?

a. focus on expressiveness

b. focus on understanding the person in the environment and exploration of the client’s awareness

c. the focus on self-disclosure

d. the lack of importance of content

18. This concept refers to a complete loss of self in which the individual cannot separate himself/

herself from the environment:

a. retroflection b. introjection c. confluence d. projection

19. This defense occurs when a client’s impulse is blunted or dampened (i.e. a person smiles to soften the expression of his/her anger):

a. deflection b. denial

c. avoidance d. acting out

20. The problem with theory testing research in the area of behavioral approaches is that:

a. it is difficult to test the theory separate from outcome. b. behavioral constructs are hard to operationalize.

c. behavior therapists are bad researchers. d. all of the above are true

21. Which one of the following is NOT associated with Behavior Therapy?

a. Skinner b. Adler

c. Watson d. Pavlov

22. James is awakened at night by the barking dog (Hans) who lives next door. James opens his window and yells at the dog, to no avail. James next throws one of his best shoes at the dog, who immediately stops barking and busily chews on the shoe. James’ shoe-throwing behavior has been:

a. positively reinforced. b. counterconditioned.

c. negatively reinforced.

d. James’ behavior will not change.

23. In the previous question, the dog’s behavior has been:

a. counter conditioned. b. positively reinforced. c. negatively reinforced. d. punished.

24. Susan wants her boyfriend to kiss her more often. Unfortunately, boyfriend Dan does not approach Susan physically very much. Susan begins to smile and say nice things to Dan every time he comes within six inches of her. Pretty soon, Dan is so close that he touches Susan. She smiles and says very nice things to him. Susan continues to reward Dan’s behavior when he touches her and finally one day he kisses her. She jumps for joy. What technique is she using?

a. shaping

b. negative reinforcement c. positive punishment

d. none of the above

25. Dave has a shoe phobia. It is so bad that he can’t go to work because he works construction and his boss will not allow him to come to work barefoot. Dave consults with Phil, the behavior therapist. Phil discovers that when Dave was young, his dad would beat Dave with his wingtip shoes when he did something wrong. For Dave, shoes are:

a. the conditioned response. b. the conditioned stimulus.

c. the unconditioned stimulus. d. the unconditioned response.

Written Assignment for Unit Two

•

Include your name, student number, course number, course title and unit number on each page of your written assignment (this is for your protection in case your materials become separated).

•

Begin each written assignment by identifying the question number you are answering followed by the actual question itself (in bold type).

•

Use a standard essay format for responses to all questions (i.e. an introduction, middle paragraphs and conclusion).

•

Responses must be submitted as a MS Word Document only, typed double-spaced, using a standard font (i.e. Times New Roman) and 12 point type size.

Word count is NOT one of the criteria that is used in assigning points to written assignments. However, students who are successful in earning the maximum number of points tend to submit written assignments that fall in the following ranges:

Undergraduate courses: 350 – 500 words or 1 – 2 pages. Graduate courses: 500 – 750 words or 2 – 3 pages. Doctoral courses: 750 – 1000 words or 4 – 5 pages.

Plagiarism

All work must be free of any form of plagiarism. Put written answers into your own words. Do not simply cut and paste your answers from the Internet and do not copy your answers from the textbook. Be sure to refer to the course Syllabus for more details on plagiarism and proper citation styles.

Please answer ONE of the following:

1. What are the necessary and sufficient conditions of therapy, according to Person Centered therapy? What does the research tell us about these conditions?

2. Evaluate Existential Theory’s utility for clients who are of diverse backgrounds. What are its strengths and potential pitfalls?

3. Describe how you might use modeling procedures in helping a client learn a specific social skill.

PSY 525 Counseling Systems and Techniques

Unit 3 Examination

Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)

1. Julie believes that she absolutely MUST be the best mother possible. According to REBT, she should instead:

a. sacradize.

b. forget about it. c. importantize.

d. practice UAO.

2. When an individual experiences an Activating event and processes it with a rational belief, she/he is likely to:

a. not feel any emotion.

b. experience discomfort disturbance. c. experience ego disturbance.

d. none of the above

3. The REBT counselor would be LEAST likely to use the following technique:

a. bibliotherapy b. reframing

c. extensive problem exploration d. b and c

4. Which of the following is most important in REBT?

a. thoughts b. feelings

c. behavior

d. motivation

5. The role of the client in REBT is:

a. patient.

b. collaborator.

c. expert on the self. d. none of the above

6. The role of the counselor in REBT is:

a. doctor. b. teacher.

c. co-facilitator. d. submissive.

7. The best client outcome in REBT involves:

a. adopting a new life philosophy. b. symptom remission.

c. better interpersonal relationships. d. changing irrational beliefs.

8. Which of the following is NOT a level of cognitive processing?

a. automatic b. conscious

c. unconscious

d. metacognitive

9. The initial roles of the therapist and client in Cognitive Therapy are MOST like:

a. co-therapists.

b. fellow travelers. c. doctor-patient. d. parent-child.

10. Collaborative Empiricism refers to the:

a. client and therapist working together to investigate the client’s presenting problem. b. warmth and genuineness that the therapist and client demonstrate to each other.

c. therapist’s position as a blank slate in the second phase of treatment. d. client’s role of a student in the first phase of treatment.

11. In CT, client resistance is seen as stemming from:

a. activated depressogenic schemata.

b. irrational beliefs toward the therapist. c. therapist beliefs.

d. problems in collaboration.

12. Arlene, the Cognitive Therapist, asks her client Sue to take some baby steps towards re-establishing her relationship with her family. Arlene is using:

a. a graded task assignment. b activity scheduling.

c. Socratic questioning. d. none of the above

13. Cognitive restructuring occurs via:

a. behavioral techniques used in Cognitive Therapy. b. cognitive techniques used in Cognitive Therapy.

c. investigation into irrational core beliefs that developed during childhood. d. both a and b

14. Stephen is in therapy with Bob, and they decide that Stephen should, over the next week, meet one new person every day. When Stephen comes to his next session, he has met only three new people. Bob asks what Stephen will do over the next week to meet seven new people. Bob is MOST likely to be a(n):

a. Gestalt therapist.

b. Interpersonal therapist.

c. Family systems therapist. d. Reality therapist.

15. According to Reality Therapy, the reason we get depressed is that:

a. we are unhappy.

b. we are unhappy with ourselves.

c. we have unsatisfied needs for fun. d. we are unhappy with our job.

16. Researchers who have investigated the efficacy of Reality Therapy have generally reported that

Reality Therapy is:

a. as effective as a placebo. b. generally effective.

c. more effective than Cognitive Therapy.

d. more effective than treatment with medication.

17. Which of the following is an example of a question that a Reality Therapist is likely to ask a client?

a. “If tonight while you are sleeping, something happened that made everything better, how would you know?”

b. “What is your earliest recollection of your mother and father?”

c. “What will happen if you continue doing what you have been doing up until now?”

d. “What has worked for you in the past to solve the problem that you are having right now?”

18. A common criticism of the findings of Reality Therapy outcome research is that:

a. the findings are not generalizable due to the strict analog research designs that are used. b. the treatment time is too long.

c. samples are not drawn from diverse populations. d. it is too simplistic.

19. According to Reality Therapy theory, personality is:

a. the relative strengths of a person’s basic needs. b. not fully fixed until adulthood.

c. heavily influenced by parental reactions. d. easily changed.

20. Feminist Therapists believe that sex is determined and gender is determined. a. socially; biologically

b. biologically; socially

c. environmentally; genetically d. systematically; randomly

21. Feminist Therapists see dysfunction as resulting primarily from:

a. biological factors.

b. psychological factors.

c. oppressive environmental and social factors. d. past traumatic experiences.

22. Upon which of the following areas do Feminist Therapists tend to focus on in the counseling process?

a. building a sense of empowerment within the client b. assertiveness training

c. relational therapy

d. all of the above are true

23. Shanelle is seeing Betty, the feminist therapist, because she is having panic attacks. In one session, Shanelle talks about her anger because Betty has so much power over her. Betty is likely to:

a. acknowledge the power differential between them. b. respond empathically to Shanelle’s anger.

c. see Shanelle’s reaction as transference.

d. assure Shanelle that their relationship is egalitarian.

24. Based on question #23 above, which of the following techniques is Betty LEAST likely to use with Shanelle?

a. Gender role analysis

b. Systematic desensitization c. Self disclosure

d. Assertiveness training

25. Based on question #23, Shanelle’s treatment plan for therapy will MOST likely include which of the following goals?

a. Appreciate and accept the fundamental differences between people from different ethnic backgrounds.

b. Appreciate and accept the fundamental differences between men and women. c. Develop a personal sense of power.

d. Develop rational thoughts about her perceptions of the majority culture.

Written Assignment for Unit Three

•

Include your name, student number, course number, course title and unit number on each page of your written assignment (this is for your protection in case your materials become separated).

•

Begin each written assignment by identifying the question number you are answering followed by the actual question itself (in bold type).

•

Use a standard essay format for responses to all questions (i.e. an introduction, middle paragraphs and conclusion).

•

Responses must be submitted as a MS Word Document only, typed double-spaced, using a standard font (i.e. Times New Roman) and 12 point type size.

Word count is NOT one of the criteria that is used in assigning points to written assignments. However, students who are successful in earning the maximum number of points tend to submit written assignments that fall in the following ranges:

Undergraduate courses: 350 – 500 words or 1 – 2 pages. Graduate courses: 500 – 750 words or 2 – 3 pages. Doctoral courses: 750 – 1000 words or 4 – 5 pages.

Plagiarism

All work must be free of any form of plagiarism. Put written answers into your own words. Do not simply cut and paste your answers from the Internet and do not copy your answers from the textbook. Be sure to refer to the course Syllabus for more details on plagiarism and proper citation styles.

Please answer ONE of the following:

1. Discuss the ABCDE model using a client example.

2. What are the basic human needs, according to Reality Therapy? Which is most important and why?

3. Describe William Glasser’s views on assessment and diagnosis.

PSY 525 Counseling Systems and Techniques

PSY 525 Counseling Systems and Techniques

Unit 4 Examination

Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)

1. Clinicians who are concerned with cultural biases that are inherent with theories such as Family Systems Theories tend to criticize FST for:

a. the narrow definition of family.

b. the fact that differentiation is not culturally sensitive, and can sometimes be destructive to families who are not Caucasian middle-class.

c. the distinct heterosexual bias. d. all of the above

2. Which of the following theorists would most closely match the philosophy of human nature adopted by Virginia Satir?

a. Sigmund Freud b. Carl Rogers

c. Albert Ellis d. Aaron Beck

3. Minuchin’s theory of personality development tends to focus on:

a. feedback that the identified patient receives from the other family members. b. implications of being a member of a triangle within a family.

c. the development of the family rather than each individual within the family. d. Minuchin does not propose a theory of personality development.

4. When stress levels rise in a family that is of relatively low differentiation, which of the following is likely to be observed?

a. Problems in the couple relationship b. Dysfunction in a child

c. Dysfunction in one of the partners d. All of the above are possible

5. The idea that the therapist must know their own family is essential to which of the FSTs?

a. structural b. strategic c. satir

d. none of the above

6. The pseudo independent posture is the result of:

a. impression management strategies. b. high differentiation.

c. low self-esteem.

d. low differentiation.

7. Janie is the youngest child in a large family. Her relatives all live down the street from Janie, but Janie refuses to visit anyone, even for Thanksgiving dinner. According to Bowen, Janie is displaying:

a. emotional cutoff. b. triangulation.

c. disengagement. d. pseudo self.

Please answer questions 8 – 10 based on the paragraph below:

Jessie sought therapy because he was fired from his last two jobs and his wife has threatened to file for divorce unless he attended counseling. During the initial meeting, Jessie told his therapist, Greg, that he isn’t really sure why he needs to come to counseling; after all, his bosses were “just really unreasonable” and his wife is “always nagging him” about not working.

8. Greg, who is a Solution Focused Therapist, hypothesizes that Jessie might be a:

a. customer.

b. complementary receiver. c. complainant.

d. visitor.

9. Greg is likely to focus on Jessie’s:

a. thoughts about how the two of them could work together to make something different in

Jessie’s life.

b. difficulty taking responsibility for being fired. c. relationship with his wife.

d. apparent lack of concern for the problems that he is encountering..

10. Which of the following interventions is Greg likely to try with Jessie?

a. differentiation b. compliments

c. having Jessie make a genogram d. hypnotherapy

Please answer questions 11 – 14 based on the paragraph below:

Jane is a 42 year-old married mother of four children who was recently diagnosed with multiple sclerosis – a neurological disorder that often leads to motor weakness, speech disturbance,

and other cognitive symptoms. She sought counseling from Mark, who is currently involved in a Solution Focused Training program. As Mark conducted his intake assessment of Jane, he determined that Jane was experiencing symptoms of depression that were particularly related to her loss of sensation in her feet and lack of coordination. Jane further reported that as her

symptoms have progressed, she is aware that when she goes out to run errands or do activities with her children, people generally treat her “differently” than before she became ill.

11. Mark will likely conduct a formal assessment of Jane (e.g., a structured interview, brief measure of intelligence, and paper and pencil personality inventory) for the purpose of:

a. examining how her conditions of worth are related to her current symptoms of depression. b. investigating the extent that her symptoms of depression are due to her physical illness.

c. determining an accurate DSM-IV diagnosis.

d. Solution Focused Therapists do not use formal assessments.

12. In addition to empathic listening, Mark would most likely:

a. focus on family members’ reactions to Jane’s disease. b. look for evidence of Jane’s competence and strength.

c. acknowledge that Solution Focused approaches to therapy are only effective for psychological disorders.

d. ask Jane a series of questions about her illness as soon as possible, given the nature of

Jane’s problems.

13. Mark asks Jane the question, “If while you were sleeping something happened to make everything better, how would you know that things were better in the morning?” Mark’s question is an example of which of the following Solution Focused Interventions?

a. The person is political b. Scaling Questions

c. The Miracle Question

d. Fast Forward Questions

14. Mark spends many sessions gathering further information about Jane and ends up attributing

Jane’s depression and hopelessness to a traumatic event that happened during Jane’s

first marriage. Mark presents his conceptualization to his supervisor, who is likely to conclude that:

a. Mark is right on track with his hypotheses and should explore the roots of Jane’s depression further.

b. Jane has little or no hope to ever feel happy again, due to this traumatic event. c. Jane would benefit from continued assessment.

d. Mark has become “tangled” in the problem.

15. Which of the following is NOT one of West and Bubenzer’s (2002) three problematic narratives?

a. Ongoing Conflict

b. Not Being Appreciated c. Continual Lack of Trust d. Being Used

16. Assessment in a Narrative Therapy model is:

a. seen as a continuous process that is focused on understanding client’s perspectives on their lives.

b. not likely to use formal means.

c. inconsistent with Narrative Therapy philosophy. d. all of the above

17. In a Narrative Therapy session, whose language is used?

a. The client’s

b. The counselor’s

c. Both the client’s and counselor’s

d. The other therapists who are observing and helping

18. The Narrative Therapist is seen as a(n):

a. expert.

b. consultant.

c. master storyteller. d. none of the above

19. The major technique used in Narrative Therapy is:

a. visualizing.

b. giving homework. c. asking questions. d. b and c

20. The Transtheoretical Approach to Psychotherapy:

a. strictly adheres to only one theory.

b. uses the techniques from a theory but ignores the underlying theoretical assumptions. c. combines the techniques of various theories as long as the aim of the strategy is to help a client progress through the various stages of change.

d. adheres to the underlying theoretical assumptions but disregards the techniques.

21. Which of the following is NOT an element of the Contextual Model that was proposed by Frank

& Frank in 1991?

a. the setting connected to a healing mission

b. a match between client and counselor background

c. the rationale that is believed by the client and counselor d. the ritual that is based on rationale

22. Processes, stages, and levels are three basic dimensions of change that are associated with which of the following theoretical orientations?

a. Interpersonal Theories

b. Beutler’s Systematic Eclectic Psychotherapy c. Transtheoretical Therapy

d. Contextual Therapy

23. Which of the following are some of the basic processes that are associated with change according to the Transtheoretical approach to therapy?

a. self-liberation

b. social liberation

c. emotional expression d. all of the above

24. A client who shows initial attempts to change their behavior is in what stage of change in the Transtheoretical Model?

a. Pre-contemplation b. Preparation

c. Traveling

d. Procrastination

25. Laura is working with a client from a Person Centered approach and determined that the client is in Stage 3 of the therapy process. Laura’s colleague, Matt, who practices therapy from the Transtheoretical approach, consults with Laura on the case and determines that her client is in the stage of change.

a. precontemplation b. procrastination

c. preparation d. preliminary

Written Assignment for Unit Four

•

Include your name, student number, course number, course title and unit number on each page of your written assignment (this is for your protection in case your materials become separated).

•

Begin each written assignment by identifying the question number you are answering followed by the actual question itself (in bold type).

•

Use a standard essay format for responses to all questions (i.e. an introduction, middle paragraphs and conclusion).

•

Responses must be submitted as a MS Word Document only, typed double-spaced, using a standard font (i.e. Times New Roman) and 12 point type size.

Word count is NOT one of the criteria that is used in assigning points to written assignments. However, students who are successful in earning the maximum number of points tend to submit written assignments that fall in the following ranges:

Undergraduate courses: 350 – 500 words or 1 – 2 pages. Graduate courses: 500 – 750 words or 2 – 3 pages. Doctoral courses: 750 – 1000 words or 4 – 5 pages.

Plagiarism

All work must be free of any form of plagiarism. Put written answers into your own words. Do not simply cut and paste your answers from the Internet and do not copy your answers from the textbook. Be sure to refer to the course Syllabus for more details on plagiarism and proper citation styles.

Please answer ONE of the following:

1. Describe the differences between open and closed family systems and give an example of each.

2. Describe Visitors, Complainants, and Customers. Why, according to Solution Focused

Therapists, is it not a good thing if your client is a Visitor?

3. Evaluate Narrative Therapy’s utility for clients who are of diverse backgrounds. What are its strengths and drawbacks?

PSY 525 Counseling Systems and Techniques

Final Exam Scheduling

Form

 

Do you need a similar assignment done for you from scratch? Order now!
Use Discount Code "Newclient" for a 15% Discount!

Psychology homework help

Please no plagiarism and make sure you are able to access all resource on your own before you bid. Main references come from Capuzzi, D., & Stauffer, M. D. (2012) and/or American Psychological Association (2010). You need to have scholarly support for any claim of fact or recommendation regarding treatment. I have also attached my discussion rubric so you can see how to make full points. Please respond to all 3 of my classmates separately with separate references for each response. You need to have scholarly support for any claim of fact or recommendation like peer-reviewed, professional scholarly journals. I need this completed by 06/14/19 at 8pm.

Expectation:

Responses to peers. Note that this is measured by both the quantity and quality of your posts. Does your post contribute to continuing the discussion? Are your ideas supported with citations from the learning resources and other scholarly sources? Note that citations are expected for both your main post and your response posts. Note also, that, although it is often helpful and important to provide one or two sentence responses thanking somebody or supporting them or commiserating with them, those types of responses do not always further the discussion as much as they check in with the author. Such responses are appropriate and encouraged; however, they should be considered supplemental to more substantive responses, not sufficient by themselves.

Read a your colleagues’ postings. Respond to your colleagues’ postings.

Respond in one or more of the following ways:

· Ask a probing question.

· Share an insight gained from having read your colleague’s posting.

· Offer and support an opinion.

· Validate an idea with your own experience.

· Make a suggestion.

· Expand on your colleague’s posting.

1. Classmate (C. Spi)

NCDA C.2.a – Professional Competence 

When reviewing the ethical standards of both the NCDA (2015) and ACA (2014), I realized that practicing within the boundaries of my professional competence is crucial. As a new counselor, especially one with limited counseling experience, working with certain populations may be outside of my professional wheelhouse. According to NCDA Standard C.2.a and the ACA Standard C.2.a, both state counselors must practice within the realms of their professional wheelhouse. For me, this means that working with some populations would require additional training. For example, my counseling specialty focuses on addiction. My client population will be geared towards working with adolescents and young adults; however, I recently learned that I need additional training when working with the LGBTQ community. If my client is part of the LGBT community, then I need to seek supervision regarding the best way to assist this client or if I need to transfer this client to another counselor that specializes working within the LGBTQ community. Following these ethical guidelines not only protects the professional but also protects the wellbeing of the client.

ACA B.1.a – Multicultural/Diversity Considerations

According to ACA (2014), counseling professionals must maintain awareness of multicultural and diversity differences. Counselors must remain self-aware of any bias that exists personally and professionally. Counselors must be sensitive to the differences and experiences between the professional and the client. For me, this might include clients that have different values than my own. I need to be sensitive to the needs of each client as they are all unique individuals with different experiences from my own. Young adults with different racial backgrounds may feel oppressed in their working environment and as their counselor, I need to be sensitive to their feelings. I also need to consider cultural appropriateness when making suggestions to aid the client (Harris & Engels, 2012). As a counselor, my goal is to empower and encourage my clients.

Ethical Challenges 

One potential challenge I found within the NCDA (2015) Standard A.2.d was sharing information. Since some of my clients will minors, it may be necessary to share information with the client’s parents. In many states, informed consent applies to adult clients only. When the client does not have the ability to give consent, I would work to obtain assent from the client and discuss the limitations of confidentiality in detail with both client and parent/guardian to that each has an understanding of what they are. I would work with the minor client to help them be able to share the information with their parent/guardian and give them the option of having me be present or telling them alone. In my opinion, this gives the minor client some power in making their own decisions by choosing how to include their parent/guardian.

A second challenge I may face is regarding the ACA (2014) Standard C.2.g – Impairment. The ACA states that counselor must remain vigilant of their own self-care needs as well as the needs of their colleagues. As a new counselor, I am not sure I would understand the signs of my own impairment or be comfortable confronting a colleague that is experiencing impairment. I may disagree if someone confronted me, or feel out of place. To counteract this, I would be mindful of my own needs and feelings regarding the work I am doing. If I thought someone was experiencing an impairment of some sort, I may seek consultation with my supervisor as to how to handle such a situation.

Summary of NCDA and ACA

After reviewing the NCDA (2015) and ACA (2014) ethical guidelines, I find that both are very similar. In fact, most of the guidelines are written using the same wording. In my opinion, this makes it extremely beneficial when maintaining ethical and legal practices. So long as the guidelines are followed, there is little room for error. I find comfort knowing that I do have resources to turn to if I have questions and can always seek guidance from consulting with a colleague or supervisor.

References

American Counseling Association (ACA). (2014). ACA Code of Ethics. Retrieved from http://www.counseling.org/docs/ethics/2014-aca-code-of-ethics.pdf?sfvrsn=4

Harris, H. L., & Engels, D. W. (2012). Ethical and legal issues in career counseling. In D. Capuzzi & M. D. Stauffer (Eds.), Career Counseling: Foundations, perspectives, and applications (2nd ed., pp. 127-149). Boston, MA: Pearson Education.

National Career Development Association (NCDA). (2015).  NCDA Code of Ethics. http://associationdatabase.com/aws/NCDA/asset_manager/get_file/3395

2. Classmate (J. Ru)

NCDA Ethical Standards

In this week’s reading we concentrate on ethics, one important aspect when it comes to entering the field of counseling or any field working with a diverse clientele we must adhere to our ethical codes. Being able to follow the ethics codes allows us to protect the dignity and well being of our clients.

When it comes to selecting a ACA I will have to go with A.2. Informed Consent in the Counseling Relationship (ACA, 2014), The reason I have selected A.2. is because currently as an Intake caseworker this is one important document that we must have signed in order to provide services and share information to those that are also working with our clients. If parents refuse to sign the informed Consent form, we are not allowed to communicate with the individual that made the referral until parents signed the consent form which sometimes makes it difficult to help the families reach the desire outcome of the referral made.

Now when it comes to the NCDA I would go with A.1.a. Primary Responsibility (NCDA, 2015), the reason I have selected this one is because it is my primary responsibility to respect and serve my client in a lawfully matter. I also think these two are very hard in my working setting because if I feel that a child is immediate or impending danger, I must call child protective services and break that relationship that I have built with my client. I always tell myself that my purpose is to make sure that I am meeting the child’s needs as well as the parent’s, but he/she must obey the rules that are put in place to protect these children from harm.

These codes are put in place to make sure as counselors we are aware of boundaries and what must be done to serve our clientele but also to protect them

References

National Career Development Association (NCDA) Ethical Standards

National Career Development 2015 Standards

http://associationdatabase.com/aws/NCDA/asset_manager/get_file/3395

American Counseling Association (ACA). (2014). ACA Code of Ethics. Retrieved from

http://www.counseling.org/docs/ethics/2014-aca-code-of-ethics.pdf?sfvrsn=4

Highlights of the ACA Code of Ethics

3. Classmate (J. Sch)

Ethical Standards

As counselors there may be different ethical codes governing our disciplines, specialty areas, work setting and client populations.  It is advantageous for counselors to look at the code of ethics for counseling organizations like their own discipline’s code of ethics.  In this discussion I am going to be comparing the code of ethics of the American Counseling Association and the National Career Development Association.  I will identify two individual standards from each association’s code of ethics that I feel are important to adhere to and two which I feel may be most challenging to adhere to.

Important Codes: NCDA C.2.a. and ACA  B.1.a

Two individual standards that I think are most important to adhere to address competencies of counselors regarding boundaries and cultural competences.  The National Career Development Association (NCDA) Standard C.2.a. addresses Boundaries of Competence.  According to Standard C.2.a. of the 2015 NCDA Code of Ethics, career professionals should practice in their areas of competence according to their “education, training, supervised and professional experience, state and national professional credentials, and appropriate professional experience.”  (National Career Development Association, 2015)  I do not think it is ethical for counselors to present themselves as having experience they don’t have nor is it legal to give the appearance that you have licenses or training that you don’t.

In addition to making sure they are adhering to the boundaries set by the NCDA, being culturally competent is a requirement that covers all counseling fields.  The American Counseling Association requires that culturally competent career professionals possess knowledge, personal awareness, sensitivity, and skills of working with individuals from diverse backgrounds communicating “the parameters of confidentiality in a culturally competent manner.”  (American Psychological Association, 2014, p. 6)  Being bilingual in English and Spanish allows me to communicate with clients in the language they feel most comfortable with.  For counselors who do not speak the language their clients feel comfortable expressing themselves, or if I find a situation where I don’t speak the native language of my clients, it is best to refer them to another professional who does.  Because I am getting my MS in Clinical Mental Health Counseling with a specialization in Military Families and Culture it will be vital that I adhere to the ACA Code of Ethics and familiar with the NCDA Code of Ethics so I can help guide veterans in my program that may be looking for assistance in career development or training after discharge.  I believe having a working knowledge of the NCDA code gives me insight into explaining to veterans how career development counselors can help them identify jobs using their skills, abilities and strengths so they can find rewarding careers that fit their personalities and skills.  I also think that having cultural competence for military culture is important for me to provide the best services for veterans and their families.

Challenging Codes:  ACA A.4.a. and NCDA C.4.a.

As a counselor I believe we have decided to enter the profession of counseling due to our desire to help others.  According to the American Counseling Association 2014 Code of Ethics Standard A.4.a. “Counselors act to avoid harming their clients, trainees, and research participants and to minimize or to remedy unavoidable or unanticipated harm.” (American Counseling Association, 2014, p. 4)  I think being vigilant of my actions, thoughts, biases and prejudices are some of the best ways I can avoid causing harm to clients, trainees and research participants; but there are other areas which must be considered.  I also think being honest in explaining my credentials and experience to clients is another way I can avoid harm as I do not think it is ethical or legal to treat clients in areas that I lack training or experience in.  I also feel it is incumbent on me as a counselor to keep up to date on my licensure and new developments in my field.  One way to do this is to join professional organizations and avail myself to training to gain experience I need to improve my skills and knowledge.

The second code I will address is C.4.a. of the National Career Development Association Code of Ethics.  According to the 2015 NCDA Code of Ethics standard C.4.a. states career professionals claim/imply only the professional qualifications they have completed, use appropriate titles, correct misrepresentations of their qualifications by others and distinguish between paid and volunteer work, education, and training.  (National Career Development Association, 2015) I feel this is important because clients should be aware of our credentials, but they should also be aware of any limitations we may have to providing them appropriate treatment.

I placed both the ACA A.4.a. and NCDA C.4.a. standards under the challenging category not because I feel I will have trouble enforcing them, but because I see how they can present ethical and legal dilemmas for counselors.  As such, they may present dilemmas where I will need to seek guidance and/or input from others like supervisors, co-workers or legal and professional experts.  For instance, say I have a client who is a veteran in my program who is having trouble finding a job.  Though he has been improving in counseling through identifying his goals and working on expressing his thoughts and feelings, his wife doesn’t feel he is working hard enough at finding a job and wants me to do a career assessment on him.  This can present a legal dilemma concerning misrepresentation of my professional qualification in that she may not understand as a clinical mental health counselor I am not a licensed career development counselor and doing no harm as I do not feel it is ethical or legal for me to try to assess the veteran in career, but the issue presents a delicate scenario on how to inform the wife of this without the veteran thinking I am breaking confidence or feeling he is at fault for misleading his wife in some way about the limits of my abilities.

References

American Counseling Association. (2014). ACA Code of Ethics. Retrieved from http://www.counseling.org/docs/ethics/2014-aca-code-of-ethics.pdf?sfvrsn=4

National Career Development Association. (2015). 2015 NCDA Code of Ethics. Retrieved from http://associationdatabase.com/aws/NCDA/asset_manager/get_file/3395.

Bottom of Form

Required Resources

· Capuzzi, D., & Stauffer, M. D. (2012). Career counseling: Foundations, perspectives, and applications. (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education.

• Chapter 5, “Ethical and       Legal Issues in Career Counseling”
• National Career Development      Association (NCDA) Ethical Standards
  • National Career Development       2015 Standards
    http://associationdatabase.com/aws/NCDA/asset_manager/get_file/3395

Pick one of the web sites below to review, depending on your specialty area, in addition to the NCDA Ethical Standards, which everyone is to review.

• American Psychological      Association (APA). (2010). Ethical Standards
  http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspx
• American Counseling Association      (ACA). (2014). ACA Code of Ethics. Retrieved from
  http://www.counseling.org/docs/ethics/2014-aca-code-of-ethics.pdf?sfvrsn=4
  Highlights of the ACA Code of Ethics
• National Board for Certified      Counselors
  http://www.nbcc.org/Assets/Ethics/nbcc-codeofethics.pdf

Website

· National Career Development Association. (2015). Internet sites for career planning. Retrieved from www.ncda.org/aws/NCDA/pt/sp/resources

 

Do you need a similar assignment done for you from scratch? Order now!
Use Discount Code "Newclient" for a 15% Discount!

Matching

University of Phoenix Material

Week 1 Assignment Worksheet

Matching

Match the following descriptions to the correct perspective:

1. ___B.___ perspective focuses on how learning experiences affect behavior, and focuses on behavior that is observable.

2. __E___ perspective focuses on the effect of unresolved conflicts from childhood, and how those conflicts unconsciously shape behavior.

3. __D___ perspective focuses on free will, conscious choices, and self-awareness, and views humans as distinct individuals with unique characteristics.

4. ___C__ perspective examines the mental processes used to obtain knowledge, and focuses on how information is processed, stored, retrieved, and manipulated.

5. __A___ perspective focuses on how factors like age, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, and income level influence behavior, attitudes, and mental processes.

A. Sociocultural

B. Behavioral

C. Cognitive

D. Humanistic

E. Psychodynamic

Table

Provide a description of the function of the structures or hormones listed.

Structure	Hormone(s) released (if applicable)	Description or function
Frontal lobe	CRH Corticotropin-releasing hormone	Helps with decision making
Somatosensory cortex	CRH	Sensory receptive area for the sense of touch
Pancreas	Glucagon and insulin	A long flat gland that lies behind the stomach
Thyroid	Thyroxie, triodothyronine	Covers the windpipe from 3 sides.helps the body produce and regulatehormones adrenalie
Adrenal glands	Cortisol	Located at the top of each kidney, produce hormones to help control blood sugar

Short Answer

Read the following examples and indicate whether they are describing sensation or perception. If the example describes sensation, list which sense is involved. If the example describes perception, list the concept or principle of perception that is involved.

I think I see Bob approaching me from a distance, but as the man gets closer to me, I realize it isn’t Bob. Perception Harmonic perception, on the other hand, owes to the understanding that the ear usually perceives inter-related notes, as one, to create meaning in sounds

While studying for a test at the library, I hear other people talking and laughing; however, I am able to block out the noise and concentrate on reading my textbook. perception__ Harmonic perception, on the other hand, owes to the understanding that the ear usually perceives inter-related notes, as one, to create meaning in sounds

My math teacher draws a triangle on the board, and even thought she uses dotted lines, I am still able to see the shape of the triangle. perception_ Harmonic perception, on the other hand, owes to the understanding that the ear usually perceives inter-related notes, as one, to create meaning in sounds.

I am walking down the street and I see two people walking together, but to my surprise, they walk off in different directions without acknowledging that the other person is leaving. perception_ Finally, form perception indicates the contextualization of particular objects in a given environment, whereby the eyes sees them as primarily 2-D and at times as 3-D depending on the way of their placement. It is also the understanding of what characterizes the inner and outer core of an object_

1. When I look at a white piece of paper, I can still recognize it as white whether I am outside in bright sunlight, or sitting in a dark room. perception__ Color perception, on the other hand, describes the way the visual senses, denoting the eyes, observe hues and contextualize them in the environment I notice that the light is on in the living room. sensation_Exteroceptive senses which are sense that perceives the body’s own position, motion and state.

Music is playing in the elevator. . sensation_ Exteroceptive senses which are sense that perceives the body’s own position, motion and state.

2. I notice that my mom is baking bread as I walk into the house to greet her. sensation Interoceptive senses are senses that perceive sensations in internal organs

When I wash my hands at school, I notice that the water feels hot. sensation___Exteroceptive senses which are sense that perceives the body’s own position, motion and state.

When I had an infected tooth extracted, I experienced pressure as the tooth separated from the gums. sensation Interoceptive senses are senses that perceive sensations in internal organsx

I am able to type this sentence without looking at the keyboard on my computer. _perception_ Amodal perception is one of the most recognizable types of perception in psychology. It is the observation and interpretation of things in terms of depth and motion._

I experience motion sickness whenever I ride in a boat. sensation Interoceptive senses are senses that perceive sensations in internal organs

Essay

Read the following scenarios.

Write a 100- to 150-word response to the following questions associated with each scenario.

A psychologist is interested in learning more about how children interact with each other during the school day. The psychologist is particularly interested in discovering the ways in which children behave when they do not think they are being watched. What research method would be best used to conduct this type of research, and why? What ethical concerns might be an issue in this type of research? ) Observational research method would be suitable because it includes case studies, ethnographic studies, ethological studies, etc. The primary characteristic of each of these types of studies is that phenomena are being observed and recorded. Often times, the studies are qualitative in nature. For example, a psychological case study would entail extensive notes based on observations of and interviews with the client. A detailed report with analysis would be written and reported constituting the study of this individual case. For example, an ethological study interaction of children as they play with each other may include measures of behavior durations i.e. the amount of time the children are engaged in a specified behavior. This measure of time would be quantitative. Observational research can be problematic if not conducted well. Clearly, there are many problems with internal validity. One can describe the individual(s) being observed but one cannot make any sort of causative conclusions based on the observations. Additionally, construct validity can be impacted by lack of background work before the observations or study, observer and experimenter biases or expectencies, etc. In developmental psychology, this form of research is often early work in the exploration of a developmental topic. In this research approach, behaviors are counted, correct answers or errors are counted, and other types of measures are recorded in terms of quantity. Observational research involves both experimental and non-experimental research. Ethical issues Observational research focus on protecting individuals that receive an intervention. For example, an intervention may involve training participants in group communication where a great deal of self-disclosure is required. Self-disclosure is a technique whereby people are encouraged to discuss their feelings, attitudes, and experiences (some of which may be quite personal). Does there searcher have the right to use such a treatment? Dealing with this question is a personal decision on the part of the researcher.

1. As a researcher, I am interested in learning whether or not there is a connection between sleep and test scores. I want to know if an increase in sleep improves test scores, for example. What type of research method would I use, and why? What ethical concerns might present an issue when conducting this type of research? True Experiments: The true experiment is often thought of as a laboratory study. However, this is not always the case. A true experiment is defined as an experiment conducted where an effort is made to impose control over all other variables except the one under study. It is often easier to impose this sort of control in a laboratory setting. True experiments have often been erroneously identified as laboratory studies. To understand the nature of the experiment, we must first define a few terms: Experimental or treatment group – this is the group that receives the experimental treatment i.e. the group that we use to examine the relationship between sleep and improvement of test scores, manipulation, or is different from the control group on the variable under study. Control group – this group is used to produce comparisons. The treatment of interest is deliberately withheld or manipulated to provide a baseline performance with which to compare the experimental or treatment group’s performance. Independent variable – this is the variable that the experimenter/researcher manipulates in a study. It can be any aspect of the environment that is empirically investigated for the purpose of examining its influence on the dependent variable which is the variable that is measured in a study. The experimenter does not control this variable. A major ethical concern would be double blind where by neither the subject nor the experimenter knows whether the subject is in the treatment of the control condition.

If I want to research whether or not a new medication has an effect on depression, and I want to compare the medication against a placebo, what research method might I use, and why? What ethical concerns might be an issue in this type of research? In the case of research to establish whether or not a new medication has an effect on depression Correlational research can be used as a good research method. In general, correlational research examines the co-variation of two or more variables. Correlational research can be accomplished by a variety of techniques which include the collection of empirical data. Often times, correlational research is considered a type of observational research as nothing is manipulated by the experimenter or individual conducting the research. The early studies on cigarette smoking did not manipulate how many cigarettes were smoked. The researcher only collected the data on the two variables. Nothing was controlled by the researchers and therefore, no cause and effect statements were made out. Further experimental research clearly demonstrated the negative effects of cigarette smoking. Correlational research is not causal research. In other words, we cannot make statements concerning cause and effect on the basis of this type of research. There are two major reasons why we cannot make cause and effect statements. First, we don’t know the direction of the cause. Second, a third variable may be involved of which we are not aware. An example may help clarify these points. In major clinical depressions, the neurotransmitters serotonin or norepinephrine has been found to be depleted (Coppen, 1967; Schildkraut & Kety, 1967). In other words, low levels of these two neurotransmitters have been found to be associated with increased levels of clinical depression. However, while we know that the two variables covary – a relationship exists – we do not know if a causal relationship exists. Thus, it is unclear whether depletion in serotonin/norepinephrine cause depression or whether depression causes depletion is neurotransmitter levels. This demonstrates the first problem with correlational research; we don’t know the direction of the cause. Second, a third variable has been uncovered which may be affecting both of the variables under study. The number of receptors on the postsynaptic neuron has been found to be increased in depression. Thus, it is possible that the increased number of receptors on the postsynaptic neuron is actually responsible for the relationship between neurotransmitter levels and depression. As you can see from the discussion above, one cannot make a simple cause and effect statement concerning neurotransmitter levels and depression based on correlational research. To reiterate, it is inappropriate in correlational research to make statements concerning cause and effect. Correlational research is often conducted as exploratory or beginning research. Once variables have been identified and defined, experiments are conductable. Correlational research involves data that are recorded in narrative descriptions, not numbers. Researchers use correlational methods to observe and describe conditions rather than control them. A basic ethical principle for correlative researchers is this. Do not tamper with the natural setting or group under study.

REFERENCES

Wettlaufer, Alexandra K. (2003). In the mind’s eye : the visual impulse in Diderot, Baudelaire and Ruskin, pg. 257. Amsterdam: Rodopi. ISBN 90-420-1035-5.

The Secret Advantage Of Being Short by Robert Krulwich. All Things Considered, NPR.

Atkinson, Rita L.; Atkinson, Richard C.; Smith, Edward E. (March 1990). Introduction to psychology. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. pp. 177–183. ISBN 978-0-15-543689-3.

Gordon B. (2005). Social cognition: understanding self and others. Guilford Press. p. 421. ISBN 978-1-59385-085-2.

Popper, Arthur N. (30 November 2010). Music Perception. Springer. p. 150. ISBN 978-1-4419-6113-6.

 

 

Do you need a similar assignment done for you from scratch? Order now!
Use Discount Code "Newclient" for a 15% Discount!

Psychology homework help

Special Assignment – PSY 340

INSTRUCTIONS: Please, answer the following question(s) (Times New Roman, 10 / *double spaced not necessary for non-essay questions*)

1. This stage of adulthood presents many opportunities to make good choices and bad

choices for yourself. What are some behaviors or choices you repeatedly make that you might need to improve? These may include habits, negative perceptions, unmanaged stress, or other health-related behaviors. How might these behaviors be obstacles to later- life success?

2. Make a list of “good behaviors” and “bad behaviors” you displayed in your REAL life before college. Do you believe these behaviors can later map onto “Good outcomes” and “bad outcomes”? How or why?

3. What are some good decisions you can make in your life now that you hope will continue to lead you to good outcomes down the road? Think about physical health, money management, decisions, emotional well-being, relationships and social behaviors, and even identity choices and personal values that would play a role in later stages of your development.

4. What parts of development do you predict might stay the same as you move into and through your adulthood years? What might influence this stability as you mature?

5. Think of some aspects of personality and development that might change as you grow older. Do you expect that nature/genetics or nurture/experience has more influence on your personality and development over time? How would you know whether nature or nurture is responsible for a change?

6. What are some reasons why individuals might choose to NOT raise children in their lifetime? These may include personal reasons and/or medical reasons. If you were deciding whether or not to have children, what sorts of variables within your control would you take into consideration?

7. Imagine you sit down to dinner with your long-time friend and she tells you she is having jealousy issues in her marriage. Her husband, whom you get along with, is upset that she has gotten to be too close with a male coworker, and he is interpreting their friendly banter as flirting. What advice might you give to your friend to help her alleviate the situation?

8. Do you see yourself as the kind of person who will stay in the same type of job for a long time, perhaps into retirement, or as more of a job hopper in order to climb the professional ladder? Explain why you see yourself this way and what factors would influence your decision.

9. What are some actions that you, or someone you know, could take to create a healthy, successful marriage?

10. Consider the timing of when people have children. For those who have children during Adolescence or Emerging Adulthood, how might their life outcomes differ from those who have children during Young Adulthood or even Middle Adulthood? If you could choose the age at which you have children, which age would you choose, and what sorts of variables within your control would you take into consideration?

11. What kinds of stress responses do you tend to display in your real life? Make a list of some of your adaptive stress responses and consider how these serve as measures of resiliency. What are some maladaptive stress responses you’ve noticed about yourself or others? How might these responses contribute to even more stressful experiences?

12. Based on class discussions, describe what circumstances you think leads an individual to a midlife crisis. What type of theory best explains this experience?

13. Overall, divorce rates have declined in the last 20 years, but among middle-aged couples, the rates are rising. Do an internet search to find what current statistics are available for different groups of individuals, then describe three factors that contribute to contemporary rises in middle-aged divorce rates.

14. Describe advantages and disadvantages of experiencing divorce in midlife. You might consider factors such as income, identity, mutual friends, investments, children and other family members, and the fact that dividing households later in a marriage will require divvying up items bought as a couple. How might divorce during young adulthood or late adulthood be different in terms of such factors? How might separation be different for long-term relationships where partners have been together but not married?

15. Based upon the theory and research about mid-life crises discussed in your textbook and class, how might you explain a 40-something-year-old family member’s sudden change towards unpredictable behaviors and emotionality?

16. How might some unique aspects of your cohort or generation have shaped your views of gender, sexual orientation, political viewpoints, or other categories of individual differences?

17. Long-term health effects are something to consider at nearly every age. What are some

behaviors or choices a person could make during midlife that could be obstacles to later- life success? These may include habits, negative perceptions, unmanaged stress, or other health-related behaviors.

18. How does your tolerance of people who are different from you compare to that of people in your parents’ generation? Is there a difference at all in your own family? Qualify your answer with examples and discuss why you believe differences, if any, exist.

19. How well do you think you would cope with balancing the needs of two generations of family members in the same home if both generations were living in YOUR home? As you manage and focus on your own relationship needs, as well as work responsibilities, bills, life goals and plans how do you think you’d cope with having others living in your home who may have their own (different) needs or plans? Explain why you would or would not cope well.

20. Describe how your job(s) can shape your perceptions and assessments of your overall life

satisfaction. Would the age at which you conduct a life review have any influence on how you rate your overall satisfaction? Why or why not?

21. How do you think your work history will play into your transition into and through

retirement, as you forecast into the later adulthood years? Consider financial factors, such as social security, retirement-savings planning, and whether to stay employed part-time, in your response.

22. What do you think might lead some people to experience a full-on midlife crisis, while

others experience a mild crisis or simply a strong need to change just one thing to accomplish a work or life goal?

23. Current national trends indicate that more middle-aged adults are caring for others than

ever before. “Others” often include boomerang children, or children who move back in to their parents’ home. What are some likely reasons for increases in parents having boomerang children?

24. Imagine that several of your peers changed companies at the same time that you were

considering a change into a new career. They cited a number of reasons for making career changes in midlife, including the following: there was little challenge at their current job; the challenges became routine; their jobs changed in ways they do not like; they lost their current jobs, so they are switching careers all together; they were asked to do more with fewer resources; technological advances rendered their jobs no longer enjoyable; they were unhappy with their status and wanted a fresh start; they feel burned out; this is the last time they can make a meaningful change towards more job satisfaction before running out of time. Which of these reasons would compel YOU to change jobs in midlife? Describe your thoughts for each answer you select.

25. Imagine that several of your peers changed companies at the same time that you were considering a change into a new career. They cited a number of reasons for making career changes in midlife, including the following: there was little challenge at their current job; the challenges became routine; their jobs changed in ways they do not like; they lost their current jobs, so they are switching careers all together; they were asked to do more with fewer resources; technological advances rendered their jobs no longer enjoyable; they were unhappy with their status and wanted a fresh start; they feel burned out; this is the last time they can make a meaningful change towards more job satisfaction before running out of time. Which of these reasons would compel YOU to change jobs in midlife? Describe your thoughts for each answer you select.

26. How do you see your midlife years leading you to successful (or unsuccessful) aging in

the near future?

27. Regardless of whether you are a parent or step-parent in your virtual life that you are leading, why do you think many parents report difficulties in maintaining or increasing intimacy with their adult children? In your answer, consider that for some parents their children often provide a perceived source of validation of their own beliefs, values, and standards. What are some reasons why or how children might resist their parents’ desires to maintain a close intimacy with them?

28. Sometimes older adults hesitate to give their adult children or other family members

unsolicited advice or feedback because it might cause tension in the relationship if that feedback is negative. How do you feel about giving younger adults your advice or opinions, particularly if it might cause tension? Are there times when it is appropriate or inappropriate to give someone unsolicited advice? Draw on your own experiences or even your virtual person to provide examples.

29. Based upon the theory and research about mid-life crises discussed in your textbook and

class, how might you explain a 40-something-year-old family member’s sudden change towards unpredictable behaviors and emotionality?

30. How can involvement in civic or religious activity buffer you against stress effects? Give

some examples from your personal life.

31. What are some reasons why you or your friends might continue to work past the age of retirement?

32. Imagine you are 65 years old and you are experiencing conflicts with your adult children over a number of things: communication and style of interaction; lifestyle choices and habits; parenting practices; values, religion, ideology, and politics; work habits; and standards of household maintenance. How might you approach these conflicts or communicate with your children about them? Which differences could you feel at ease with and which would really bother you?

33. What employment problems might an older person face that could be the result of their age?

34. What are some internal and external factors that might contribute to a positive outlook about aging?

35. According to Nancy Schlossberg, there are multiple paths of retirement that adults may follow. (a) Continuers; (b) Involved spectators; (c) Adventurers; (d) Searchers; (e) Easy gliders; (f) Retreaters. Which of these paths seem most probable for you? Why?

36. How much and in what ways are older persons like yourself influenced by gender identity

beliefs? Do you think that gender issues are of concern for older adults?

37. What factors might lead a person to select gender atypical activities and life roles?

38. Some of the best predictors of successful aging are an individual’s general outlook on life and his or her ability to adapt to life’s events-expected and unexpected! Looking back over your virtual life, which experiences could contribute to successful aging, and which could have put you at risk for unsuccessful aging?

39. What are the benefits of connecting with others throughout life and particularly during

Late Adulthood? If you could do your virtual life over, would you do anything differently?

40. What model would you use to describe your coping with death and dying? Use your

textbook to identify the model and describe how the stages you confront might be played out in your late adulthood years. Comment on previous experiences in your life (in childhood, adolescence, or emerging adulthood ages) which might also contribute to such a response.

41. What model would you use to describe your coping with death and dying? Use your

textbook to identify the model and describe how the stages you confront might be played out in your late adulthood years. Comment on previous experiences in your life (in childhood, adolescence, or emerging adulthood ages) which might also contribute to such a response.

42. Do you expect to have a sense of ego integrity or ego despair as you move into and

through late adulthood? What might make you more or less likely to have a sense of integrity? What decisions might you have made either now or in your virtual past to cope differently with either negative or positive experiences you have had in your virtual life?

43. Why are siblings such an important factor in elderly individuals having successful coping

skills? Does this mean that aging persons without siblings (either due to loss or perhaps because they were an only child) are more at risk for problems in coping with aging?

How might only children compensate for lacking siblings and have positive outcomes in later adulthood?

44. As a projective assignment, write your own obituary about your virtual life. What

significant others in your life remain after you? What would you list as your meaningful moments or accomplishments, either those addressed within this virtual life course, or drawn from experiences not mentioned previously? You can write this from an observer’s point of view (third-person), or from your own perspective (first-person) as an autobiographical letter. Your instructor will provide you with more details about this assignment.

 

Do you need a similar assignment done for you from scratch? Order now!
Use Discount Code "Newclient" for a 15% Discount!