State Of Air

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Answer This

State of the AirThus far in this course we have been discussing, learning, and exploring the ideas of environmental problems, human values, politics, and economics. This week we turn to take a closer look at a particular type of pollution: air pollution. Have you ever visited or lived in a town that had air quality warnings? For the last 16 years, the American Lung Association has used air quality data to publish a report on air quality called State of the Air. In this forum, we will explore some of the most polluted cities in the United States and focus on solutions.

Part I. Questions:

Since this is not a writing assignment but a discussion, you will not need to formally reference your work but need to attribute it to the source you found it, something likely you do in everyday conversation.  For example, “Yesterday I was reading in the Washington Post that . . ” or, “I found this interesting video on YouTube.”

Choose one of most polluted cities from the State of the Air report that has not been selected already by another classmate (check what has been posted already)*. Research the city you chose and share your research with the class here are some topics to consider:

· What are the causes of this city’s pollution? Why is air pollution a problem?

· What are some possible solutions to this city’s pollution?

· What is your opinion about the role of scientists, government, and citizens in air pollution solutions?

· What is your personal experience? Have you been to this city, or another that your perceived as having air pollution? How did you know? How did it affect you?

· End your response by posing an open-ended question to the class that you have thought of based on your research and study (it can be anything related to air quality and air pollution).

*Place the name of the city you chose in the title of your initial post.

THE PLACE I PICKED IS ***** Missoula, MT*****

***The initial post should be no longer than 1-2 short paragraphs. ***

Reply To Each Post 50 words min. There are 7 different ones

1. What are the causes of this city’s pollution? Why is air pollution a problem?
One of the many reasons there is such bad pollution in Bakersfield is that it is a valley that lies in a bowl created by the Sierra Nevada mountain range. What this does is it creates a literal bowl where heavier air that is saturated with particulates can linger, especially with the weather getting hotter with global warming. This is one of the most densely populated areas in the San Fernando valley so a lot of people contributing to the pollution with their vehicle emissions and other pollutants caused from day to day living.
What are some possible solutions to this city’s pollution?
Some things the city could do is require more frequent emissions testing with stricter penalties. There was a clunker buy out program many years ago that helped people upgrade to newer vehicles with more efficient emissions systems. That was a huge impact on air quality as it got a lot of vehicles with inefficient motors off of the road.
What is your opinion about the role of scientists, government, and citizens in air pollution solutions?
Government is a huge role in correcting air pollution as the government can pass new legislation or enforce existing laws on preventing pollution and for spreading knowledge on what each individual can do to help the situation. Researchers can help develop ways to clean up the air that is already polluted and come up with better ways of generating energy and not burning fossil fuels that have harmful emissions. Citizens can do their part by conserving energy, using mass transit, walking or biking when possible, taking shorter showers and abiding by laws when it comes to disposing of certain substances like motor oil and batteries.

2. What are the causes of this city’s pollution? The chemical industry, auto production(Ford) and as well as the Bourbon industry have been huge polluters for decades.  In and out of Jefferson and Nelson counties.  Not mention the Stock Yards down near the river.  The company that stands out the most  is DuPont. They have a spin off plant, Chemours, which to date has been the biggest contributor to the pollution problem in Louisville according to the article I read by WFPLs Ryan Van Velzer.  Since I was a kid the smells of that area, downtown, could bring you to your knees(Not kidding).  It always seemed when you drove towards downtown there was a invisible barrier when you started to reach the river front from the east side of town.  I will have to say in recent years I have made visits to see my family and the groups that offer pollution solutions are making the great strides to improve the area.

3.  What are the causes of Washington-Baltimore-Arlington, DC-MD-VA-WV-PA pollution? Some of the causes of the above mentioned Cities pollutions consists of, the high Ozone levels, and an outrageous particles rankings within the metropolitan regions. Per the American Lungs Association, Ozone is an invisible gas molecule that’s harmful to breathe. Additionally, these cities experiences pollution problems because, of the high compound which lingers within the atmosphere. Moreover, a warmer climate plays a major role in the increase in unhealthy air days. For instance, unhealthy conditions and populations, causes asthma, COPD, diabetes or other lung issues for children and teens, and older adults.

4.  What is your personal experience? Have you been to this city, or another that your perceived as having air pollution? How did you know? How did it affect you?  With my personal experience would have been when I deployed to the country of Jordan. The air there was not at all clean due to the way of life they live there. There trash consumption there was way to much so therefore it wasn’t clean at all. Also we had to use bottled water in order to brush our teeth due to the fact that the water there was not at all clean enough to consume. I knew this because when we first got to Jordan we were told by higher ups that we were not able to consume the running water there due to it not being clean. It affected me by the ways of having to use more water bottles which increases more plastic being out and about in the surrounding areas.

5. What is your opinion about the role of scientists, government, and citizens in air pollution solutions? Scientists should do more research on how to clean up the air that is already polluted. They can also find ways of generating energy without the use of fossil fuels. The government should inject more money into the research done by scientists. Also, the government should come up with stricter laws and penalties regarding air pollution. The citizens should plant more trees and take good care of them. Citizens should also minimize the use of cars by either carpooling or using mass transportation means. What is your personal experience? Have you been to this city, or another that you perceived as having air pollution? How did you know? How did it affect you? The Seattle-Tacoma area is what I call home when in the United States. My oldest daughter, who is suffering from asthma, gets more asthma attacks whenever she travels to Seattle compared to when she is in Uganda. It made me believe that the air quality over there has something to do with these attacks.

6.We do get a “C” for particle pollution, but that is average, and who wants average.  That puts Denver at #13 and to say we are only 12 spots from Los Angeles makes me nauseous. An article I read and have added below shows that the more than 125M metric tons of bad stuff come from all kinds of stuff. Factories, cars, buildings/homes, fossil fuel facilities, cattle feedlots. But I’m all about root cause analysis, and you know what is the #1 contributor to all these things mentioned above? Unprotected sex, that’s what. Just start giving baby boys vasectomies right when they pop out and everything will get better mark my word. As for my opinion on the role’s people play, it’s all just putting lipstick on a pig.  Scientists want papers published and Nobel prizes, governments want votes, and citizens don’t know what they want as most of them have a lower IQ than my cat.

7. I couldn’t help myself, I picked my hometown Kansas city, MO. During a news broadcast released last year it states that KCMO has now received the grade “D”. It is believe the air pollution is caused by climate change. Air pollution is a problem because we literally breathe everyday and if the quality of air is dangerous, it’s dangerous to us. It can cause long term illnesses like lung cancer and other problems like asthma. Scientists, government, and citizens all play a role in finding solutions. Citizens as individuals can be mindful how many hours they drive or take public transportation. Instead they could bike, roller blade, even skateboard to get around. I understand however there are situations that will require a car or plane to travel. That’s only one change that can be made there are plenty more however. For scientists, they can come up with new machinery or discover more materials that would be less harmful to the air to produce and more energy efficient to use. The government cause help with that by funding those discoveries. They can also ban the burning or use of certain materials that go into the air from burning factories.

 
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International Study – Environment Essay

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Page: 3-4 pages

This essay must be a historical narrative and explanation of an environmental problem (ecosystem devastation, pollution or health problem, climate change concern, or something similar) that has affected you and/or your hometown in some way. Think specifically about something that has happened, or is happening now, in or near where you live or grew up. You will then use the course material and at least one outside academic source to do the following in this order:

1. Discuss the origins of the problem locally and within a national and/or global context.

2. Discuss who has been affected most by the problem

3. Explain what kinds of efforts have been undertaken to address the problem and how effective these actions have been. Are/were the actions taken equitable? Are/were they sufficient?

The objective of this assignment is for you to deepen your comprehension of the course material up to this point and be able to bring together the material from the midterm with the most recent material on environmental ideas and environmentalisms.

Engage with environmental ideas and understand better how recent history makes our contemporary moment.

You will be expected to use course material (lecture and/or readings) to write this essay, but you are also expected to use at least one outside academic source that has not been assigned in this course.

Jstor and Academic Search Complete are good databases for questions of environmental politics.

This outside source needs to deal directly with or relate to your environmental problem. It might be that your source deals with the very specific local problem you chose, or its wider regional or global context. It always helps if the source specifically addresses the problem and how people have sought to resolve or mitigate it. Look for this kind of source(s) first.

To cite lecture, course readings, and your outside source(s) in the text, you must use parenthetical references of author and page numbers. For example, (Guha, 123-5) or (Martinez Alier, 27). You do need to provide a full bibliography at the end for all outside sources you use. Please use MLA format

 
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Hazardous Materials

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1. When certain hazardous chemicals are stored or mixed together, violent reactions can occur. Section 7 of the new GHS Safety Data Sheet includes a section describing any chemical incompatibilities. Reflect on the importance of this section and a general understanding of chemical incompatibility in the workplace. What tool do you currently use and intend to use to evaluate chemical reactivity and incompatibility in your workplace?

Your journal entry must be at least 200 words. No references or citations are necessary.

2. Recall and reflect on a hazmat incident that has occurred in your lifetime. Describe that incident and detail the tools or resources that you would use as a first responder to evaluate the chemicals that were involved in the incident.

Your journal entry must be at least 200 words. No references or citations are necessary.

3. For this assignment, you will compose an essay about the concept of chemical incompatibility including practical information involving two common chemical products.

· Choose bleach (a base) and another household chemical product that is an acid and review the product labels. You can access product labels and Safety Data Sheet (SDS) information on the Internet.

· Record each product’s chemical formulation.

· Review Section 7 of the product SDS and summarize that information as it relates to the chemical incompatibility and storage of the bleach and the other product that you chose.

· Next, you will use the U.S. EPA Chemical Mixing Compatibility Chart and comment on any chemical incompatibilities associated with the product/chemical(s) that you selected. Include such information as the chemical reactions that could occur if the two products somehow became mixed with one another during an emergency response incident. Also, identify how the chemical properties, uses, and other unique hazards of these two products can affect the tasks and safety of first responders (environmental health and safety/fire service professionals) to an emergency response incident. The chart can be found by clicking here and scrolling down to page 18. There, you will find a description of the chart and the chart itself on pp. 20-21. You are not required to read the rest of the document.

· Summarize and compare the usefulness of the SDS information and the compatibility chart. Were the two references in agreement, or did you find that the information was contradictory? Include a discussion on how you intend to use chemical incompatibility information to keep your workplace or home safe.

Your response must be at least one page in length. You are required to cite the SDS and the U.S. EPA Chemical Mixing Compatibility Chart in your response. All other sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced. Paraphrased and/or quoted materials must have accompanying citations in APA format. You must cite at least three sources in your response.

 
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Environmental Disasters And Clean Air Act

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Week 3 Discussions and Required Resources

Two-part assignment: All parts must be at least 200 words unless otherwise noted. Please read all attachments and follow ALL instructions.

Part 1: Environmental Disasters 

Consider the BP gulf oil spill and the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Is it appropriate to respond to particular environmental incidents with legislation to protect our waters? Discuss the role(s) for business in the regulation of nonpoint source pollution.

Part 2:   Clean Air Act 

Analyze whether tradable emissions permits to pollute enhance or detract from the intentions of the Clean Air Act. From a business perspective, do tradable permits encourage the adoption of cleaner technology more than statutory requirements that set limits on pollution? Use one outside source in addition to your textbook to inform your analysis.

Required Resources

Text

Read the following chapters in your text, Environmental Law:

  • Chapter      4: Clean Water Act (CWA)
  • Chapter      5: Clean Air Act (CAA)

Text: Schroeder, K.L. (2008). Environmental Law. Retrieved from https://www.vitalsource.com/

Multimedia

View the video: (2010, September 27). National resource damage assessment coast survey (Links to an external site.). Retrieved from http://bp.concerts.com/gom/natural_resource_damage_assessment_coast_survey_092710.htm . This site supports the Multinational Corporations and Disaster Response assignment for the week.

Recommended Resource

Article

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The plain English guide to the Clean Air Act). Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-08/documents/peg.pdf

 
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Electrical Power Distribution

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Construct and post an argument that supports your assigned position on subsidies and regulatory interventions. Organize your argument on the pros and cons of the various fuel sources currently in use for power generation, along with the economic and social costs (i.e., impact on the environment and the community) incurred by each.

Using this position:

 

“Subsidies and penalties must be in place to ensure the free market accounts for the social and environmental costs of power generation. It is only fair to help clean renewable energy compete with traditional forms of power generation. If energy prices do go up, the resulting technological innovation and accompanying benefits are well worth the cost

 
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PowerPoint Presentation

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Assignment:  You are to present a local environmental issue or problem, solutions to the problem, the costs/benefits associated with the solutions to the problem, and a determination of the best solution, based on your analysis of the costs and benefits.  Be sure to not make your topic too broad. It should cover a specific town or area, not the entire world or a country, but does not have to be the particular town or area you live – it can be anywhere in the world. Please stay away from global warming issues. This is an extremely difficult area to narrow down locally and present reasonable solutions. It is simply much too broad for this type of presentation.

As an example, runoff from a coalmine may be contaminating the groundwater of a nearby town. A solution to abating the contaminated groundwater could be to shut down the coalmine, but at the cost of everyone losing their jobs. A benefit to this solution could be clean drinking water for the community.

There are a host of other costs and benefits associated with the solution to the above example. There are also many alternatives for solutions, none of which would make everyone happy. It is your job to find these costs and benefits for whatever solutions you choose.  Then, analyze each solution’s costs and benefits to determine which is the best solution.  Remember when considering costs and benefits, they go far beyond dollar values (e.g. loss or gain of jobs, land use, recreation, convenience, public health, habitat loss or gain, pollution, etc.).

Include a slide with the title of your presentation, then an introduction slide describing the environmental problem.  The main body of the presentation should describe the solutions and the costs/benefits to the proposed solution and give recommendations based on your cost/benefit analysis.  Be sure to use APA style citations and include a reference slide.

A PowerPoint presentation is really just an outline (with topics, subtopics, and bulleted statements), so it only contains the main points (just like you make an outline when writing a research paper). If you have never used PowerPoint, there are many tutorials on the internet, such as http://www.actden.com/pp/, that explain how to create a presentation. It is better to have a short well-organized and well-written presentation, than a lengthy one that rambles off topic.

Grading rubric:  Review the attached file for the grading rubric.

 
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Environmental Risk Management And Community Response To Environmental Controversy

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Week 5 Discussions and Required Resources

Two-part assignment: All parts must be at least 200 words unless otherwise noted. Please read all attachments and follow ALL instructions.

Part 1: Environmental Risk Management 

Explain the relevance of precedents in environmental law and judicial interpretations for businesses when formulating risk management policies, and why risk management is important to business in the context of environmental law.

Part 2: Community Response to Environmental Controversy 

Using the Internet or a newspaper, locate an article about a controversial environmental issue in your community. Create a critical response from a legal perspective to that issue in the form of a letter on behalf of the community (In other words, pretend like you are a spokesperson for the community and you are responding critically to the environmental controversy). You should direct your letter to the party that you perceive is the cause of this controversy (e.g., business or government.) In your letter, identify opportunities for the business community to get involved in improving the environment as it relates to the controversy. Remember to briefly describe the issue that you are critiquing. (Note that this issue should be a different issue than you use for your Week Five SWOT analysis.)

Required Resources

Text

Read the following chapters in your text, Environmental Law:

· Chapter 2: History, Standing, Local Government Regulation, Risk Management, and Workplace Safety

Text: Schroeder, K.L. (2008). Environmental Law. Retrieved from https://www.vitalsource.com/

Website

Mind Tools. SWOT Analysis . Retrieved from http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTMC_05.htm. This site supports the SWOT Analysis assignment this week.

 
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Reaction Paper #3 (2-3 Pages)

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SOCI 4395 Health & Illness in the US

Reaction Paper Guidelines (25 points each)

Write two reaction papers based on TWO of the documentaries listed below:

 

“The New Asylums” (based on Ch. 4) Due Sunday, February 16 before 11:59 p.m.

 

“The Weight of the Nation: Part 1” (based on

Ch. 6)

 

Due Sunday, March 15 before 11:59 p.m.

“Project VoiceScape: Musical Warrior” (2011)

(based on Ch. 7)

 

Due Sunday, March 22 before 11:59 p.m.

You must upload an electronic copy of your paper on the Blackboard on the day it is due.

 

Required Format:

 Paper has to be 2-3 double-spaced pages. DO NOT exceed 3 pages.

 11 or 12-point font size must be used, preferably Arial or Times New Roman.

 Use 1” margins on the top and bottom and at least 1” margins on the left and right.

 

Style and Structure:

 The purpose of this assignment is to demonstrate that you understand the documentary you have watched—and the material/chapter you have read— and that you have thought

about are enough to be able to make an original response to it.

 Please note that response papers are not exercises in simply summarizing the assigned readings. Instead, you must critically respond to the ideas being presented by answering

the questions stated below.

 Support your argument by drawing on the lecture PowerPoints and readings.

 You do not need a bibliography, but acknowledge other sources directly in the text (e.g., “As Dr. Amin described in the PowerPoint…”, “In the textbook…”,

“According to Durkheim…”)

 I strongly recommend writing in the first person.

 The layout of your paper should be like that of your average English essay with an introduction, a thesis statement, body paragraphs, and a conclusion.

 Remember that this is a formal paper. Keep your language formal and avoid contractions.

Below are some guidelines to help you in preparing a clear and thoughtful reaction paper:

First, give details of the documentary (Introduction)

What is the Title of the documentary?

Who are the Intended audience?

 

 

 

SOCI 4395 Health & Illness in the US

Second, summarize the documentary (1-2 paragraphs)

What is the subject of the documentary? / What is the documentary about?

 

Third, critically evaluate and extend the main theoretical arguments (1-2 paragraphs)

What is/are the purpose/ main ideas of the documentary?

What is the main message the director wants to get across to the audience?

Do you agree or disagree with these ideas?

What are the strengths and weaknesses of the documentary?

 

Fourth, state your prior knowledge of the subject (1-2 paragraphs)

In this step, you need to synthesize the assigned chapter with the documentary.

Was the documentary related to the assigned chapter?, How?

Try to synthesize the main purpose/s of the documentary with the main idea/s discussed

in the assigned chapter?

 

Finally, give personal comments and recommendation (1-2 paragraphs)

In this final step, you need to provide a summary of your personal feedback on the

documentary.

Did you like the documentary?

Which part of the documentary do you like most? and Why?

What have you learned from it?

What impact did this documentary have on you?

Was there anything that surprised you?

What are the drawbacks of the documentary?

 

Best of Luck!

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

SOCI 4395 Health & Illness in the US

The following grading rubric will be used to evaluate the students’ work:

 

Criteria Points

 

A coherent paper (Intro, body paragraphs, and a conclusion)

Grammar, punctuation, and spelling

 

_____ /2.5 pts

 

A clear summary of the documentary: the main

arguments/approaches/ideas & Summary of the documentary

 

_____ /7.5 pts

 

Synthesize the documentary with the assigned chapter from the

textbook

 

_____ /7.5 pts

 

Strength of your critique/criticism: addressing the strengths and

weaknesses of the documentary, stating your opinion

(agree/disagree and why), etc

_____ /5 pts

 

Clarity and precision: is it clear to the reader (me) what you are

trying to say? Is your wording precise?

 

_____ /2.5 pts

 

Total

 

_____ /25 pts

 
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Energy Diary

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  • Record all energy use for 7 days (electricity, driving/riding, heating, hot water)
  • To assess hot water, record total # minutes in shower each day.
  • For driving/riding, record miles driven (calculate gallons of gasoline used, based on miles per gallon rating of car used).
  • For electricity, record #minutes (hours) of usage for each appliance and lights (check wattage of bulbs used in lamps; note wattage of each appliance).
  • Calculate kwh for all electricity used ([watts x hours of usage]/1000 = kwh).
  • Convert kwh and gallons of gasoline used to MBTU (million BTUs).
  • Hot water use and space heating/air conditioning will be estimated, using information from University records or utility bills, based on type of residence for each person.
  • Submit Energy Diary in good formusing the Excel spreadsheet.
  • Determine from your Diary some possible energy savings (add up total MBTUs of possible Energy Saved)

Factors

mBTU Factor: 293

Energy Consumption Diary

Day of Week Appliances Used, Showers, Miles Driven Minutes of Use Hours of Use Wattage KWH (Hours*Watts / 1000) mBTU (KWH / Factor) Potential Savings
EXAMPLE DAY Refrigerator 8.00 400 3.2 0.0109
Electric Shaver 10 0.17
Driving (20 miles) 0.0 0.0000
Shower 15 0.0 0.0000
0.0 0.0000
0.0 0.0000
0.0 0.0000
0.0 0.0000
0.0 0.0000
0.0 0.0000
0.0 0.0000
0.0 0.0000
0.0 0.0000
0.0 0.0000
0.0 0.0000
0.0 0.0000
0.0 0.0000
0.0 0.0000
0.0 0.0000
0.0 0.0000
0.0 0.0000
0.0 0.0000
0.0 0.0000
0.0 0.0000
0.0 0.0000
0.0 0.0000
0.0 0.0000
0.0 0.0000
0.0 0.0000
0.0 0.0000
0.0 0.0000
0.0 0.0000
0.0 0.0000
0.0 0.0000
0.0 0.0000
0.0 0.0000
Summary Electricity 3.2 0.0109
Showers (min-mBTU) 150 Minutes
Driving (gal-mBTU) 4.3 Gallons 0.5375
Total mBTU 3.2 0.5484
Potential Savings MBTUs
Adjusted Total MBTU 0.5484
&C&A Name __________________________&RDate: &D
 
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Industrial Hygiene Case Study

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Welding fumes are a common occupational exposure. Several different welding fumes can cause similar adverse health effects. Personal sampling of a welding operation at a manufacturing facility produced the following 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA) results for individual metal fumes.

Metal Fume Result OSHA PEL ACGIH TLV
Antimony 0.05 mg/m³ 0.5 mg/m³ 0.5 mg/m³
Beryllium 0.00001 mg/m³ 0.002 mg/m³ 0.00005 mg/m³ (I)
Cadmium 0.025 mg/m³ 0.1 mg/m³ 0.01 mg/m³
Chromium 0.02 mg/m³ 1 mg/m³ 0.5 mg/m³
Copper 0.03 mg/m³ 0.1 mg/m³ 0.2 mg/m³
Iron Oxide 0.5 mg/m³ 10 mg/m³ 5 mg/m³ (R)
Magnesium Oxide 0.02 mg/m³ 15 mg/m³ 10 mg/m³
Molybdenum 0.003 mg/m³ 15 mg/m³ 10 mg/m³ (I)
Nickel 0.25 mg/m³ 1 mg/m³ 1.5 mg/m³ (I)
Zinc Oxide 0.3 mg/m³ 5 mg/m³ 2 mg/m³ (R)

(R) Respirable fraction (I) Inhalable fraction

Briefly summarize the primary health effects associated with overexposure to each type of metal fume, including both acute and chronic health effects. Explain what analytical methods you would use for evaluating health hazards in the workplace.

Identify the types of metal fumes that would produce similar health effects on an exposed worker. Assume that each listed metal can cause respiratory irritation. Use the equation in 1910.1000(d)(2)(i) to calculate the equivalent exposure (in relation to OSHA PELS) for the metal fumes with similar health effects based on the “Result” column in the table above. Discuss whether you believe any of the individual metal fume exposures or the combined exposure exceeds an OSHA PEL or an ACGIH TLV.

Your homework assignment should be a minimum of two pages in length.

 

 

.

 
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