Nursing paper Example on Lice [SOLVED]

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Nursing paper Example on Lice [SOLVED]

Lice infestation, a pervasive parasitic condition affecting millions globally, transcends demographic boundaries, impacting individuals of all ages, genders, and socioeconomic backgrounds. These minuscule insects, including Pediculus humanus capitis (head lice), Pediculus humanus corporis (body lice), and Pthirus pubis (pubic lice), inhabit human hair and skin, causing discomfort and distress. Despite their diminutive size, lice pose significant health concerns if left untreated. In this paper, we explore the multifaceted aspects of lice infestation, delving into its causes, signs, symptoms, etiology, pathophysiology, DSM-5 diagnosis, treatment regimens, and patient education. By unraveling the intricacies of lice infestation, we aim to equip healthcare professionals, educators, and individuals with the knowledge and tools necessary for effective management and prevention, ultimately alleviating the burden of lice infestation on affected individuals and communities. (Nursing paper Example on Lice [SOLVED])

Nursing paper Example on Lice [SOLVED]

Causes

Lice infestation, often colloquially referred to as “having lice,” results from the transmission of tiny parasitic insects known as lice. These insects primarily include Pediculus humanus capitis (head lice), Pediculus humanus corporis (body lice), and Pthirus pubis (pubic lice). Transmission commonly occurs through direct contact with an infested individual, particularly through activities involving close proximity such as hugging, sharing personal items like hats, scarves, brushes, or combs, or sleeping in the same bed. Contrary to popular belief, lice do not discriminate based on personal hygiene, as they are equally adept at infesting clean or unwashed hair.

The transfer of lice can also happen indirectly through contact with contaminated personal items harboring lice or their eggs. Shared spaces where personal items come into contact, such as schools, daycare centers, and households, are frequent sites for lice transmission. Additionally, activities involving the exchange of clothing, such as trying on hats or costumes in stores, can facilitate lice transmission.

Once lice find a suitable host, they attach themselves firmly to the scalp, hair shafts, or body hair, feeding on human blood multiple times a day. The warm and conducive environment of the scalp or body provides an ideal habitat for lice to thrive and reproduce. Close quarters and crowded conditions exacerbate the spread of lice, making transmission more likely in environments like schools, camps, and shelters.

Overall, lice infestation stems from the parasitic nature of these insects, their ability to quickly transfer between hosts, and the conducive environments provided by human hair and skin. Understanding the causes of lice infestation is crucial for implementing effective prevention strategies and reducing its prevalence in communities. (Nursing paper Example on Lice [SOLVED])

Signs and Symptoms

Lice infestation manifests with several characteristic signs and symptoms, often causing considerable discomfort and distress to affected individuals. One of the most pathognomonic symptoms of lice infestation is intense itching, primarily localized to the affected area, which commonly includes the scalp, neck, or pubic region. This itching results from an allergic reaction to lice saliva, which contains compounds that act as anticoagulants to facilitate blood feeding.

Continuous scratching of the affected area can lead to further irritation and inflammation, potentially resulting in secondary bacterial infections. Consequently, individuals may experience swollen lymph nodes in the affected region, indicating the body’s immune response to the infestation.

A distinctive feature of lice infestation is the presence of nits, or lice eggs, attached to the hair shafts. Nits are small, oval-shaped structures that range in color from white to yellowish-brown and are firmly attached near the base of the hair close to the scalp. While adult lice may move quickly and may be challenging to detect, nits are often easier to identify upon close inspection.

In addition to itching and the presence of nits, individuals with lice infestation may experience irritability, difficulty sleeping, and feelings of embarrassment or shame due to the social stigma associated with the condition. Moreover, in cases of severe infestation or prolonged untreated cases, individuals may develop excoriation, or skin abrasions, resulting from persistent scratching.

Overall, recognizing the signs and symptoms of lice infestation is crucial for prompt diagnosis and initiation of treatment. By addressing the symptoms early, healthcare providers can prevent complications and alleviate discomfort for affected individuals. (Nursing paper Example on Lice [SOLVED])

Etiology

The etiology of lice infestation lies in the parasitic nature of lice and their unique adaptations for survival. Lice, including Pediculus humanus capitis (head lice), Pediculus humanus corporis (body lice), and Pthirus pubis (pubic lice), are obligate ectoparasites that exclusively feed on human blood. Their dependence on human hosts for sustenance necessitates close contact with humans for survival and reproduction.

Transmission of lice occurs primarily through direct contact with an infested individual or indirectly through contaminated personal items such as hats, clothing, bedding, or hair accessories. Contrary to popular belief, lice infestation is not indicative of poor personal hygiene, as lice can infest both clean and unwashed hair with equal ease.

The warm and conducive environment provided by the human scalp or body hair serves as an ideal habitat for lice to thrive and reproduce. Lice lay eggs, or nits, near the base of the hair shaft, where they are firmly attached to ensure the survival of the offspring. Nits hatch into nymphs, which undergo several molts before reaching adulthood.

Factors such as crowded living conditions, close contact in schools or daycare centers, and shared personal items facilitate the spread of lice infestation. Moreover, activities involving the exchange of clothing or headgear, such as trying on hats or costumes, can contribute to lice transmission.

Preventing lice infestation requires implementing measures to minimize direct contact with infested individuals and reducing opportunities for lice transmission through shared personal items. Educating individuals about proper hygiene practices, avoiding sharing personal items, and regularly inspecting for signs of infestation are essential components of lice prevention strategies. By understanding the etiology of lice infestation and implementing preventive measures, individuals can reduce their risk of infestation and mitigate its impact on their health and well-being. (Nursing paper Example on Lice [SOLVED])

Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of lice infestation revolves around the interaction between the parasites and the host’s skin and immune system. Upon infesting a host, lice feed on human blood multiple times a day by piercing the skin with their specialized mouthparts. During feeding, lice inject saliva containing anticoagulant compounds to prevent blood clotting, facilitating continuous blood flow.

The introduction of lice saliva into the host’s skin triggers an immune response characterized by inflammation and itching. Individuals with lice infestation experience intense itching, primarily localized to the scalp, neck, or pubic region, as a result of this immune reaction. The persistent itching can lead to excoriation, or skin abrasions, and subsequent bacterial infections if left untreated.

Scratching the affected area exacerbates the irritation and inflammation, potentially leading to secondary complications such as swollen lymph nodes and skin infections. Additionally, the presence of nits, or lice eggs, attached to the hair shafts contributes to ongoing infestation and perpetuates the cycle of lice transmission.

The warm and humid environment of the scalp or body hair provides an optimal habitat for lice to thrive and reproduce. Lice lay eggs, or nits, near the base of the hair shaft, where they are securely attached to ensure the survival of the offspring. Nits hatch into nymphs, which undergo several molts before reaching adulthood and becoming capable of reproducing.

Overall, the pathophysiology of lice infestation involves a complex interplay between the parasites, the host’s skin and immune system, and environmental factors. Understanding the mechanisms underlying lice infestation is essential for developing effective treatment and prevention strategies aimed at disrupting the life cycle of lice and reducing their impact on affected individuals. (Nursing paper Example on Lice [SOLVED])

DSM-5 Diagnosis

Lice infestation, while not specifically classified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), can cause significant distress and impairment in affected individuals, warranting clinical attention. Healthcare providers diagnose lice infestation based on the presence of live lice or nits upon close inspection of the affected area, typically the scalp, neck, or pubic region.

The diagnosis of lice infestation involves a thorough examination of the individual’s hair and skin, looking for adult lice, nymphs, or nits attached to the hair shafts. Nits are often easier to detect than adult lice, as they are firmly attached near the base of the hair close to the scalp.

Healthcare providers may use a fine-toothed comb to help identify and remove lice and nits from the hair shafts. Additionally, individuals may report symptoms such as itching, irritation, or visible signs of scratching, further supporting the diagnosis of lice infestation.

Although lice infestation itself does not constitute a psychiatric disorder, the distress and social stigma associated with the condition can impact an individual’s mental health and well-being. Feelings of embarrassment, shame, or social isolation may arise due to the perceived social stigma surrounding lice infestation, particularly in children or adolescents.

While lice infestation does not typically require psychiatric intervention, healthcare providers may address any psychological or emotional concerns arising from the condition. Counseling or psychoeducation may be beneficial in alleviating distress and providing support to affected individuals and their families.

In summary, while lice infestation is not classified as a psychiatric disorder in the DSM-5, healthcare providers diagnose the condition based on the presence of live lice or nits upon examination of the affected area. Understanding the psychological impact of lice infestation is essential for providing comprehensive care to affected individuals and addressing any associated distress or stigma. (Nursing paper Example on Lice [SOLVED])

Treatment Regimens and Patient Education

Effective management of lice infestation involves a multifaceted approach encompassing pharmacological treatment, meticulous hygiene practices, and patient education. Pharmacological treatment options for lice infestation include both over-the-counter and prescription medications designed to kill lice and their eggs, known as pediculicides. Commonly used pediculicides include permethrin, pyrethrins, and malathion, which are available in various formulations such as shampoos, lotions, and sprays.

In addition to pediculicides, manual removal of lice and nits through combing with a fine-toothed comb is an essential component of treatment. Wet combing, also known as combing with conditioner, involves applying a generous amount of conditioner to the hair to immobilize lice and facilitate their removal with a fine-toothed comb. This method can be particularly effective in cases of resistance to conventional pediculicides.

Patient education plays a pivotal role in the prevention and management of lice infestation. Educating individuals and families about proper hygiene practices, such as avoiding sharing personal items like combs, brushes, hats, scarves, or clothing, can help prevent lice transmission.

Regular inspection of the scalp and hair for signs of lice infestation, such as itching or the presence of nits, is essential for early detection and prompt treatment. Individuals should be encouraged to notify close contacts, such as family members, schoolmates, or childcare providers, if they discover they have lice to prevent further transmission.

Furthermore, educating individuals about the importance of thorough cleaning and disinfection of personal items and household surfaces can help reduce the risk of lice infestation. Washing clothing, bedding, and personal items in hot water and drying them on high heat can effectively kill lice and nits.

In addition to preventive measures, patient education should address misconceptions and myths surrounding lice infestation, such as the association with poor hygiene or socioeconomic status. Emphasizing that lice infestation can affect anyone and that prompt treatment is effective in eliminating lice can help alleviate stigma and promote understanding.

Overall, a comprehensive approach to lice infestation management includes pharmacological treatment, manual removal of lice and nits, and patient education on preventive measures and proper hygiene practices. By empowering individuals with knowledge and tools to prevent and manage lice infestation, healthcare providers can reduce the burden of this common parasitic condition on affected individuals and communities. (Nursing paper Example on Lice [SOLVED])

Conclusion

Lice infestation poses a significant public health concern, affecting individuals worldwide irrespective of age or socioeconomic status. Understanding the causes, signs, symptoms, etiology, and treatment options is essential for effective management and prevention of lice infestation. By unraveling the intricacies of lice infestation, including its pathophysiology and DSM-5 diagnosis, and emphasizing the importance of treatment regimens and patient education, healthcare providers can empower individuals and communities to combat this common parasitic condition. The comprehensive approach outlined above, encompassing pharmacological treatment, manual removal of lice and nits, and patient education on preventive measures and proper hygiene practices, is crucial for reducing the burden of lice infestation on affected individuals and communities. Through collaborative efforts and proactive measures, we can mitigate the impact of lice infestation and promote the health and well-being of individuals worldwide. (Nursing paper Example on Lice [SOLVED])

References

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2724133/

 
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NPV

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(NPV)

NPV

NPV

For this clinic scenario, the clinic is divided into three departments: the finance department, the human resource department, and the medical records department. Each department has projects categorized as high-risk, average-risk, or low-risk projects. The heads of the department are responsible for assigning the risk factor or rate for respective projects based on their risk categorization. The clinic has a cost of capital of 8%. Adopting similar adjustment amounts as in exhibit 15.8, high risk will be adjusted by 4 percentage and low risk by 2 percentage. Therefore, the clinic’s cost of capital is adjusted upward to 12 percent in the high-risk department and downward to 6% in the low-risk department. These adjustment amounts are also used in the specific departments for individual projects. After adjustments, the system has results running from 16% for the high risk project in the finance department, which is the installation of a new finance system to 4 percent for the low-risk projects in the medical records department, which is connecting medical records to patient portals. (NPV)

References

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10522956/

 
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Nursing Care Plan Form

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Nursing Care Plan Form

Nursing Care Plan Form

Student Name:                                                           Date:  

Patient Identifier:  L.D.                                        Patient Medical Diagnosis: Labor Stage IA: Latent Phase           

Nursing Diagnosis (use PES/PE format):

  1. Deficient knowledge related to information misinterpretation and lack of exposure or recall as evidenced by following through instructions inaccurately, asking a lot of questions, and misconception statements.

(Nursing Care Plan Form)

  1. Risk of ineffective coping related to personal vulnerability, situational crisis, severe pain, lack of rest, anxiety and fear as evidenced by client’s inappropriate behavior in maintaining control. (Nursing Care Plan Form)

Assessment Data

(Include at least three-five subjective and/or objective pieces of data that lead to the nursing diagnosis)

Goals & Outcome

(Two statements are required for each nursing diagnosis.  Must be Patient and/or family focused; measurable; time-specific; and reasonable.)

 

Nursing Interventions

(List at least three nursing or collaborative interventions with rationale for each goal & outcome.)

Rationale

(Provide reason why intervention is indicated/therapeutic; provide references.)

 Outcome Evaluation & Replanning

(Was goal met?  How would you revise the plan of care according to the patient’s response to current plan ?)
  1. Patient presents with contractions and pain similar to cramping felt during period.

 

 

  1. Patient experiences back and thigh pain.

 

 

 

 

  1. Patient has blood-streaked discharge and intermittent vaginal bleeding.

 

 Statement #1

Patient is anxious, fearful, and was reluctant to report to the hospital because she has experienced cramping before but not as intense. Patient was not expecting the pain to be labor, indicating deficient knowledge, which is a condition impacting client’s decision-making and coping during early labor and before active labor. This diagnosis is indicated by client asking multiple question, inaccurate following through instructions, and misconception statements.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Statement #2

Coping allows clients to process emotions and stress during pregnancy and labor. Patient indicates risk of ineffective coping related to anxiety and fear, situational crisis, and severe pain.
  1. Evaluate the client’s basic knowledge and expectations during pregnancy.

 

  1. Inquire about the client’s preference nursing care in early labor

 

  1. Evaluate cultural aspects influencing the client’s labor experience.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. Examine uterine contraction- relaxation pattern, vaginal bleeding, fetal status, and cervical dilatation.

 

 

 

  1. Examine the client’s labor pain levels.

 

  1. Note the client’s age and a partner’s or support presence.

 

 

 

 

 

 
  1. This intervention will help develop learning needs and set priorities to help clients make informed decisions regarding their care (Martin, 2022).

 

  1. Establishing the client’s preference of nursing care will help determine whether she might benefit from specific care approaches (Hutchison & Mahdy 2019).

 

  1. Cultural factors affect the client’s experience with labor (Martin, 2022).

 

  1. This approach will help rule out potential complication that might be causing the pain or the bloody discharge (Hutchison & Mahdy 2019).
  2. Linking labor pain with typical circumstances can help client gather her resources and decide a workable pain relief intervention (Martin, 2022).

 

  1. Negative coping is associated with heightened anxiety, and the patient may request medication too early in labor. Stress and discomfort are associated with younger clients, who experience problems maintaining control (Martin, 2022).
 Outcome #1

The patient responded as expected to the nursing care and the interventions adopted. The patient verbalized psychological and physiological changes understanding, participated in making decisions, and demonstrated appropriate breathing and relaxation mechanisms. Continued monitoring is required to determine extended client’s response to current plan.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Outcome #2

Outcome two was achieved as the client identified her appropriate behavior to maintain control in early labor. The client identified ineffective coping behaviors and resultants and verbalized awareness of her coping ability. The client used the medication appropriately to manage her pain and discomfort in early labor.

 

 

 

 

(Nursing Care Plan Form)

References

Hutchison, J., & Mahdy, H. (2019). Stages of labor. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544290/#:~:text=The%20first%20stage%20starts%20when,when%20the%20placenta%20is%20delivered.

Martin, P. (2022, September 9). 45 labor stages, induced and augmented, dystocia, precipitous labor nursing care plans. https://nurseslabs.com/labor-stages-labor-induced-nursing-care-plan/

 

 
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Nursing Care Plan of a Child with Asthma

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(Nursing Care Plan of a Child with Asthma)

Student Name:                                                           Date:                                                

Patient Identifier: D.M.                                            Patient Medical Diagnosis: Asthma

Nursing Diagnosis (use PES/PE format):

Nursing Care Plan of a Child with Asthma

  1. Ineffective breathing patterns related to bronchial tubes swelling and spasm responding to irritant inhalation, allergic reaction, infection, or a drug as evidenced by continuous coughing, nasal flaring, cyanosis, and respiratory depth changes.
  2. Ineffective airway clearance related to mucosal edema, heightened pulmonary secretions, and bronchospasms as evidenced by cough, cyanosis, respiratory rate and rhythm changes, wheezes, rhonchi, and atypical arterial blood gasses. (Nursing Care Plan of a Child with Asthma)

Assessment Data

(Include at least three-five subjective and/or objective pieces of data that lead to the nursing diagnosis)

Goals & Outcome

(Two statements are required for each nursing diagnosis.  Must be Patient and/or family focused; measurable; time-specific; and reasonable.)

 

Nursing Interventions

(List at least three nursing or collaborative interventions with rationale for each goal & outcome.)

Rationale

(Provide reason why intervention is indicated/therapeutic; provide references.)

 Outcome Evaluation & Replanning

(Was goal met?  How would you revise the plan of care according to the patient’s response to current plan ?)
Subjective

  1. Patient complains of unending cough and tightness in the chest.

Objective

 

  1. Patient is wheezing

 

  1. Patient has bronchospasms

 

  1. Patient has changing respiratory rate and rhythm

 

  1. Respiratory depth changes are noted

 

  1. Nasal flaring and cyanosis are noted

 

 Diagnosis #1

  1. The patient will achieve and maintain an optimal breathing pattern, indicated by relaxed breathing, typical respiratory rate, and dyspnea absence.
  2. The patient will achieve normal arterial blood gas outcomes and be free of cyanosis.

 

 

 

Diagnosis #2

  1. The patient will demonstrate comprehension of the cause and therapeutic management intervention.
  2. The patient will display improved airway clearance behavior.
  1. Establish rest periods between activities.

 

 

  1. Assess fatigue and stress

 

 

  1. Monitor vital signs

 

 

 

 

  1. Pace the patient’s activities

 

 

  1. Foster deep breathing and coughing exercises

 

 

  1. Advise patient to maintain appropriate positions to ease breathing

 

 

 1. This intervention helps increase breathing patterns’ effectiveness by reducing work of breathing. Rest periods help reduce fatigue that is associated with respiratory failure (Martin, 2023).

 

 

2. Fatigue is a sign of distress and can cause respiratory failure, hence the need to evaluate for fatigue and stress (Martin, 2023).

 

 

3. Assessing vital signs can help identify issues like vasoconstriction potential, hypotension, and tachycardia (Martin, 2023).

 

 

 

 

1. It is critical to pace the patient’s activities by dividing them into parts and taking rest breaks between the activities to prevent fatigue and enhance proper breathing efforts.

 

 

2. Breathing and coughing exercises help ease and spat excess secretions, contributing to effective mucus clearance from the lungs. The exercises also act as coping mechanisms to minimize air trapping (Macêdo et al., 2016).

 

 

 

3. Positions that aid or ease breathing can help reduce muscle fatigue and help with chest expansion, reducing breathing distress (Hashmi et al., 2021).

 

 

 Outcome #1

 

Outcome one was achieved when the patient achieved an optimal breathing pattern, relaxed breathing, and respiratory rate and with the disappearance of dyspnea. Outcome was also attained when the patient demonstrated normal arterial blood gas outcomes and was free of cyanosis.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Outcome #2

Outcome two was also achieved as the patient verbalized comprehension of the cause and therapeutic management intervention. The patient also demonstrated improved clearance behavior.

 

 

 

 

 

(Nursing Care Plan of a Child with Asthma)

References

Hashmi, M. F., Tariq, M., Cataletto, M. E., & Hoover, E. L. (2021). Asthma (Nursing).

Macêdo, T. M., Freitas, D. A., Chaves, G. S., Holloway, E. A., & Mendonça, K. M. (2016). Breathing exercises for children with asthma. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 4(4), CD011017. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011017.pub2

Martin, P. (2023, January 3). Asthma nursing care plans. https://nurseslabs.com/asthma-nursing-care-plans/

 
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Placenta Previa Nursing Care Plan Revised

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Nursing Care Plan Form

(Placenta Previa Nursing Care Plan Revised)

Student Name:                                                Date: 1/24/2023                                               

Patient Identifier:  W.M.                               Patient Medical Diagnosis:   Placenta Previa

Nursing Diagnosis (use PES/PE format):

Placenta Previa Nursing Care Plan Revised

(Placenta Previa Nursing Care Plan Revised)

  1. Risk of fluid volume deficiency related to severe vaginal bleeding and uterine blood vessels damage.
  2. Low cardiac output related to significant blood loss as evidenced by severe vaginal bleeding.

Assessment Data

(Include at least three-five subjective and/or objective pieces of data that lead to the nursing diagnosis)

Goals & Outcome

(Two statements are required for each nursing diagnosis.  Must be Patient and/or family focused; measurable; time-specific; and reasonable.)

 

Nursing Interventions

(List at least three nursing or collaborative interventions with rationale for each goal & outcome.)

Rationale

(Provide reason why intervention is indicated/therapeutic; provide references.)

 Outcome Evaluation & Replanning

(Was goal met?  How would you revise the plan of care according to the patient’s response to current plan ?)
  1. Patient reports blood clots on her innerwear and on the toilet bowl over the past one week.

 

 

  1. Patient reports noticing severe vaginal bleeding as she was using the bathroom in the morning she was transported to the hospital

 

  1. Patient reports feeling weak, diminished vision, and headache before being transported by an ambulance to the hospital.

 

 

 Statement #1

The patient will maintain an appropriate fluid volume, determined by assessing urinary output and stability of vital signs

 

Statement #2

The patient will stop bleeding and display homeostasis.

 

 

 

Statement #1

The patient will engage and indicate activities and activity level that lower heart workload.

 

Statement #2

The patient will achieve a hemodynamic stability.
  1. Assess blood color, odor and amount and vaginal bleeding consistency.

 

  1. Evaluate and monitor vital signs.

 

  1. Examine intake and output every hour.

 

 

 

 

  1. Monitor vital signs, particularly blood pressure.

 

  1. Monitor and closely observe the patient usual consciousness levels.

 

  1. Observe intake and output

 

 
  1. Placenta Previa is associated with painless, bright red, sudden, and abrupt bleeding (Anderson-Bagga & Sze, 2019).

 

  1. It is critical to monitor vitals to determine risk of hypovolemic shock (Vera, 2022).

 

  1. Monitoring urine output helps determine whether the patient has adequate blood volume to perfuse the kidneys (Vera, 2022).

 

 

 

  1. Monitoring blood pressure is fundamental to determine development of systemic vascular resistance (Trammel & Sapra, 2020).

 

  1. Diminished cardiac output can cause confusion, restlessness, and/or disorientation (Vera, 2022).

 

  1. Monitoring input and output allows the determination that kidneys are functioning properly or not (Vera, 2022).

 

 

 

 

 Outcome #1

The desired outcome was achieved as the patient managed to maintain appropriate fluid volume, shown by the normal urinary output and steady vital signs. The patient stopped bleeding, displaying homeostasis.

 

 

Outcome #2

The expected outcome was achieved as the patient demonstrated activities that lower heart workload. The patient also achieved hemodynamic stability.

 

 

 

 

 

 

(Placenta Previa Nursing Care Plan Revised)

References

Anderson-Bagga, F. M., & Sze, A. (2019). Placenta previa. In: StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing.

Trammel, J. E., & Sapra, A. (2020). Physiology, Systemic Vascular Resistance. In: StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556075/

Vera, M. (2022, September 15). Placenta Previa nursing care plans. https://nurseslabs.com/placenta-previa-nursing-care-plans/2/

 
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ASSIGNMENT ON Healthcare Finances ** CHART

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Healthcare Finances

(ASSIGNMENT ON Healthcare Finances ** CHART)

Student

Institution

Course

Instructor

ASSIGNMENT ON Healthcare Finances ** CHART

Healthcare Finances

Capital investment decisions are the most fundamental decisions in a company, involving a current outlay in return for future benefits. All companies make investments to realize benefits or profits in the future. These investments take a substantial percentage of the company’s resources, and actions are irreversible, necessitating a comprehensive decision-making process to increase the chances of success. Capital investments are planned through capital budgeting, which involves evaluating potential big projects or investments, like installing a new system or building a new plant (Gapenski & Reiter, 2016). Capital budgeting entails evaluating the project’s cash inflows and outflows to compute potential returns to be generated to meet a particular benchmark (Gapenski & Reiter, 2016). There are various methods used to appraise capital investments, including the net present value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR), and the Payback method. (ASSIGNMENT ON Healthcare Finances ** CHART)

The net present value represents the difference between the current cash inflows value and the present cash outflows value over a period (Wang, 2021). The internal rate of return helps estimate the profitability of potential capital investments (Wang, 2021). An assumption of the modified internal rate of return is that the positive cash flows are reinvested into the company’s cost of capital, and the initial cash outlay is financed at the company’s financing cost (Qi et al., 2022). The payback method assesses the period it will take for an investment to pay back or recover the capital investment. (ASSIGNMENT ON Healthcare Finances ** CHART)

To compute the NPV, a company estimates a project’s future cash flows and uses a discount rate representing the project’s cost of capital and at risk to discount them into the present value amounts. Next, all the future positive cash flows of investment are reduced into the present value amount, and the NPV is obtained by subtracting the number from the initial project’s cash outlay (Wang, 2021). The IRR helps compute the rate of return an investment will potentially generate. The IRR is computed by first recalculating the NPV equation, with the NPV factor at zero, and solving for the unknown discount rate, which becomes the IRR (Wang, 2021). Calculating the MIRR also uses the NPV formula, but it assumes the positive cash flows are reinvested at the company’s cost of capital and the initial outlays are invested at the company’s financing cost (Qi et al., 2022). According to Konstantin et al. (2018), the payback period is obtained by dividing the investment amount by the annual cash flows. (ASSIGNMENT ON Healthcare Finances ** CHART)

The NPV is often preferred over the IRR, especially when cash flow shifts from positive to negative or from negative to positive over time and when multiple discount rates are used. The IRR is more suitable when a company is comparing across many investments or projects or in circumstances where it is challenging to compute an appropriate discount rate (Yan & Zhang, 2022). However, the IRR does not consider changing factors, including different discount rates. Because the MIRR assumes positive cash flows are financed at the capital cost and the initial outlay at the company’s financing cost, it tends to be more accurate in reflecting a project’s cost and profitability than the IRR (Qi et al., 2022). The MIRR can be used to rank investments of unproportioned sizes, addressing two major flaws associated with the IRR method. The MIRR offers a single solution for a particular project and a more valid and practical reinvestment rate of positive cash flows. Managers can also use the MIRR to change the reinvestment growth rate at different project stages (Qi et al., 2022). The MIRR has its limitations, including requiring the computation of a cost of capital estimate to make a decision, which can be subjective and vary per the assumptions made. MIRR information can sometimes lead to suboptimal decisions that do not increase value when considering several investment options at a go. Individuals lacking a financial background find MIRR computation difficult to understand because its theoretical basis is disputed across academics (Qi et al., 2022). The payback method helps managers determine the time length the initial investment will take to recover. It is suitable for managers more concerned regarding cash flows. Some limitations of the payback method include not considering the time value of money and only considering the cash inflows until the project’s cash outflows are recovered (Konstantin et al., 2018). The payback method does not take into account the cash inflows after investment recovery in the analysis. (ASSIGNMENT ON Healthcare Finances ** CHART)

All methods can help determine the desirability of an investment and have varying uses with capital budgeting. The NPV is the most preferable over the other capital budgeting methods because it offers more insights into capital investment and is more refined from mathematical and time-value-of-money perspectives (Wang, 2021). It is also the basis for calculating the IRR and the MIRR. The NPV is more dynamic because it can handle different discount rates or varying cash flow directions. The NPV has higher flexibility when appraising investments for individual periods. This method is more theoretically insightful in determining whether a capital investment like an acquisition will be valuable to a firm (Yan & Zhang, 2022). The interpretation is simple because a positive NPV shows inflows are greater than outflows, and the project would add value to the company, assuming no capacity constraints, and a project or investment should not be accepted when the NPV is negative.

Clinic Scenario

For this clinic scenario, the clinic is divided into three departments: the finance department, the human resource department, and the medical records department. Each department has projects categorized as high-risk, average-risk, or low-risk projects. The heads of the department are responsible for assigning the risk factor or rate for respective projects based on their risk categorization. The clinic has a cost of capital of 8%. Adopting similar adjustment amounts as in exhibit 15.8, high risk will be adjusted by 4 percentage and low risk by 2 percentage. Therefore, the clinic’s cost of capital is adjusted upward to 12 percent in the high-risk department and downward to 6% in the low-risk department. These adjustment amounts are also used in specific departments for individual projects. After adjustments, the system has results running from 16% for the high-risk project in the finance department, which is the installation of a new finance system, to 4 percent for the low-risk projects in the medical records department, which is connecting medical records to patient portals. (ASSIGNMENT ON Healthcare Finances ** CHART)

References

Gapenski, L. C., & Reiter, K. L. (2016). Healthcare finance: An introduction to accounting & financial management.

Konstantin, P., Konstantin, M., Konstantin, P., & Konstantin, M. (2018). Investment appraisal methods. Power and Energy Systems Engineering Economics: Best Practice Manual, 39-64. https://content.e-bookshelf.de/media/reading/L-10685619-9ba9df8716.pdf

Qi, J., Wang, Y., & Xu, Y. (2022, December). Research on Project Investment: Methods of NPV, IRR and MIRR. In 2022 International Conference on mathematical statistics and economic analysis (MSEA 2022) (pp. 710-715). Atlantis Press. https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/msea-22/125982665

Wang, Y. (2021, December). The development and usage of NPV and IRR and their comparison. In 2021 3rd International Conference on Economic Management and Cultural Industry (ICEMCI 2021) (pp. 2044-2048). Atlantis Press. https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/icemci-21/125966320

Yan, R., & Zhang, Y. (2022, March). The Introduction of NPV and IRR. In 2022 7th International Conference on Financial Innovation and Economic Development (ICFIED 2022) (pp. 1472-1476). Atlantis Press.

 
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 Ethical SWOT Analysis of RPM

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 Ethical SWOT Analysis of RPM

LAS432 Technology, Society, and Culture

 Ethical SWOT Analysis of RPM

Ethical SWOT Analysis of Remote Patient Monitoring (RPM)

Strengths

·         Lack of physical contact reduces the risk of exposure because contact is via telecommunication.

·         Leads better utilization of human resources because one physician can see more patients in a day.

·         Teleconsultation makes primary and tertiary healthcare accesible to all even those geologically marginalized.

·         The current digitalized trends means that most patients are confortable with telecommunication. For instance, most patients know how to use a smartphone or a computer.

·         The technology requires mínimum infrastructure, only internet access and a digital device, specifically a smartphone or computer.

 

 Weaknesses

·         Internet speed, reliability, and connectivity impacts the effectiveness and efficiency of the RPM.

·         Telemedicine through RPM provides mínimum emergency services.

·         Report exchange is limited because of lack of physical contact.

·         Services might not be equitable because RPM services can be inaccessible to illeterate individuals or those without internet connectivity.

·         Most contacts made through RPM are primarily for inquiry rather than consultation.

·         Patient data collected can be of poor quality.

·         There is a shortage of trained staff to operate RPM systems.

·         The same physician might be unavailable during follow-up.

 
Opportunities

·         Increased use of RPM can help strengthen the referral mechanism, increasing healthcare utilization.

·         EHR digitazes patient’s records and helps link to patients’ Unique Health Identification Number (UHID), increasing quality of data collected and stored.

·         Patient’s geolocations can help with early disease identification, especially during an outbreak.

·         Stringest guidelines like the HIPPA can be adopted in using RPM to avoid legal issues associated with violation of privacy to enhance patient safety.

 

 Threats

·         Record keeping is an issue of concern linked to RPM because of hackers and unauthorized access.

·         Vulnerable groups can be exposed to privacy violations when communicating with physicians.

·         Poor internet speeds and connectivity impact negatively on quality of patient care.

·         Beneficiaries or patients lack awareness regarding specific services offered by the RPM system, impacting growth in use.

·         Social media trends regarding risk of patients’ privacy violations and stealing of patient data impacts the acceptance of the RPM system. Patients need assurance of the safety of their data.

References

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8300556/

 
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Course Project: The Getta Byte – New Billing System Project: Sections A, B, C, D

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(Course Project: The Getta Byte – New Billing System Project: Sections A, B, C, D)

Course Project: The Getta Byte – New Billing System Project: Sections A, B, C, D

MGMT404: Project Management

Course Project: The Getta Byte – New Billing System Project: Sections A, B, C, D

Table of Contents

Introduction. 3

PART 1. 4

Section A: The Project Charter 4

Project Description. 4

Objectives. 4

Business Need. 4

Milestones. 5

Budget 5

User Acceptance Criteria. 5

High-Level Project Assumptions. 6

High-Level Project Constraints. 6

Project Exclusions. 6

Major Project Risks. 6

Key Stakeholders. 7

Section B: Stakeholder Engagement Plan. 8

Section C: Communication Management Plan. 12

Section D: The Project Scope Statement 14

Project Description. 14

Project Requirements. 14

Project Deliverables. 14

Project Exclusions. 15

Acceptance Criteria. 15

Estimated Project Schedule. 15

Resource Requirements. 16

Estimated Cost of Project 16

Project Constraints. 17

Project Assumptions. 17

Introduction

The Getta Byte Software project aims to implement a new billing system, the Getta Byte Software, to replace the current manual, inaccurate, and time-consuming system. The new software will adopt automation, increasing the speed and accuracy of operation. The new implementation will lower the cost and time of future billing cycles by 25%. The project’s primary stakeholders the CEO, Haywood U. Buzzof, the CFO, customers, members of the team, accounts payable and employees of the company, including billing and accounting staff. An agile project methodology includes specific aspects upfront and continual changes and iterations as the project progresses. The project will also adopt a predictive life cycle to ensure project phases are completed chronologically. The project team must complete a project phase before moving to the subsequent one. Having different completion phases will ease the prediction of when to accomplish particular milestones. Various internal and external factors can impact project decision-making, staff management, procedures, processes, and project management. New stakeholders can enter the project mid-course, or current ones may heighten their interest in the project after seeing the progress. It could impact the project significantly, considering that many stakeholders are already involved. For the project to be successful, people must remain committed to the shared goal and stay on the same page throughout. Networking problems can impact project development because weak connections can lead to data loss and service delays, prompting the need for a backup. Scope changes can also affect the budget and time because no one knows what can happen mid-course. (Course Project: The Getta Byte – New Billing System Project: Sections A, B, C, D)

 

PART 1

Section A: The Project Charter

PROJECT CHARTER
Project Name Getta Bill Software Billing System Implementation Project #:
Project Manager Ima Payne Start Date

February 27, 2022

 End Date

September 10, 2022
Project Sponsor Hatchi Kita

 

Project Description

The project intends to replace the current billing system, which is manual, slow, and inaccurate with a new billing system, which automated, cost effective, and reliable.

Objectives

  • Implementing an automated, fast, and accurate billing system
  • Ease data entry
  • Offer dynamic updates to receivables
  • Reduce labor costs by 25%
  • A 30% cut on billing cycle length

Business Need

The current billing system needs improvement, considering it is manual, slow, and inaccurate. An automation would make the new billing system fast, accurate, and reliable. The new system is more cost effective and time saving, cutting on labor costs and reducing billing cycle time, which would elevate the business to a better financial health and be more competitive in the current market. (Course Project: The Getta Byte – New Billing System Project: Sections A, B, C, D)

Milestones

Milestones Estimated Completion Timeframe
Identify and Meet Stakeholders March 7, 2022
Gather user requirements and project planning May, 13, 2022
Requirement analysis and project design June 10, 2022
Complete software development and testing August 15, 2022
First Pilot September 1, 2022
Final Release September 10, 2022

 

Budget

Estimated Work Cost $120,000
Estimated Material & Equipment Cost $30,000
Fixed Cost $100,000
TOTAL ESTIMATED COST $250,000

 

User Acceptance Criteria

The project will be a success if it meets the primary objective, which include successful automation of the billing system, cut on labor cost by 25%, and reducing billing cycle length by 30% (Devry Canvas, 2022). Ease of data entry and dynamic updates and receivables are also success and user acceptance criteria.

High-Level Project Assumptions

The project highly assumes that the current billing data is accurate and no customer or billing data is missing. The project management also assumes that the allocated time and budget will be adequate to complete the implementation and no scope change issues will emerge that will force a review of the budget or time allocated. The project management expects all milestones and objectives to be met within the scope, cost, and time constraints. (Course Project: The Getta Byte – New Billing System Project: Sections A, B, C, D)

High-Level Project Constraints

The budget of $250,000 is a high-level project constraint (Devry Canvas, 2022). The project team will strive to operate within this budget.

Project Exclusions

Accounts receivables are within the project operation area. The interface of the financial system of record will be changed to align with the new billing system but the project will not change the financial system.

Major Project Risks

Multiple risks can impact the success of the project. The most significant risk would be scope changes that would force an increase in budget and time allocated (Farkas, 2018; Kloppenborg et al., 2018). The budget might not be enough to complete the whole project, and it needs review at different project phases. Network issues are a problem in IT projects because software development and implementation require reliable internet access. Network issues create a data transfer issue. (Course Project: The Getta Byte – New Billing System Project: Sections A, B, C, D)

Key Stakeholders

The customers are the primary stakeholders in the project (Devry Canvas, 2022). Other key stakeholders include the CEO and the CFO, billing and accounting staff, and the project team involved in the actual development and implementation of the software.

 

Section B: Stakeholder Engagement Plan

Stakeholder Engagement Plan
Project Name: Project Manager: Date:
Stakeholder Identification Stakeholder Analysis Engagement Strategy
Stakeholder Role Category Influence
High/Low		 Interest
High/Low		 Key Interests

& Needs

 Strategy Strategic Approach Strategy Owner Frequency

& Method

(Based on needs)
Haywood U. Buzzoff CEO Key High High Company cost saving, efficiency and effectiveness improvement, and increased company competitiveness. Provide weekly updates Manage Manage closely through involvement in project decision-making. PM Weekly Meetings
 

Kent C. DeTrees

  

CFO

  

Key

  

High

  

High

 Overall company improvement and better customer service. Provide weekly updates  

MANAGE

 Manage closely through involvement in project decision-making.  

PM

  

Weekly Meetings
 

Lou Seguzi

  

Finance director

  

Key

  

High

  

High

 Company cost cutting and better financial performance. Provide weekly expenditures.  

MANAGE

 Manage closely through involvement in project decision-making.  

PM

  

Weekly Meetings
Accounts Payable Team  

Billing

  

Primary

  

High

  

High

 Better company financial performance and management. Provide weekly project expenditures.  

MANAGE

 Manage closely through involvement in project decision-making.  

PM

  

Weekly Meetings
 

Finance Department

  

Reporting

  

Primary

  

High

  

High

 Improved company financial health and value cost of service. Provide weekly project expenditures.  

MANAGE

 Manage closely through involvement in project decision-making.  

PM

  

Weekly Meetings
 

Accounting Team

  

Processing

  

Primary

  

High

  

High

 Identify variances in cost management and approve project expenses. Offer weekly project expenditures.  

MANAGE

 Manage closely through involvement in project decision-making.  

PM

  

Weekly Meetings
 

Sales Team

  

Sales

  

Secondary

  

Low

  

High

 Improved customer service, consumer engagement, and market acceptance. Share consumer expectations and requirements and offer weekly updates on project progress.  

INFORM

 Utilize high interest through involvement.  

PM

  

Weekly Phone Calls
 

Ima Payne

  

Team Member

  

Key

  

High

  

High

 Project successful completion within scope, cost, and time constraints. Provide weekly updates.  

MANAGE

 Manage closely through involvement in project decision-making.  

PM

  

Daily meetings
 

Hugh Duitt

  

Team Member

  

Key

  

Low

  

High

 Improved customer service, consumer engagement, and market acceptance. Share consumer expectations and requirements and offer weekly updates on project progress.  

INFORM

 Utilize high interest through involvement.  

PM

  

Daily Meetings
 

Nonia Bizness

  

Team Member

  

Key

  

Low

  

High

 Improved customer service, consumer engagement, and market acceptance. Share consumer expectations and requirements and offer weekly updates on project progress.  

INFORM

 Utilize high interest through involvement.  

PM

  

Daily Meetings and email memos
 

Don Testit

  

Team Member

  

Key

  

Low

  

High

 Project successful development and meet deliverables. Provide weekly updates  

INFORM

 Utilize high interest through involvement.  

PM

  

Daily Meetings
 

Kurt Anser

  

Team Member

  

Key

  

Low

  

Low

 Successful software implementation and completion within constraints. Provide weekly updates.  

MONITOR

 Monitor communications for influence and interest changes  

PM

  

Bi-weekly video conferences and emails
 

Kinshirou Kusatsu

  

Team Member

  

Key

  

Low

  

High

 Project successful development and meet deliverables. Provide weekly updates  

INFORM

 Utilize high interest through involvement.  

PM

  

Daily meetings and emails
 

Ata Ibusuki

  

Team Member

  

Key

  

Low

  

High

 Project successful development and meet deliverables. Provide weekly updates.  

INFORM

 Utilize high interest through involvement.  

PM

  

Bi-weekly video conferences
 

Uruu Seiren

  

Team Member

  

Key

  

Low

  

High

 Project successful development and meet deliverables. Provide weekly updates.  

INFORM

 Utilize high interest through involvement.  

PM

  

Weekly phone calls

 

Section C: Communication Management Plan

COMMUNICATIONS MANAGEMENT PLAN
Project Name: Getta Byte Software Billing System Implementation
Project Manager Name: Ima Payne
Project Description: Install a new billing system
ID Communication Vehicle Target Audience Description/Purpose Frequency Sender Distribution Vehicle Internal / External? Comments
 

 

1

  

 

Weekly status meeting

  

 

Project Team

  

 

Project status updates

  

 

Weekly

  

 

Project Manager

  

 

Meeting

  

 

Internal

 All team members required to attend. Other stakeholders will be invited when necessary.
 

 

 

2

  

 

 

Steering committee review

 CEO, CFO,

Finance Director, Accounting Director, Sales Director, Project Manager, Data Architect

  

 

 

Status update, barrier communication, and progress planning

  

 

 

Monthly

  

 

 

Project Manager

  

 

 

Meeting

  

 

 

Internal

 The steering community will adopt insights from the meeting to advice on the way forward if needed.
 

3

  

Weekly status report

 CEO, CFO,

Finance Director, Project Team

 Status updates milestones and deliverables check  

Weekly

  

Project Manager

  

Email

  

Internal

 The project team will ensure that milestones and deliverables are met as planned and everything is within scope.
4 Sales update calls Sales Team Current project status updates Bi-weekly Project Manager Phone calls Internal The sales team will determine whether every completed task adds value to the project and the organization and communicate with the client.
5 Daily team meetings Project Team Current status update, check progress, and set daily goals. Daily Project Manager Meeting Internal To kickstart the day and ensure everything runs as smoothly as possible
 

6

  

Team updates calls

 Individuals with low Influence but high Interest in the project, and are part of the project team. Current status updates to those involved but with minimal influence to the project.  

Bi-weekly

  

Project Manager

  

Phone calls

  

Internal

 Needed to ensure high level involvement of all stakeholders.

Section D: The Project Scope Statement

PROJECT SCOPE STATEMENT
Project Name Getta Bill Project #: 01072015
 

Project Manager

  

Ima Payne

 Start Date

February 27,

2022

 End Date September 10, 2022
Project Sponsor Hatchi Kita

 

Project Description

The Getta Byte Software Billing System Implementation project focuses on replacing the current manual, inaccurate, costly, and inefficient billing system. The new billing system will be cloud-based, accurate, easy to use, and efficient system, reducing billing errors by 15%, labor cost by 25%, and billing cycle length by 30% (Devry Canvas, 2022).

Project Requirements

The new billing system should offer audit capabilities to enable the company to generate specific, dynamic reports on the number of billed customers, total billing for various periods, and drill down for details (Devry Canvas, 2022). The reporting will allow the company to monitor the system and ensure maximum effectiveness in executing the assigned roles. The reporting will also support decision-making regarding the future of the billing system. (Course Project: The Getta Byte – New Billing System Project: Sections A, B, C, D)

Project Deliverables

The new billing system is cloud based, which makes it more accessible to consumers and representatives than the old system (Devry Canvas, 2022). Higher accessibility is one of the deliverables for the project. The old system was inaccurate. The new billing system is expected to reduce billing errors by 15%. Therefore, data accuracy for the customers is another deliverable for the project. (Course Project: The Getta Byte – New Billing System Project: Sections A, B, C, D)

Project Exclusions

Any changes to the Financial System of Record are out of scope, and the new billing system will only interface the financial system.

Acceptance Criteria

The project has to increase the efficiency of transactions by 30%, offer dynamic reporting, and reduce billing cycles by 30% for its to be accepted (Devry Canvas, 2022). Anything less than these will be deemed a failure and either prompt project halt or re-planning and re-execution of tasks or areas that need improvement.

Estimated Project Schedule

 

Milestones Estimated Completion Timeframe
Initial Meeting with stakeholders March 23, 2022
Finalize Requirements Gathering April 6, 2022
Purchase Software May 8, 2022
Personnel Training July 27, 2022
Complete Development August 15, 2022
Migrate Customer Data to Cloud August 25, 2022
Complete First Pilot September 1, 2022
Complete Project September 10, 2022

Resource Requirements

The project needs a project manager, at least one data architect, two developers, and several billing representatives (Devry Canvas, 2022). The project manager is responsible for leading the project team, communicating to stakeholders, and delivering the project. The project manager will run the project daily. The data architect will review and assess the data infrastructure, plan the database, and guide solutions to store and manage data to effective and efficient running of the system. Developers will help analyze the software, user needs and requirements gathered, and offer insights on how to ensure the software meets the needs and requirements. Billing representative have in-depth knowledge regarding customer needs and system requirements because they interact daily with customers and the system. Other resources needed include test machines and a test environment before releasing the new system to the company.

Estimated Cost of Project

Expense Type Description Estimated Cost
Labor o   Developers

o   Data Specialist

o   Project Manager

 $50,000.00

$50,000.00

50,000.00
Material &

Equipment Cost

 o   Software Purchase $85,000.00
o   Module development contractor $10,000.00
Fixed Cost o   Trainers and educators $5,000.00
TOTAL ESTIMATED COST OF PROJECT $250,000.00

Project Constraints

The assigned budget and schedule might hold the project back and are perceived the primary project constraints (Devry Canvas, 2022). The project communication management plan offers a theoretical depiction of how the communication will be executed, including audience, frequency, and channels. However, this might change or be more complicated on the ground due to various factors such as team conflicts, lack of availability, missing emails or someone did not see an email, did not pick the phone, and many other issues that derail communication. Therefore, communication becomes another constraint. Additionally, data transfer or migration can be challenging due to data transfer risks, including system failure or lost data and the time and energy needed to ensure complete and accurate data migration. Finally, team training to ensure competency in using the new system can be a challenge because training is complicated, members have different learning levels, and it might not be completed with the specified timeframe. Training is an ongoing process, and which needs might change during project development.

Project Assumptions

Project assumptions are that the implementation of the new billing system will not prompt troubleshooting the company’s network (Devry Canvas, 2022). The project team also assumes that the current billing or customer data is accurate, without any missing links or data and the budget will be enough to cover all costs, and all milestone sand deliverables will be fulfilled. The project team also assumes that the software acquired will meet user needs and requirements and work as expected and no software failures or return will be necessary.

 References

Devry Canvas. (2022). Getta Byte Stakeholders and Communication Management. [Video]. https://www.coursesidekick.com/information-systems/1073984

Devry Canvas. (2022). Getta Byte — Project Scope. [Video].

Devry Canvas. (2022). Getta Byte — Project Stakeholder Engagement and Communications Management Plans. [Video].

Farkas, E. B. (2018). A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK GUIDE). Podium, (34), 85-88. https://www.works.gov.bh/English/ourstrategy/Project%20Management/Documents/Other%20PM%20Resources/PMBOKGuideFourthEdition_protected.pdf

Kloppenborg, T., Anantatmula, V. S., & Wells, K. (2018). Contemporary project management. Cengage Learning.

 
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NSG 301 Problem Statement Worksheet

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(NSG 301 Problem Statement Worksheet)

NSG 301 Problem Statement Worksheet

 

Name: ________________

Instructions: Please write your answers directly into this document and do not delete the questions or instructions. You may wish to use a different font, text color, or boldface to make your answers more visible, although it’s not required. When completed, “Save as” and add your last name to the file name.

 

Now that you’ve written a draft of your personal essay, read it as if it were written by someone else. You might try pretending that you are a nurse manager or hospital administrator, and that essay was submitted by someone who works for you—a valuable nurse who you would like to make happy and keep on your staff! Listen carefully to what the essay is telling you. (NSG 301 Problem Statement Worksheet)

 

  1. What is the primary problem in the essay?

 

The essay addresses medication administration errors. Medication administration errors include either administering medication using the wrong dose or the wrong route, administering the wrong drug to the wrong patients or at the wrong time. Dose ommissions and lack of documentation are also considered medication administration errors. The five rights, that is, right patient, medication, time, dose, and route are taught in the nursing curriculum. Nurses should identify and prevent these errors to promote patient safety. Medication administration errors can also be system generated attributed to inadequate training, system misconfiguration, distractors, and convoluted processes. Other factors associated with an increased probability of medication administration errors include burnout, work-related stress, frustrations, and lack of engagement.

NSG 301 Problem Statement Worksheet

 

  1. What other problems are mentioned in the essay or are related to the central problem? (Name at least 1, at most 3.)

 

The essay also mentions other nursing problems, including burnout, work-related stress, and lack of engagement. Nurse burnout encompasses emotional exhaustion, feelings of frustration, and lack of motivation. Causes of work-related stress include working overtime, heavy workload, conflicts with colleagues, and job insecurity. Lack of engagement involves a lack of commitment to and satisfaction with the job linked to factors such as heavy patient workloads and inadequate managerial support and communication.(NSG 301 Problem Statement Worksheet)

 

  1. What other problems are of interest to you? (Name at least 1, at most 3.) These can be completely unrelated to your personal essay. It’s your chance to change topics, if you want.

 

Work safety and inadequate staffing are problems of interest because they significantly impact nursing practice. Inadequate staffing leads to heavy patient workloads and long working hours. Work safety is associated with risks and hazards, including the possibility of infections, that impact nurses in their jobs. Hospitals should promote workplace safety to increase job satisfaction and commitment to patient care.

 

 

At this point, you should have at least 3 specific problems on this worksheet. Highlight the ONE problem you’d MOST like to focus on for the classical argument research paper. (Note that you have the opportunity to change topics. You are not required to stick with the problem central to your personal essay.) Answer the rest of the questions about the highlighted problem ONLY. (NSG 301 Problem Statement Worksheet)

 

Answers You Already Know

  1. Briefly describe the problem as it affects the specific population that you know (from your own experience, observation, or reading) is affected by this problem. Make sure you name the specific population. (Don’t discuss any solutions yet, just the problem.)

 

Everyone taking medication is considered a vulnerable population and at risk of medication administration errors. However, there are some populations perceived to be at a higher risk of experiencing these errors, including elders, children, and those with limited language skills, especially English and health literacy. The elderly population is significantly at risk, particularly those individuals taking multiple medications. Patients in surgical care, intensive care, and emergency rooms are also at increased risk of experiencing medication administration errors. (NSG 301 Problem Statement Worksheet)

 

  1. Why is it important this problem be addressed now?

 

Medication administration errors are associated with adverse drug events, complications, patient morbidity, and mortality in worse-case scenarios. These errors also affect the hospital’s and providers’ reputation and increase high institutional and healthcare system costs. Addressing medication administration errors would help prevent adverse drug events, complications, morbidity, and mortality. It would also promote a positive image of the hospital and healthcare providers and help reduce healthcare-related costs.

 

  1. What is the current practice/protocol in your workplace?

 

Current practices to limit and prevent medication administration errors at the workplace include standardized communication, optimizing nursing workflow, and focusing on high agents. The organization has also adopted computerized physician order entry to reduce the risk of medication administration errors.

 

 

Look at your answers to questions D-F and highlight at least 1 and at most 3 key words or short phrases that could help narrow your focus.

 

Asking Questions About What You DON’T Know

Asking questions is a good way to explore what you might want to research. Keep in mind that you do NOT need to know the answers at this point. In fact, you SHOULDN’T have all the answers, because the entire point of research is to find out something you don’t already know.

 

  1. What causes the problem? Consider the factors that create or exacerbate the problem. Some you may know. Others might be speculation. Write at least 3 questions about possible causes. (Try the formula: Is ____ a cause of [the problem]?)

Examples: (If my topic/problem is “violence in the ED”) 1. Do long ED wait times make patients more likely to become violent? 2. Do drug-seeking patients cause the majority of ED violence? 3. Do staff attitudes provoke violent reactions?

 

  1. What work-related factors cause medication administration errors?
  2. What individual-related factors increase the risk of medication administration errors?
  3. What system-related factors increase the risk of medication administration errors?
  4. Are managerial and leadership comptenecies linked to medication administration errors?

 

 

  1. What are the effects of the problem? Some you may know, while others may be predictions. Write at least 3 questions about possible effects. (Try the formula: Does [the problem] cause ____?)

Examples: (If my topic/problem is “violence in the ED”) 1. Does ED violence cause the hospital to lose money? 2. Does violence make it harder to retain ED nurses compared to other units? 3. If ED violence continues, will patients be afraid to seek help?   

 

  1. Do medication administration errors increase morbidity and mortality rates in the healthcare facility?
  2. Are medication administration errors associated with long hospital stays, patient readmissions, and adverse drug events observed at the healthcare facility?
  3. Is there an association between hospital ratings and medication administration errors?
  4. Do medication administration errors affect relationships between healthcare providers and their patients?

 

 

  1. Write at least 4 factual questions about your topic. If I knew nothing about your topic, what questions would I ask about it? Make a list of specific questions that ask: Who? What? When? Where? (Do not ask questions about causes or effects, since you’ve already covered that.) 

Examples: (If my topic/problem is “violence in the ED”) 1. Who are the usual perpetrators and victims of ED violence? 2. When do most violent incidents occur? 3. How often do they occur? 4. Where is risk the greatest (in waiting room or exam area)? 5. What are some security precautions taken in the ED? Etc.

 

  1. Who are associated with a high rate of medication administration errors at the healthcare facility?
  2. What time or day is associated with most medication administration errors?
  3. In which departments is the risk of medication administration errors the greatest?
  4. How often are medication administration errors at the workplace?
  5. What safety precautions are applied to address medication administration errors at the workplace?

 

 

  1. You’ll also need to know the scope of the problem. Since the questions are likely to be the same for everyone, I’m just going to give you the questions and ask you to either speculate about the answers or respond “I don’t know.” Remember that it’s OK to recognize gaps in your knowledge!
    1. Other than the population mentioned in your answer to question D above, who else might be affected by this problem?

 

The essay focuses more on the elderly population as being at the greatest risk of experiencing medication administration errors. However, children, immigrants with limited English skills, and health illterate individuals are also at an increased risk of experiencing medication administration errors.

 

  1. Is this problem limited to your unit, your institution, your region, NY state, the U.S.? Is it a global problem? Is it a particular problem in certain settings (such as rural hospitals, urban communities, developing nations, etc.)?

 

Medication administration errors are not limited to specific settings because they are reported at every healthcare facility. These errors are universal, with the only difference being the rate at different healthcare facilities.

 

  1. How long has this problem been going on or been acknowledged as a problem in the academic conversation?

 

Medication administration errors have been around since drugs were created to address healthcare problems. There are no documentations on the exact time. However, medication administration errors are recognized in academic convesartions throughout the history of medicine, associated with breakdown at any stage of the medication process.

 

  1. What is being done to address this problem in other places?

 

Medication administration errors impact patient safety, and the primary focus of healthcare reforms is promoting patient safety. Evidence-based interventions to reduce medication administration errors at the moment include staff training, standardized labelling, and clear storage requirements. Technological interventions include clinical decision support strategies and computerized physician order entry systems. Electronic health records also facilitate efforts to reduce medication administration errors by providing the correct and timely information to support prescription and administration.

 

Some questions will be interesting to you, and you’ll want to explore them further. Others may not interest you. Asking lots of questions is a good way to decide which aspects of the problem you’ll want to focus on and which you’d rather not. Look at the questions and guesses you made in response to questions G-J(d). Highlight at least 1 and at most 3 of the individual points that are most interesting to you personally. (For example, if I highlight just “Do long ED wait times make patients more likely to become violent?” that’s 1 individual point. If I highlight all 3 of my responses to question G, that would be 3 individual points.)

 

Create a Problem Statement

  1. Look at everything you have highlighted in the sections above. Identify key words or short phrases that might be valuable search terms. (For example, “ED wait times” and “patient violence” would be good selections from the example sentence above.) Copy and paste ALL the key words and phrases here: (1 problem from A-C; 1-3 keywords from D-F; 1-3 points from G-J)

Phrases and Keywords

  1. The five rights of medication administration: The right patient, medication, time, dose, and route.
  2. Medication administration errors among older adults
  3. Association between medication administration errors and adverse drug events, complications, patient morbidity, and mortality.
  4. Standardized communication and workflow optimization role in reducing medication administration errors.
  5. Work-related factors associated with medication administration errors.
  6. The prevalence of medication administration errors at the workplace.

 

 

  1. Make a claim about your problem. A good approach is to answer the question: What’s bad about the problem? The claim cannot be personal in nature, but it may be specific to your unit/institution. (If it’s specific to your workplace, name the specific place instead of using first person pronouns. For example, “the ED at Highland Hospital” is good, but “my unit” is not.) Incorporate at least 2 of the key words or phrases from your response to question K. You may include speculative details in your claim (you can always revise if the research doesn’t support the claim. Example: Excessive wait times in the ED increase the likelihood that patients will become violent.) Write only ONE SENTENCE and keep it short and simple:

 

Medication administration errors increase the risk of adverse drug events, complications, patient morbidity, and mortality. (NSG 301 Problem Statement Worksheet)

 

Believe it or not, you just wrote the first half of your thesis statement AND have prepared a list of search terms to guide your research! The Answers You Already Know and the answers you’ll find to the Questions About What You DON’T Know will be more than enough to fill the introduction and background sections of your classical argument paper. You’ve made a lot of progress! Go get a healthy snack and a glass of water to celebrate.

References

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7764714/

 
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American Imperialism

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American Imperialism

American Imperialism

Introduction

Since independence, the United States has exerted itself in the majority of the world through its foreign policy for various reasons, with economic interests being the primary one. America has expanded its political, economic, cultural, and media influence beyond the boundaries, serving American interests. The US is considered an imperial power after its abandonment of the long-term commitment to isolationism, exercising massive control in the Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam islands, Hawaii, and Cuba. The US supported organizations, countries, and groups that revolved against other powerful nations like Spain to maintain its regional and global influence. The primary causes of American imperialism are economic competition from powerful nations, political and military competition, and the perception of racial and cultural superiority over other nations and people, particularly in the Middle East. This paper aims to discuss motives and mixed feelings about US War with Spain in 1898 and subsequent expansion overseas. (American Imperialism)

American War with Spain

Spain sailed westward across the Atlantic Ocean in 1492, becoming the first European nation to colonize American territories in the Western Hemisphere. Spain occupied a large territory, from Virginia East Coast to Tierra del Fuego, except Brazil. It also conquered the Philippines and other islands in the Pacific (Library of Congress, 2022). However, the territories shrunk, and by 1895, Spain only controlled Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippine Islands, Mariana, and Marshall islands after declaring the independence of the regions that are in the present-day United States. From 1895 to 1898, Cuba and the Philippine Islands fought back against Spain with the culminating United States interventions in both incidences (Library of Congress 2022). The US reinforced military groups in Cuba and the Philippines Islands and, at some point, participated in counterrevolutionary conflicts in the Philippines to expand its global outreach. The war with Spain was revolutionary for American Imperialism as it sought increased involvement in the affairs of other nations (Library of Congress 2022). America stretched its hand into international politics, especially in Latin America. [1]

The US adopts multiple ways of exercising imperialism and luring or forcing countries into treaties and friendships. No matter the approach, there is always a motive, and American interests will always come first. For instance, to expand its influence in neighboring nations like Cuba and Mexico, the US indulges in helping the countries solve their problems and sometimes aligning with a particular leader against the leader opposing American ideologies (The American Yawp n.d.). Taking Cuba as an example, the country had tried but in vain to gain independence from Spain. Spain’s military superiority could not crumble even after multiple uprisings and Gorilla war fairs[2]. The United States was aware of the atrocities Spain committed in Cuba and ordered a military engagement, although not a direct confrontation with Spain. The concern was not primarily for the Cuban people but for the safety of American lives and property in Cuba. In this case, American interests were a priority, serving as the primary motive for offering to help Cuba (The American Yawp n.d.). The fall of the battleship Maine forced a military confrontation between the US and Spain in Cuba, leading to the crumbling of Spain’s military. The American victory was celebrated and considered a “providential act of God,” but some saw it as an opportunity for expansion. The US considered itself to have a mission to accomplish and a duty to deliver globally, and it has been referred to as the American empire.

The US offered a helping hand in various regions, one, to establish a positive image, and two, to use the positive political image to hide the primary motive of helping these nations. For instance, the US claims it fought against Spanish oppression in the Philippines, industrial slavery in Hawaii, and Spanish York in Puerto Rico and Cuba, and helped these regions achieve business prosperity, self-governance, better education, and sanitation (The American Yawp n.d.). The US posits that various regions were oppressed before it came to the rescue, which is an exaggerated depiction of reality and a way to cover the primary motive behind the help. People believed American influence and expansion brought growth and prosperity because the US government and apprentice spread propaganda.

The Cubans and the Filipinos had fought for independence against Spain for a long time, and, with the American help, it was long due because the US did not relinquish the territory to the locals but continued with the occupation until 1902, engaging in multiple confrontations with the Filipino insurrectionists, leading to more deaths than the Spain war (The American Yawp n.d.). Filipinos began fighting for freedom against a nation that had claimed to liberate them from Spanish oppression. The American mission was uncertain among the Filipinos, but the war and the American troops were brutal, raising public attention to the events and debates regarding American imperialism. The primary motive emerged as the continued westward American expansion and an opportunity to show prominence and power worldwide. However, the issues of immigration and American purity raised anti-imperialists who perceived immigration as a threat to American racial identity.

American imperialism, although a controversial topic, accelerated with the US becoming a reckoning force around the globe, especially under President Theodore Roosevelt (The American Yawp n.d.). The United States Shifted attention to global power, given its military strength, territorial expansion, and economic influence. The president focused on strengthening the navy and considered Latin America an important strategic area to apply US foreign policy. The technological advancements and the development of new battleships encouraged the United States to project its foreign policy overseas and expand its influence. Examples include the advocacy for Hawaii annexation, claiming it was within the American sphere of influence, denying Japanese expansion, and reducing threats to the West Coast, which was a strategic trade area, serving as a fueling station to support Asian trade (The American Yawp n.d.). No matter which approach was adopted to exert itself in other countries, the primary motive was protecting and promoting American interests overseas. Military interventions in different circumstances galvanized its objectives, using its might to impose its will in the Western Hemisphere. The federal government and its policies justified the continued military interventions, including establishing military bases to help Cuba and the Cubans’ best interests, which was simply a cover show. (American Imperialism)

Conclusion

American imperialism is a controversial topic that promoted various debates over the centuries regarding the primary motive for expansion. Nonetheless, the primary driving forces remain economic competition, political and military competition, and perception of racial and cultural superiority. The US adopted various ways to exert its presence in neighboring and overseas territories, in most cases offering help against the “oppressor” to cover the main motive. American imperialism and foreign policies continue to live on, as seen in wars the US engages in the Middle East, Europe, and Africa, raising mixed reactions and attitudes.

 Bibliography

Library of Congress. The World of 1898: The Spanish American War. 2022, June 22. https://loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/intro.html

The American Yawp. 19. American empire. Stanford University Press, n.d. https://www.americanyawp.com/text/19-american-empire/

 

[1] See Library of Congress (2022) for more information about the American war with Spain.

[2] See The American Yawp (n.d.) for more information regarding American imperialism.

 
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