Major Problems in Healthcare

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Major Problems in Healthcare

What are the major problems (Cite at least 3) in the United States’ health care system? Why do you think it hasn’t been “fixed”? Do you believe that providing universal health care should be the policy of the United States? Why or why not? Cite at least 2 peer reviewed journal. Using APA format

Major Problems in Healthcare

Major Problems in the United States Health Care System

The United States health care system faces several significant challenges that impact the quality and accessibility of care. Three major problems include:

  1. High Costs of Care
    The United States has the highest health care costs in the world, with expenditures reaching approximately $4 trillion in 2020. These high costs are attributed to various factors, including administrative expenses, the high price of medical services and medications, and inefficiencies within the system (Papanicolas, Woskie, & Jha, 2018). Many Americans face financial burdens due to high premiums, deductibles, and out-of-pocket expenses, leading to situations where individuals forgo necessary care.
  2. Lack of Universal Coverage
    Despite being one of the wealthiest nations globally, the United States lacks a universal health care system. Millions of Americans remain uninsured or underinsured, primarily due to employment-based coverage models and the high costs associated with obtaining insurance (Rosenbaum, 2020). This lack of coverage results in significant disparities in access to health care, where marginalized communities face barriers to obtaining necessary medical services.
  3. Health Disparities
    The United States exhibits considerable health disparities influenced by factors such as socioeconomic status, race, and geographic location. These disparities are evident in health outcomes, access to care, and the quality of services received (Williams & Mohammed, 2018). Vulnerable populations, including racial and ethnic minorities, often encounter systemic barriers that hinder their ability to achieve optimal health, resulting in poorer health outcomes compared to their more affluent counterparts. (Health Disparities
    The United States exhibits considerable health disparities influenced by factors such as socioeconomic status, race, and geographic location. These disparities are evident in health outcomes, access to care, and the quality of services received (Williams & Mohammed, 2018). Vulnerable populations, including racial and ethnic minorities, often encounter systemic barriers that hinder their ability to achieve optimal health, resulting in poorer health outcomes compared to their more affluent counterparts. (Health Disparities
    The United States exhibits considerable health disparities influenced by factors such as socioeconomic status, race, and geographic location. These disparities are evident in health outcomes, access to care, and the quality of services received (Williams & Mohammed, 2018). Vulnerable populations, including racial and ethnic minorities, often encounter systemic barriers that hinder their ability to achieve optimal health, resulting in poorer health outcomes compared to their more affluent counterparts. (Major Problems in Healthcare) 

Why the Health Care System Has Not Been “Fixed”

The complexities and entrenched interests within the health care system contribute to the difficulty in implementing significant reforms. Political polarization, lobbying by powerful interest groups, and the intricate web of stakeholders—including insurance companies, pharmaceutical manufacturers, and health care providers—make it challenging to reach a consensus on reform measures. Additionally, the fear of change and potential unintended consequences of new policies further complicate the situation. As a result, efforts to “fix” the system often lead to incremental changes rather than comprehensive solutions.

Universal Health Care as a Policy

I believe that providing universal health care should be a policy goal for the United States. Universal health care can lead to improved health outcomes by ensuring that all individuals have access to necessary medical services without financial hardship. Research indicates that countries with universal health care systems tend to have better health metrics, including lower mortality rates and higher life expectancy (Papanicolas et al., 2018). Moreover, universal coverage could alleviate disparities in access to care and promote health equity among diverse populations.

In conclusion, the major problems in the United States health care system—including high costs, lack of universal coverage, and health disparities—highlight the urgent need for comprehensive reforms. Embracing universal health care could address these issues, fostering a healthier population and more equitable access to medical services.

(Major Problems in Healthcare)

References

Papanicolas, I., Woskie, L. R., & Jha, A. K. (2018). Health care spending in the United States and other high-income countries. JAMA, 319(10), 1024–1039. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.1150

Rosenbaum, L. (2020). The Uninsured: A Crisis in the United States. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(14), 1283-1287. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2000910

Williams, D. R., & Mohammed, S. A. (2018). Racism and health I: Pathways and scientific evidence. American Behavioral Scientist, 62(3), 348-357. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764218757633

 
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Addiction Therapy

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Addiction Therapy

PowerPoint Presentation on Therapeutic Approaches for Treating Addictive Disorders

To prepare:

Review this week’s Learning Resources and consider the insights they provide about diagnosing and treating addictive disorders. As you watch the 187 Models of Treatment for Addiction video, consider what treatment model you may use the most with clients presenting with addiction. (Addiction Therapy)

Search the Walden Library databases and choose a research article that discusses a therapeutic approach for treating clients, families, or groups with addictive disorders.

Addiction Therapy

The Assignment

In a 5- to 10-slide PowerPoint presentation, address the following. Your title and references slides do not count toward the 5- to 10-slide limit.

Provide an overview of the article you selected.

What population (individual, group, or family) is under consideration?

What was the specific intervention that was used? Is this a new intervention or one that was already studied?

What were the author’s claims?

(Addiction Therapy)

Explain the findings/outcomes of the study in the article. Include whether this will translate into practice with your own clients. If so, how? If not, why?

Explain whether the limitations of the study might impact your ability to use the findings/outcomes presented in the article.

Use the Notes function of PowerPoint to craft presenter notes to expand upon the content of your slides.

Support your response with at least three other peer-reviewed, evidence-based sources. Explain why each of your supporting sources is considered scholarly.

Provide references to your sources on your last slide. Be sure to include the article you used as the basis for this Assignment.

Must have 4 peer-reviewed journals (ones with methods, designs, and results). Also, must have presenter notes in the note section of PowerPoint. 5-10 slides!

References

 
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Genetic or Genomic Technology

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Genetic or Genomic Technology

Choose one recent (within last 2 years) news story about genetic or genomic technology. Describe the issue presented. From the perspective as an RN or APRN, describe the ethical, cultural, religious, legal, fiscal, and societal implication.1 page, APA.

Genetic or Genomic Technology

Recent Advances in Genetic Technology

In a recent article published by the New York Times on February 28, 2023, researchers unveiled a breakthrough in gene editing technology called CRISPR-Cas9, which has shown promising results in treating genetic disorders, including sickle cell anemia and beta-thalassemia. This technology enables precise modifications to DNA, potentially curing these debilitating diseases by correcting the underlying genetic mutations. However, while the potential benefits are significant, this advancement raises various ethical, cultural, religious, legal, fiscal, and societal implications that need careful consideration.

Ethical Implications

From an ethical standpoint, the use of CRISPR technology to modify human genes raises concerns regarding the potential for “designer babies,” where parents could select traits for their offspring, leading to a possible new form of eugenics. The idea of altering human genetics brings forth questions about consent, especially concerning unborn children who cannot voice their opinions on genetic modifications. As Registered Nurses (RNs) and Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRNs), it is essential to advocate for informed consent and ensure that patients understand the risks and benefits of such technologies.

Cultural and Religious Implications

Culturally, perceptions of genetic modification vary widely. Some cultures may view gene editing as a violation of natural laws, while others might embrace it as a means to eradicate suffering caused by genetic disorders. Religious beliefs also play a significant role in shaping opinions about genetic technologies. For instance, certain faiths may oppose altering God’s creation, leading to conflicts in the adoption of such technologies.

Legal Implications

Legally, the regulation of genetic technology is still in its infancy. There are questions regarding liability if something goes wrong during the gene editing process. Who is responsible for any adverse outcomes— the healthcare providers, the technology developers, or the patients themselves? Clear legal frameworks are needed to address these issues and protect both patients and practitioners.

Fiscal Implications

Financially, gene editing technologies like CRISPR are expensive and may not be accessible to all patients. This creates disparities in healthcare, where only wealthier individuals can afford advanced treatments. RNs and APRNs must consider advocating for policies that promote equitable access to these life-saving technologies.

Societal Implications

Societally, the introduction of gene editing technologies could transform healthcare, shifting the focus from treating symptoms to curing diseases at the genetic level. However, it could also lead to ethical dilemmas about who receives treatment and the criteria used to determine eligibility. As healthcare providers, RNs and APRNs must be prepared to navigate these complexities and advocate for ethical standards in genetic technology applications.

In conclusion, the advancements in genetic technology such as CRISPR-Cas9 present a myriad of implications that healthcare professionals must consider. By addressing these issues comprehensively, RNs and APRNs can ensure that the benefits of genetic technologies are accessible and ethically implemented for all patients.

References

Kaplan, J. (2023, February 28). Gene Editing Shows Promise in Treating Blood Disorders. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/28/health/gene-editing-blood-disorders.html

National Institutes of Health. (2023). CRISPR: A Powerful Way to Change DNA. https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/crispr-powerful-way-change-dna

World Health Organization. (2023). Human Genome Editing: A Global Perspective.  https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/human-genome-editing-a-global-perspective

 
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Media’s Influence on Culture

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Media’s Influence on Culture

Explain the role media has had in shaping our culture and society. Explain the importance of being a critical receiver of mass media messaging.
Media's Influence on CultureThe media plays a pivotal role in shaping culture and society by influencing public perception, norms, and values. From television shows to social media platforms, the portrayal of various issues affects how individuals and communities perceive reality. For example, representation in media can significantly impact societal views on race, gender, and sexuality. Diverse portrayals can promote understanding and acceptance, while lack of representation can perpetuate stereotypes and biases. Consequently, media acts as a mirror reflecting societal values, and simultaneously as a mold, shaping the cultural narrative.

One of the significant ways media shapes culture is through storytelling. Narratives presented in movies, television, and literature can challenge existing norms and introduce new ideas. For instance, series like Orange is the New Black or Black Mirror prompt discussions about social justice, technology, and personal freedom. These stories encourage audiences to reflect on their beliefs and consider alternative perspectives, fostering a more inclusive society.

However, with the power to shape cultural narratives comes the responsibility of being a critical receiver of mass media messaging. Critical media literacy is essential in today’s fast-paced information environment. Individuals must discern fact from fiction, analyze biases, and recognize persuasive techniques employed in media content. With the rise of misinformation and “fake news,” being critical of media messages is crucial for informed citizenship. This critical engagement allows individuals to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of information, ultimately leading to more thoughtful discourse and decision-making.

Moreover, the saturation of social media in daily life makes it even more important for individuals to develop critical thinking skills. Social media platforms amplify voices and narratives but can also create echo chambers where misinformation thrives. By critically engaging with media, individuals can navigate these challenges, fostering a healthier media landscape.

In summary, media significantly influences culture and societal norms. Being a critical receiver of mass media messaging empowers individuals to engage thoughtfully with the information they consume. This engagement is vital for fostering a well-informed public capable of making decisions that reflect a nuanced understanding of societal issues.

(Media’s Influence on Culture)

References

Dines, G., & Humez, J. M. (2019). Gender, Race, and Class in Media: Considering Diversity Across Media and Communication (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/gender-race-and-class-in-media/book248057

Kellner, D. (2018). Media Culture: Cultural Studies, Identity and Politics Between the Modern and the Postmodern. New York, NY: Routledge. https://www.routledge.com/Media-Culture-Cultural-Studies-Identity-and-Politics-Between-the-Modern/Kellner/p/book/9781138698728

McLuhan, M. (2020). Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.  https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262620010/understanding-media/

 
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Healthcare Barriers

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Healthcare Barriers

Choose a specific leading health indicator or disparity type within the Healthy People 2020 website (for example, AHS-1.1 Increase the proportion of persons with medical insurance) https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/data-search/health-disparities-data/health-disparities-widget

Respond to the following questions concerning the identified disparities to health within the Healthy People 2020:

Are there tools to help identify these gaps in care?

If you could develop a screening tool to address a barrier to healthcare, what would it look like?

Who would administer this and what resources would you need to coordinate with to solve this problem?

Is this feasible for a clinic setting? Why or why not?

Expectations

Due: Friday, June 11

Length: 1500 words

Format: APA

Research: At least two high-level scholarly references in APA from within the last 5 years.

Healthcare Barriers

Addressing Health Disparities

Health disparities are significant differences in health outcomes and access to care that are closely linked to social, economic, and environmental disadvantages. The Healthy People 2020 initiative emphasizes the need to reduce these disparities to enhance health equity across the United States. One specific leading health indicator is AHS-1.1, which aims to increase the proportion of persons with medical insurance. The lack of health insurance coverage significantly affects access to care, which, in turn, contributes to poorer health outcomes for vulnerable populations.

Tools to Identify Gaps in Care

Several tools can help identify gaps in care related to health insurance disparities. The National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) provide valuable data on health coverage and its implications for various populations. Furthermore, the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) offers the National Health Service Corps (NHSC) which can be instrumental in identifying areas with inadequate health insurance coverage. These tools enable healthcare providers and policymakers to pinpoint specific populations and areas needing targeted interventions.

Proposed Screening Tool

If I could develop a screening tool to address barriers to healthcare, it would be a “Health Insurance Access Questionnaire”. This tool would be a brief, self-administered questionnaire designed to assess an individual’s access to health insurance, barriers to enrollment, and perceived health care needs. Key components would include:

  1. Demographic Information: Age, race, income level, and employment status.
  2. Insurance Status: Questions on current insurance coverage, length of coverage, and previous coverage gaps.
  3. Barriers to Enrollment: Identification of barriers such as lack of awareness, financial constraints, or administrative challenges.
  4. Health Care Needs: Inquiry about unmet health care needs due to lack of insurance coverage.

Administration and Resources

This tool could be administered by healthcare providers in clinical settings, such as community health clinics, emergency departments, or primary care offices. To implement this screening effectively, coordination with community organizations, social services, and public health agencies would be necessary. Resources would include training for healthcare staff on administering the tool and interpreting results, as well as developing partnerships with local organizations to facilitate enrollment in health insurance programs.

Feasibility in a Clinic Setting

Implementing this screening tool in a clinic setting is feasible and would greatly benefit both healthcare providers and patients. Clinics, especially those serving low-income or uninsured populations, often experience high demand for services without adequate insurance coverage. By identifying patients at risk of being uninsured, clinics can proactively assist them in navigating the healthcare system, thus improving overall health outcomes. Additionally, utilizing existing infrastructure, such as electronic health records, can streamline the collection and analysis of data derived from the screening tool.

Conclusion

In conclusion, addressing health disparities, particularly those related to health insurance coverage, is critical for improving health equity in the United States. By utilizing existing tools to identify gaps in care and implementing a screening tool focused on health insurance access, healthcare providers can better support vulnerable populations. The collaboration between healthcare providers, community organizations, and policymakers is essential to reduce barriers and enhance access to care for all individuals.

References

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2020). Healthy People 2020. https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/social-determinants-of-health

National Center for Health Statistics. (2019). Health, United States, 2018: With special feature on health insurance coverage. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus18.pdf

 
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Preterm Neonatal Nursery

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Preterm Neonatal Nursery

Provide specific examples to support your answers:

Based on the systematic review of studies by Obeidat et al. (2009) about facilitated tucking of preterm infants during invasive procedures (which you were directed to in the chapter), if you worked in a preterm neonatal nursery, would you adopt this practice? Why or why not? Post has to be 200 – 250 words

Preterm Neonatal Nursery

Adoption of Facilitated Tucking

Based on the systematic review of studies by Obeidat et al. (2009), I would adopt the practice of facilitated tucking for preterm infants during invasive procedures if I worked in a preterm neonatal nursery. Facilitated tucking involves the gentle positioning of a preterm infant, simulating the tight confines of the womb, which has been shown to promote comfort and reduce stress during painful procedures.

For instance, the review found that facilitated tucking significantly decreased physiological stress indicators, such as heart rate and oxygen saturation levels, in preterm infants undergoing procedures like venipuncture. Additionally, the practice has been linked to reduced crying and improved overall comfort levels in these vulnerable populations.

Implementing this practice aligns with the growing emphasis on providing family-centered care, where the comfort and well-being of the infant are prioritized. Furthermore, the adoption of facilitated tucking can contribute to better developmental outcomes for preterm infants by minimizing exposure to pain and stress during critical periods of growth.

Given the evidence supporting the benefits of facilitated tucking, I believe this practice should be adopted in neonatal nurseries. It not only enhances the immediate comfort of infants during procedures but also promotes long-term health outcomes, making it a valuable intervention in the care of preterm infants.

References

Obeidat, H. M., Badran, S. F., & Hmoud, A. A. (2009). Facilitated tucking of preterm infants during invasive procedures: A systematic review. Journal of Neonatal Nursing, 15(3), 107-114.  https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1355061809000267

 
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Autism Disorder

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Autism Disorder

Information about autism. About what it is, cause, risk factors meds and treatments

Autism Spectrum Disorder
What Is Autism?
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by challenges in social communication and interaction, alongside restricted or repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. The term “spectrum” reflects the wide range of symptoms and abilities exhibited by individuals with autism. Symptoms typically appear in early childhood and can affect various aspects of daily living, including social relationships, education, and employment.

Causes of Autism
The exact cause of Autism Spectrum Disorder remains unclear, but research suggests a combination of genetic and environmental factors contributes to its development. Genetic mutations or abnormalities, particularly those related to brain development, may increase the risk of ASD. Environmental factors such as prenatal exposure to certain drugs, maternal infections, or complications during birth have also been investigated as potential contributors.

Risk Factors
Several risk factors have been identified in association with Autism Spectrum Disorder, including:

  • Genetics: Having a sibling with ASD increases the likelihood of developing the disorder.
  • Gender: Boys are more frequently diagnosed with autism than girls, with ratios ranging from 3:1 to 5:1.
  • Parental Age: Advanced parental age at the time of conception has been linked to a higher risk of autism.
  • Certain Medical Conditions: Conditions such as fragile X syndrome, Rett syndrome, and other genetic disorders are associated with an increased risk of autism.

Medications and Treatments
While there is no cure for Autism Spectrum Disorder, various treatments can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. Medications may be prescribed to address specific symptoms, such as anxiety, depression, or attention issues. Commonly used medications include:

  • Antidepressants: To manage anxiety and depression.
  • Antipsychotic Medications: Such as risperidone and aripiprazole, can help reduce irritability and aggressive behaviors.
  • Stimulants: These may be prescribed for attention issues.

Behavioral and Therapeutic Interventions
In addition to medications, various therapeutic approaches can support individuals with autism:

  • Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA): This evidence-based approach focuses on reinforcing positive behaviors and reducing negative ones.
  • Speech and Language Therapy: Helps improve communication skills.
  • Occupational Therapy: Aims to develop daily living skills and increase independence.
  • Social Skills Training: Assists individuals in navigating social interactions.

In summary, Autism Spectrum Disorder is a complex condition with varied causes and risk factors. While no single treatment can address all symptoms, a combination of behavioral interventions and medications can significantly improve outcomes for individuals with autism.

References

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. Retrieved from https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/facts.html
National Institute of Mental Health. (2022). Autism spectrum disorder. Retrieved from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/autism-spectrum-disorder

 
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Barriers to Evidence-Based Practice

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Barriers to Evidence-Based Practice

Sustaining change can be difficult, as there are many variables that can affect implementation. One critical component of evidence-based practice is to ensure that practice change is part of an organization’s culture so it will continue to impact outcomes over time.

Name two potential barriers that may prevent your evidence-based practice change proposal from continuing to obtain the same desired results six months to a year from now, and your strategies for overcoming these barriers.

Create a professional presentation of your evidence-based intervention and change proposal to be disseminated to an interprofessional audience of leaders and stakeholders. Include the intervention, evidence-based literature, objectives, resources needed, anticipated measurable outcomes, and how the intervention would be evaluated.

Submit the presentation in LoudCloud for feedback from the instructor. While APA style is not required for the body of this assignment, solid academic writing is expected, and documentation of sources should be presented using APA formatting guidelines, which can be found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.

Barriers to Evidence-Based Practice

Sustaining change in evidence-based practice (EBP) is crucial for ensuring long-term positive outcomes. However, certain barriers can impede this process. Two potential barriers include staff resistance to change and insufficient training.

Staff resistance to change can arise from a lack of understanding or belief in the proposed EBP intervention. For instance, if staff members are accustomed to a particular protocol and do not see the benefits of the new practice, they may resist its implementation. To overcome this barrier, it is essential to engage staff early in the change process. This can be achieved through workshops and discussions highlighting the evidence supporting the EBP intervention and its potential benefits for patient outcomes. Encouraging open dialogue allows staff to voice their concerns and fosters a sense of ownership over the change.

Another barrier is insufficient training, which can hinder the successful implementation of the proposed intervention. Staff may not feel confident in applying the new practices due to a lack of knowledge or skills. To address this issue, organizations should provide comprehensive training sessions tailored to the specific intervention. Continuous support through mentorship or follow-up workshops can further enhance staff competence and confidence in executing the new practices.

By proactively addressing these barriers through engagement and training, the EBP proposal can achieve sustained success, ultimately improving patient care and outcomes.

References

Obeidat, H. M., Bond, E. A., & Hweidi, I. M. (2009). Facilitated tucking during invasive procedures for preterm infants: A systematic review. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 15(2), 100-107. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-172X.2009.01765.x

Melnyk, B. M., & Fineout-Overholt, E. (2015). Evidence-based practice in nursing & healthcare: A guide to best practice (3rd ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.

American Association of Colleges of Nursing. (2019). The essentials: Core competencies for professional nursing education. https://www.aacnnursing.org/Portals/42/AcademicNursing/Essentials.pdf

 
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Adult Health 1 Study Guide

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Adult Health 1 Study Guide

Sensory Unit
Chapters 63 & 64

Remember that assigned textbook readings should be supplemental to reviewing & studying the PowerPoint presentations. Answers to these study guide questions can be obtained from the textbook chapters, PowerPoint presentations, as well as class lectures & in-class activities.

Chapter 63: Assessment & Management of Patients with Eye & Vision Disorders

Conditions to Know: Glaucoma, Cataracts, Retinal Detachment, Macular Degeneration, Conjunctivitis, Eye trauma

Adult Health 1 Study Guide

· Know the basic structures & functions of the eye – lens, pupil, iris, cornea, conjunctiva, retina, and sclera
· Questions to ask patients regarding issues with the eyes/vision – Chart 63-1
· Snellen Chart is used to assess visual acuity – 20/20 is considered perfect vision (patient can read line 20 of chart while standing 20 feet away) – this is tested in each eye

  1. What are some of the most common causes of blindness?
  2. What is responsible for the damage to the optic nerve in patients diagnosed with glaucoma?
  3. Glaucoma can lead to what primary complication if not treated properly?
  4. What are the differences between open-angle & closed-angle glaucoma?
  5. What are the primary signs & symptoms of glaucoma?
  6. What are the primary treatment goals for patients with glaucoma?
  7. What is the first-line treatment of glaucoma? What medication teaching points would you want to include in your patient education?
  8. What are some common risk factors for the development of cataracts? See Chart 63-7.
  9. What are the primary signs & symptoms of cataracts?
  10. The most common treatment for cataracts is outpatient surgery, in which the lens affected by the cataract is replaced with a man-made one. Explain the pre and post-operative nursing management & education that is needed for patients undergoing cataract surgery. See Chart 63-8.
  11. Retinal detachment is considered a medical emergency. What happens during retinal detachment?
  12. What are some symptoms of retinal detachment?
  13. Macular degeneration is the most common cause of vision loss in people > 60 years old. What is macular degeneration?
  14. What are some risk factors for dry macular degeneration?
  15. What are some signs and symptoms of macular degeneration?
  16. Nursing management for patients diagnosed with macular degeneration focus on safety & supportive measures. What are some accommodations we should make or educate patients on regarding how to help improve their vision & ADLs when they have this condition?
  17. Conjunctivitis is also called “pink eye.” What are the different types of conjunctivitis, and what are some symptoms of this condition? Are any of these types considered contagious?
  18. What are some teaching points to include when educating a patient diagnosed with viral conjunctivitis? See Chart 63-11.
  19. Explain the emergency nursing treatment needed when a patient presents with eye trauma.

Chapter 64: Assessment & Management of Patients with Hearing & Balance Disorders

Conditions to Know: Hearing loss, Otitis Media, Meniere Disease, Otic Medications

  1. What are some risk factors for hearing loss? See Chart 64-3.
  2. What are some early signs and symptoms of hearing loss?
  3. What are some guidelines to follow when caring for hearing-impaired patients? See Chart 64-5.
  4. What is acute otitis media?
  5. What are some of the clinical manifestations of acute otitis media?
  6. What are treatment options for acute otitis media?
  7. What is Meniere disease, & what are the common clinical manifestations of this condition?
  8. Describe the nursing & medical management needed in caring for a patient with Meniere disease. Include patient education needed for various medications. See Chart 64-8.
  9. What are some teaching points to include for patients experiencing vertigo?
  10. What are some examples of ototoxic medications that can cause tinnitus or hearing loss?

Adult Health 1 Study Guide
Sensory Unit
Chapters 63 & 64

Remember that assigned textbook readings should be supplemental to reviewing & studying the PowerPoint presentations. Answers to these study guide questions can be obtained from the textbook chapters, PowerPoint presentations, as well as class lectures & in-class activities.

 

(Adult Health 1 Study Guide)

 

Chapter 63: Assessment & Management of Patients with Eye & Vision Disorders

Conditions to Know: Glaucoma, Cataracts, Retinal Detachment, Macular Degeneration, Conjunctivitis, Eye trauma

· Know the basic structures & functions of the eye – lens, pupil, iris, cornea, conjunctiva, retina, and sclera
· Questions to ask patients regarding issues with the eyes/vision – Chart 63-1
· Snellen Chart is used to assess visual acuity – 20/20 is considered perfect vision (patient can read line 20 of chart while standing 20 feet away) – this is tested in each eye

  1. What are some of the most common causes of blindness?
  2. What is responsible for the damage to the optic nerve in patients diagnosed with glaucoma?
  3. Glaucoma can lead to what primary complication if not treated properly?
  4. What are the differences between open-angle & closed-angle glaucoma?
  5. What are the primary signs & symptoms of glaucoma?
  6. What are the primary treatment goals for patients with glaucoma?
  7. What is the first-line treatment of glaucoma? What medication teaching points would you want to include in your patient education?
  8. What are some common risk factors for the development of cataracts? See Chart 63-7.
  9. What are the primary signs & symptoms of cataracts?
  10. The most common treatment for cataracts is outpatient surgery, in which the lens affected by the cataract is replaced with a man-made one. Explain the pre and post-operative nursing management & education that is needed for patients undergoing cataract surgery. See Chart 63-8.
  11. Retinal detachment is considered a medical emergency. What happens during retinal detachment?
  12. What are some symptoms of retinal detachment?
  13. Macular degeneration is the most common cause of vision loss in people > 60 years old. What is macular degeneration?
  14. What are some risk factors for dry macular degeneration?
  15. What are some signs and symptoms of macular degeneration?
  16. Nursing management for patients diagnosed with macular degeneration focus on safety & supportive measures. What are some accommodations we should make or educate patients on regarding how to help improve their vision & ADLs when they have this condition?
  17. Conjunctivitis is also called “pink eye.” What are the different types of conjunctivitis, and what are some symptoms of this condition? Are any of these types considered contagious?
  18. What are some teaching points to include when educating a patient diagnosed with viral conjunctivitis? See Chart 63-11.
  19. Explain the emergency nursing treatment needed when a patient presents with eye trauma.

Chapter 64: Assessment & Management of Patients with Hearing & Balance Disorders

Conditions to Know: Hearing loss, Otitis Media, Meniere Disease, Otic Medications

  1. What are some risk factors for hearing loss? See Chart 64-3.
  2. What are some early signs and symptoms of hearing loss?
  3. What are some guidelines to follow when caring for hearing-impaired patients? See Chart 64-5.
  4. What is acute otitis media?
  5. What are some of the clinical manifestations of acute otitis media?
  6. What are treatment options for acute otitis media?
  7. What is Meniere disease, & what are the common clinical manifestations of this condition?
  8. Describe the nursing & medical management needed in caring for a patient with Meniere disease. Include patient education needed for various medications. See Chart 64-8.
  9. What are some teaching points to include for patients experiencing vertigo?
  10. What are some examples of ototoxic medications that can cause tinnitus or hearing loss?

 

References

Smeltzer, S. C., Bare, B. G., Hinkle, J. L., & Cheever, K. H. (2010). Brunner & Suddarth’s Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing (12th ed.).
Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. https://www.lww.com/brunner-suddarth-textbook-of-medical-surgical-nursing-9781975136411

American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO). (2023). Eye Health & Vision Health Resources. https://www.aao.org/eye-health

Glaucoma Research Foundation. (2023). Glaucoma Facts and Stats. https://www.glaucoma.org/glaucoma/glaucoma-facts-and-stats.php

National Eye Institute (NEI). (2023). Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD). https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/age-related-macular-degeneration

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2023). Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye). https://www.cdc.gov/conjunctivitis/index.html

American Academy of Audiology. (2023). Hearing Loss Information and Resources. https://www.audiology.org/publications-resources/hearing-education-resources/hearing-loss

Mayo Clinic. (2023). Meniere’s Disease: Symptoms and Causes. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menieres-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20374910

World Health Organization (WHO). (2021). World Report on Hearing. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/world-report-on-hearing

 
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Module 8 Vocabulary – Neurological Assessment

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Module 8 Vocabulary – Neurological Assessment

Nursing Journal Article:
CE: The Physiology and Processing of Pain: A Review
Attached Files:
Link to file (212 B)

Module 8 Vocabulary - Neurological Assessment

Neurological Article Questions

  1. Pain—both acute and chronic—costs on an annual basis in the U.S. approximately how much?
  2. What is the frequency of pain and visits for pain complaints to physicians at the present time?
  3. More than 2/3’s of persons with chronic pain have had it how long?
  4. What is the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) definition of pain?
  5. A nociceptor is defined as…?
  6. Name the steps for pain perception from the peripheral tissue nociceptive receptor.
  7. Name three different types of non-nociceptive receptors.
  1. Name the two types of fibers found in the spinal cord.
  2. Describe what you would find in both ventral horns and dorsal horns of the spinal cord (hint: see figure 3).
  3. What is Lissauer’s tract?
  4. What are the three tracts that transmit nociceptive/pain impulses?

(Module 8 Vocabulary – Neurological Assessment)

  1. Name six supraspinal structures in the brainstem and diencephalon where the nociceptive signal travels.
  2. What is a major component of pain modulation circuit called?
  3. Control of ascending sensory input by tonic inhibitory control of neurons occurs where?
  4. Which area of the medulla of the brain exhibits both inhibitory and facilitation of nociceptive transmission?
  5. How do NSAIDs work to modulate the pain network?

Neurological Article Assignment

 

References

McCaffery, M., & Pasero, C. (1999). Pain: Clinical manual. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby. https://www.elsevier.com/books/pain-clinical-manual/mccaffery/978-0-8151-2957-4

International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP). Pain Definitions. https://www.iasp-pain.org/Education/Content.aspx?ItemNumber=1698

Turk, D. C., & Melzack, R. (2011). The Handbook of Pain Assessment. 3rd ed. New York: Guilford Press. https://www.guilford.com/books/Handbook-of-Pain-Assessment/Turk-Melzack/9781606239766

Merskey, H., & Bogduk, N. (1994). Classification of Chronic Pain. 2nd ed. Seattle: IASP Press. https://www.iasp-pain.org/PublicationsNews/Content.aspx?ItemNumber=1673

Rang, H. P., Dale, M. M., Ritter, J. M., & Flower, R. J. (2012). Rang and Dale’s Pharmacology. 7th ed. https://www.elsevier.com/books/rang-and-dales-pharmacology/rang/978-0-7020-3471-8

Basbaum, A. I., & Fields, H. L. (1984). Endogenous pain control mechanisms: Review and hypothesis. Annals of Neurology, 16(2), 157-168.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ana.410160202

 
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