MGMT 3720 – Organizational Behavior EXAM 3

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MGMT 3720 – Organizational Behavior EXAM 3

(MGMT 3720 – Organizational Behavior EXAM 3) (CH. 9, 10, 11, & 12)

MGMT 3720 – Organizational Behavior EXAM 3

Question 1

1.  While discussing their marketing campaign for a new product, the members of the cross-functional team responsible for Carver Inc. realized that a couple of changes relating to their prior plan would be beneficial. The offer of a franchising that had earlier been brushed off by the company head was discussed thoroughly and it was decided that it would be implemented on a trial basis initially, and on full scale if found to work well. From the information provided, it can be concluded that this cross-functional team has a high degree of ________.

Answer

reflexivity
uncertainty
diversity
conformity
demography

Question 2

1.  Max Hiller was recently hired by Sync, a consumer goods company. During his first meeting with the sales team, Max impressed upon his team that work performance is the only criterion he would use to evaluate them. To help them perform well and meet their targets, he pushed his team to work extra hours. He also gave very clear instructions to each member regarding their job responsibilities and continually verified if they were meeting their targets. Which of the following, if true, would weaken Max’s approach? (MGMT 3720 – Organizational Behavior EXAM 3)

Answer

Sales figures for the region that Max’s team is responsible for have improved in the last quarter.
Max is leading many new employees who have joined his team directly after training.
Max’s sales team is comprised of independent and experienced employees who are committed to their jobs.
Max’s team functions in a sluggish manner and picks up pace only a week or so before the monthly operations cycle meetings.
Max’s team does not display high levels of cohesiveness and members fail to coordinate with each other.

Question 3

1.  Which of the following statements is true regarding the effect of group cohesiveness and performance norms on group productivity? (MGMT 3720 – Organizational Behavior EXAM 3)

Answer

When both cohesiveness and performance norms are high, productivity will be high.
The productivity of the group is affected by the performance norms but not by the cohesiveness of the group.
If cohesiveness is high and performance norms are low, productivity will be high.
When cohesiveness is low and performance norms are also low, productivity will be high.
If cohesiveness is low and performance norms are high, productivity will be low.

Question 4

1.  Neutralizers make it impossible for leader behavior to make any difference to follower outcomes.

Answer

True

False

Question 5

1.  Communication includes both the transfer and the understanding of meaning.

Answer

True

False

Question 6

1.  According to the path-goal theory, directive leadership is likely to be welcomed and accepted by employees with high ability or considerable experience.

Answer

True

False

Question 7

1.  Before buying her new phone, Gina listed the various requirements her new phone must meet. As a wedding planner, much of her work revolved around using e-mail to forward pictures of locations, designs, and food arrangements that she could categorize by themes and prices. She required a phone with high storage capacity, speedy Internet, and easy-to-use methods to organize and save content. After listing these requirements, she fixed a budget and began surveying phones online. She also obtained information from friends. In a week’s time, Gina had shortlisted three models that suited her needs and was ready to make the final choice. Gina used ________ to arrive at this decision.

Answer

controlled processing
heuristical processing
selective processing
superficial processing
automatic processing

Question 8

1.  Aaron Dias was working on the last shift for the day at All Needs, a retail store owned by an Asian man, when he opened the cash register and stole some money thinking that nobody would witness him stealing. However, one of the customer attendants watched him steal the money and reported it to the manager the next day, following which Aaron was terminated. Subsequently, the manager became extremely strict with all his Caucasian employees and was often heard abusing them saying “you guys are all the same.” This scenario depicts ________.

Answer

social loafing
in-group favoritism
groupthink
contrast bias
contrast bias

Question 9

1.  Which of the following is true with regard to the impact of diversity on team effectiveness?

Answer

High levels of diversity among team members benefit the group from the stage of forming.
Race and gender diversity bear the highest positive impact on team performance.
Cultural diversity serves as an asset for tasks that call for a variety of viewpoints once the team has worked out its differences.
Leadership has a negligible role to play in diverse teams because the members manage themselves autonomously.
Elements of diversity are undesirable as they interfere with team processes in the long run.

Question 10

1.  The ability to influence a group toward the achievement of a vision or set of goals can arise outside the formal structure of the organization.

True

False

Question 11

1.   ABL is one of the largest consumer goods companies in the country and it recently held its annual conference where members of all regional divisions were invited. Since the company is vast and rarely finds all its employees together in such a manner, it used this opportunity to present to them certain new ideas they had regarding various aspects of their functioning. Large meetings with each regional team were held to provide them with information about the proposed changes and to obtain their anonymous votes through computers. This helped the company speed up the decision-making process and consolidate the results immediately. Which of the following group decision techniques did ABL use here?

Answer

nominal groups approach
heuristics and algorithm approach
electronic meeting approach
reference groups approach
brainstorming

Question 12

1.  When the middle-level manager of the production department at Wilson Works was laid off, many employees who worked under him became apprehensive about their job security. They were aware of the current trend toward laying-off employees in the economy. The termination of their manager combined with the fact that their division had performed only moderately well in the last two quarters led the employees to believe that they were at a high risk of losing their jobs as well. Which of the following, if true, would weaken the argument that the production manager should hold face-to-face meetings to assure the employees in the production division?

Answer

Rumors had spread about impending lay-offs at Wilson Works.
Wilson Works had a strong formal communication network in place.
The middle level manager supervised over five hundred employees.
The employees had serious concerns over job security.
The company had no fixed policy with regard to rightsizing employees.

 

Question 13

1.  Bonnie Patterson is a manager for seven years at Wayne and Watson, a legal consultancy firm. A good part of her work day involves holding meetings and she likes to get work on a time-bound schedule. For this reason, members of her team receive the agenda at the beginning of the meeting, followed by some time to contemplate over the issue at hand individually. Subsequently, the team members present their ideas one after another, the group discusses them together, and lastly, a ranking is done to choose the most favored idea. This represents the ________ approach of group decision making.

Answer

brainstorming
interacting
nominal group
reference group
Groupthink

 

Question 14

1.  Jason Jones has been asked to assemble an eight-member self-managed work team of experienced employees to work on a project that combines the functional areas of research, production, marketing, and distribution. Jason is apprehensive about managing a team so large; he knows from prior experience that larger teams do not always result in greater productivity. Jason has also been informed by the management that this team is being established as the project must progress according to the predetermined timeline. The work lagging behind by one division will cause a cumulative delay in all the successive stages of the project’s execution. Jason plans to implement a group-based incentive that he feels would motivate each of the team members to work efficiently. Which of the following is an assumption made by Jason in implementing this plan?

Answer

Since the team is comprised of employees who are highly skilled in their respective areas, the output of the group will be of high quality.
Increasing the number of experienced employees in the team will reduce the need for supervision.
Each employee in the team is motivated to work equally hard to ensure that the group’s performance is satisfactory.
Each employee will work well within the boundaries of their divisional functions and conflicts will be relatively fewer.
Each employee will be committed to working within the resources allocated.

 

Question 15

1.  The advantages of oral communication are speed and feedback.

Answer

True

False

Question 16

1.  Treesa Mayering recently began her first job at a PR firm called Pro as a copywriter. Her job involves creating scripts for press releases, advertisements, and other media events. She has been working under the guidance of Will Preston, the senior copywriter. Treesa, who has no prior experience in this job, had worked on scripts for advertisements and online brochures alone, when she was asked to work on a press release for the first time. Will reviewed Treesa’s script and sent her an e-mail full of detailed corrections which she promptly implemented. However, when Will looked at the script later, he felt that it did not represent a significant improvement of her first draft. Which of the following, if true, would best explain this outcome?

Answer

Will routinely e-mailed feedback on scripts for advertisements, online brochures, and press releases to his team members.
Treesa was hired because she demonstrated considerable analytical and creative thinking skills in her pre-employment tests.
Will believed that Treesa’s understanding of his e-mailed feedback would be accurate.
Treesa took a lot of time to implement Will’s corrections and revise her script.
The feedback provided by Will was not elaborate and comprehensive enough.

 

Question 17

1.  Joe Sullivan and Mark Holland, members of the top management at EuAir, an European airlines, were preparing for a meeting to discuss strategies to combat the recent rise in fuel prices. Before the meeting began, Joe and Mark were discussing how oil prices significantly impact the health of the world economy. Joe spoke of how higher oil prices since 1999, partly the result of OPEC supply management policies, contributed to the global economic downturn in 2000-2001. Mark agreed but added that the right kind of strategy can help them overcome and even profitably use this opportunity for hiking fares. Which of the following statements, if true, would weaken the argument that Joe experienced groupshift during the meeting?

Answer

Joe stated that precise methods of fuel filling and consumption must be implemented to efficiently use their current supply of fuel.
Joe proposed the usage of direct and higher altitude routes that would curtail fuel consumption.
Joe stated that the company should cut expenditures on other areas like marketing and advertising instead of hiking fares to retain their current profit margins.
Joe stated that hiking prices would lead to losing market share to the low-cost airlines which already controlled half the market.
Joe suggested adding a fuel surcharge to all tickets for commercial flights with immediate effect.

Question 18

1.  Shirley Shands is a hardworker but Debra, her manager, is irritated with her. While Debra concedes that Shirley’s work gives her no cause for complaint, Debra is tired of the interruptions in her work because of Shirley asking for repeated clarifications over what exactly she has to say in e-mails or phone calls. She often requests Debra to proofread her e-mails before sending them, and Debra feels she sends too many e-mails instead of just speaking to the person concerned. From the scenario, we can conclude that ________.

Answer

Shirley processes her e-mails in an automatic and superficial manner
Shirley uses filtering when communicating with Debra
Debra is engaging in social loafing
Shirley and Debra come from a high-context culture
Shirley suffers from communication apprehension

Question 19

1.  Shane Dermott is a manager at a software design firm that develops software programs for clients using multiple teams of specialists. One of his most successful teams has been performing very well for years and so it came as a surprise to Shane when he noticed a sharp drop in the team’s performance. He decided to speak with the team individually and find a solution. After interviewing all 7 team members, he determined that one of the team members performed routine administrative tasks that were hardly visible to any of the other team members and understood that this was a case of social loafing which demotivated the entire group. Which of the following would most likely improve the performance of the employee who was social loafing?

giving him additional assignments to complete
providing him with administrative training
making him individually responsible for definite and crucial tasks
encouraging him to work more independently
empowering him to make decisions autonomously

Question 20

1.  Intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration are likely to be seen in the management by exception (active) style of leadership.

True

False

Question 21

1.  Which of the following statements is true regarding the effect of status on conformity pressure?

High-status individuals are often given less freedom to deviate from norms than are other group members.
People in high-status jobs have especially negative reactions to social pressure exerted by people in low-status jobs.
Lower-status people are better able to resist conformity pressures than their high-status peers.
Groups exert equal conformity pressure on all individuals regardless of their status.
As compared to high-status members, low-status members are given a wider range of discretion as long as their activities aren’t severely detrimental to group goal achievement.

Question 22

1.  Hank Murphy was selected to develop an advanced personal communication device with his own self-managed work team. Hank was assured that resource allocation and timelines were flexible for this project provided the work was a cut above that provided by the rest of the employees. As a part of the project guidelines, Hank included the demand that the device being developed by the team should also be marketed exclusively by them without resorting to franchising or cobranding. This was to ensure that customers recognized the product as reflecting the values of their company. Work on this project began with a lot of vigor and once the device was developed, Hank’s team implemented their marketing strategy. However, even three months after the product’s release, visibility remained low in the market and many reviewers did not consider the device to be much of an innovation. Which of the following statements, if true, would indicate a lack of reflexivity in Hank’s self-managed work team?

In Hank’s team, the members took accountability for the group’s performance as a whole and reported their individual progress to him as well.
The device was later marketed as a part of a national level tie-up with E-store outlets and did remarkably well in its second stint in the market.
Hank’s team members developed multiple blueprints of the device which were thoroughly discussed, improvised, and synthesized into the final plan for the product.
In the first few weeks of the project, Hank had witnessed a moderate level of conflict between the team members as each one had his own idea about how best to go about this high-priority project.
Hank’s team used e-mail and instant messaging to communicate unique information when some of the team members were not available for face-to-face interactions.

Question 23

1.  Groupthink is a phenomenon that relates to the consensus norms.

True

False

Question 24

1.  Transformational leadership has a greater impact on the bottom line in smaller, privately held firms than in more complex organizations.

True

False

Question 25

1.  Social loafing illustrates a process gain from using teams.

True

False

Question 26

1.  E-Way is an electronics company that is developing a new cellphone that will be released in the market soon. Which of the following, if true, would strengthen the argument that the company should use social media to promote the new cellphone?

Answer

E-Way’s last two releases received a lot of criticism from consumers.
The target consumers for the cellphone are not restricted to any demographic category.
One of E-Way’s rival companies had used social media successfully to advertise its new product.
The production team overshot the budget and the marketing team has low funds.
The company has a tightly integrated production and distribution mechanism.

Question 27

1.  Which of the following is true with regard to deviant workplace behavior?

Answer

It is involuntary in nature.

 
Widespread deviant workplace behavior depends on the accepted norms of the group.
It has a negligible adverse impact on organization as it is accepted by some employees.
Research on deviance at the workplace has shown that employees operating individually engage in more deviant behaviors than those who function as a part of groups.
Leaving work early is an example of a property-related deviant workplace behavior.

Question 28

1.  Hubert Gray needs an instruction manual developed for his new product. This is the last step of the project and he has severe budget constraints. He needs a small team of technical writers to work together closely to write the manual on fairly short notice. He needs them to communicate ideas quickly, creatively, and affordably. Which of the following group techniques should Hubert consider?

Answer

nominal and electronic
brainstorming
brainstorming and electronic
electronic and interacting
interacting and brainstorming

Question 29

1.  The behavioral theories view leadership as a set of actions that people can be trained in.

Answer

True

False

Question 30

1.  According to the Big Five personality model, emotional stability is the most important trait of effective leaders.

Answer

True

False

Question 31

1.  The time attendance system in the production division at MM, an automobile manufacturing company, was malfunctioning. Consequently, Greg Hill, one of the front-level managers sent it for repair. In the meantime, he placed a register where all workers of the production division had to provide their time of entry and exit from office. At the end of the week, when looking through the time logs, he had certain concerns about a group of employees. In the next week, he personally tracked the time this group of employees spent working and realized that they were reporting a greater number of working hours than they actually worked. This group engaged in a barrier to communication called ________.

Answer

lying
selective perception
silence
filtering
communication apprehension

Question 32

1.  Lionel Tucker has been asked to lead a virtual team on a project with a tight time schedule. While allocating the project to him, his manager impressed upon him the need to complete this project successfully and in time so that this client gains enough confidence to use their services in the future. Lionel and his team communicate via e-mail as the team members are located at geographically dispersed locations. They have not had even one face-to-face meeting as yet. In this case, Lionel must have an ability to ________ in addition to all the other desirable abilities of a leader to lead the team successfully.

Answer

avoid making any decisions for the team
generate money to inspire the team
convey support and trust through electronic means
generate charisma to inspire the team
micromanage his team members till project completion

Question 33

1.  Which of the following is an effective means of countering social loafing?

Answer

increasing the rewards the group is given if it succeeds
increasing the amount by which the group’s progress is monitored
ensuring that individual contributions to the group’s outcome are identified
increasing the size of the group
increasing the group’s workload

Question 34

1.  Unconventional behavior is one of the key characteristics of a charismatic leader.

Answer

True

False

Question 35

1.  Nancy is a part of a group at work which stresses a lot on collective goals and performance. Nancy is amazed at how well the members of the team use their skills to benefit themselves and their team members. Whenever a problem arises, the team, as a whole, provides reasons and solutions for the same. She enjoys working in this group as there is a lot of positive energy. This group that Nancy is a part of is a work group.

Answer

True

False

Question 36

1.  Jason Jones has been asked to assemble an eight-member self-managed work team of experienced employees to work on a project that combines the functional areas of research, production, marketing, and distribution. Jason is apprehensive about managing a team so large; he knows from prior experience that larger teams do not always result in greater productivity. Jason has also been informed by the management that this team is being established as the project must progress according to the predetermined timeline. The work lagging behind by one division will cause a cumulative delay in all the successive stages of the project’s execution. Which of the following measures, if adopted by Jason, would best ensure that the team members are working efficiently?

Answer

discouraging team members from restricting themselves to their own functional areas by experimenting with and learning the job done by other members of the team
implementing a group-based incentive he has planned for this team
instructing the team members to finalize the plan for the project right at the beginning and ensuring that it is implemented without any changes
assigning the specific tasks of the project to each team member by keeping in mind their preference and abilities
implementing a training program to provide the team members with the necessary technical and human relations skills for the project

Question 37

1.  In the communication process, decoding precedes encoding.

Answer

True

False

Question 38

1.  A software development firm has witnessed substantial growth and seeks to expand and reorganize its structure to meet the demands from clients in a better manner. HR has been given a clear directive that one of the major criteria for selection of recruits would be the candidate’s ability to function as a team player. This is because the company is revamping all its major functions from the traditional departmental model to an arrangement of flexible teams. Joe Sanchez is one of their oldest and most experienced employees who demonstrated considerable ability in developing the best programs but the problem with him is that he prefers to work alone. The company does not wish to lose resources like him and others who lack the ability to work in groups but team work is essential in their reorganization. Which of the following strategies will help rectify this problem? (MGMT 3720 – Organizational Behavior EXAM 3)

Answer

informing all employees that ability to work in teams will be major determinant for promotions and bonuses
encouraging employees like Joe to work more independently
increasing the size of teams so the contribution of people like Joe will not affect team performance overall
encouraging the formation of more diverse teams
applying merit-based compensation systems instead of gainsharing

Question 39

1.  In self-managed teams, supervisory positions may be eliminated.

True

False

Question 40

1.   Joe Sullivan and Mark Holland, members of the top management at EuAir, an European airlines, were preparing for a meeting to discuss strategies to combat the recent rise in fuel prices. Before the meeting began, Joe and Mark were discussing how oil prices significantly impact the health of the world economy. Joe spoke of how higher oil prices since 1999, partly the result of OPEC supply management policies, contributed to the global economic downturn in 2000-2001. Mark agreed but added that the right kind of strategy can help them overcome, and even profitably use, this opportunity for hiking fares. Which of the following statements, if true, would denote the occurrence of groupshift in Mark’s opinions during the meeting? (MGMT 3720 – Organizational Behavior EXAM 3)

Answer

Mark agreed with Joe’s opinion that providing the best service possible, even if it meant incurring a loss in the short run, would be the best strategy.
Mark proposed that this was an opportunity for EuAir to use its brand name effectively and diversify into other products and services.
Mark proposed that the prices be hiked and additional customer service measures be included so costumers have the best experience flying with EuAir.
Mark felt that EuAir should suspend some of its less profitable flights in the short run in favor of the routes that have greater demand among consumers.
Mark encouraged the top-management team to consider laying off surplus employees and rightsizing EuAir to enhance its efficiency and lower costs.

Question 41

1.  Which of the following statements regarding leadership is true?

Formal appointment is essential in creating leaders.
Nonsanctioned leadership is as important as formal influence.
Formal rights ensure good leadership.
All managers are leaders.
All leaders are hierarchically superior to followers.

 

Question 42

1.  Amy Jones has to come up with a strategy to regulate the excessive use of the Internet by her employees in such a way that they accept and commit to the solution themselves. It is advisable for her to use group decision making, rather than individual decision making in this situation.

Answer

True

False

Question 43

1.  Charismatic leadership is a manifestation of innate traits and it cannot be learned or enhanced. (MGMT 3720 – Organizational Behavior EXAM 3)

Answer

True

False

Question 44

1.  Jordan is a sales officer who has been underperforming over the last three months. At the last monthly operations cycle meeting, he was given a warning. As the time for the next meeting draws close, Jordan fears his boss reprimanding him. Two days before the meeting, Jordan informs his manager that he has confirmed six deals in the last few days, one of which involves multiple orders for their machines. He, however, skips the detail that these are the only six orders he has been able to obtain in the whole month. Which one of the barriers to effective communication is depicted here?

Answer

silence
language
filtering
information overload
grapevine

Question 45

1.  Research has shown that the larger the team, the more effective its performance.

Answer

True

False

Question 46

1.  Which of the following statements is true regarding team composition? (MGMT 3720 – Organizational Behavior EXAM 3)

Answer

Agreeableness is the only personality dimension that aids the ability to work in groups.
High-ability teams find it hard to adapt to changing situations.

 
A high-ability team will function well irrespective of the deficits in the abilities of the leader.
A team’s performance is merely the summation of its individual members’ abilities.
In successful teams, members should be selected to ensure all the various roles are filled.

Question 47

1.  The attribution theory of leadership says leadership is merely an attribution people make about other individuals.

Answer

True

False

Question 48

1.  Rhonda May was transferred to London three months back to oversee the opening of a new branch of the retail chain she worked for. Rhonda, who had never been to London, adjusted well with her British colleagues but received quizzical looks from many of her British colleagues every morning in the initial weeks in London. After asking one of her subordinates to explain what caused her colleagues to look at her in that strange way, she discovered the reason. When her British colleagues greeted her saying “how are you today?” every morning, she typically replied saying “I’m good” while Britishers typically say “I’m well” in response to this greeting. This is because “I’m good” can have multiple meanings like “I’m not a bad person” or “I’m suitable” while “I’m well” only gives a sense of mental and physical well-being. Rhonda then realized how subtly cultural barriers can operate. From the information provided in the scenario, this is an example of barriers caused by ________.

Answer

semantics and connotations
situational and physical cues
tone differences
intolerance toward other cultures
power distance

Question 49

1.  A slouched seated position reflects a casual and relaxed manner.

Answer

True

False

Question 50

1.  Lateral communications are often created to short-circuit the vertical hierarchy within an organization. (MGMT 3720 – Organizational Behavior EXAM 3)

Answer

True

False

 

References

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369010197_Understanding_marketing_strategy_and_value_creation_in_the_era_of_business_competition

 
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Part A: STANDING WAVES ON A STRING Using PhET simulation

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Part A: STANDING WAVES ON A STRING Using PhET simulation

(Part A: STANDING WAVES ON A STRING Using PhET simulation) 12/27/2019

OBJECTIVE

To study standing waves on a string and see the effects of changing the tension in the string,

EQUIPMENT

PhET Simulation Wave on a String: https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/wave-on-a-string

You can also reach this simulation by going to PhET, and looking for Wave on a String.

 

Theory: Standing Waves in Strings

For any wave with wavelength λ and frequency f, the speed, v, is

v = λf (1)

The speed of a wave on a string is also related to the tension in the string, T, and the linear density (=mass/length), μ, by

v2 = T/μ = λ2f2 (2)

L is the length of the string and n is the number of segments, antinodes, or harmonics. Since a segment is 1/2 wavelength then

λ = 2L/n where n = 1, 2, 3, … (3)

Solving Equation 2 for the tension yields:

T = μλ2f2 (4)

Which can also be written as:

(5)

PROCEDURE

Constant Tension

1. Open the software. Select: Oscillate, Amplitude = 0.10 cm, Damping = 0, Tension = Lowest, Fixed End.

2. Turn on the oscillator by pressing the large blue button with the arrow. You will see the wave going from left to right, hit the fixed end and reflect. The reflected waves will interfere with the waves going to the right.

3. Now adjust the frequency in the Signal Generator until you get a standing wave in one segment (i.e. the first harmonic). Note this frequency, and measure the wavelength by using the ruler tool. (Part A: STANDING WAVES ON A STRING Using PhET simulation)

4. Increase the frequency gradually until you obtain a standing wave in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th harmonic. Record each frequency and wavelength.

5. Calculate the wavelength by using equation (3).

6. Calculate the velocity of the waves by using equation (1)

7. Change the oscillator to Pulse. Keep the pulse width small. Measure the time taken by the pulse to travel from the left to the right ends, and hence calculate the velocity of the pulse in the string. Repeat three times and take the average. Use this value as a second value of the speed of the wave.

8. Calculate the percent difference between the two speeds.

Number of Harmonic

 

 

 

( n )

 Number of nodes Wavelength

λ = 2L/n

 

 

 

( m )

 Frequency

f

 

 

 

( Hz )

 Speed of wave

V = λ*f

 

 

( m/s )
1
2
3
4
5

9. Repeat for the other two available tensions of the string. Case A: Lowest Tension

DATA TABLE

Length of the string: _________

Speed of the wave

Trial number Time for pulse to reach other end Speed of the wave
Average speed of the wave

Length of the string: ____________

Case B: Medium Tension

Number of Harmonic

 

 

 

( n )

 Number of nodes Wavelength

λ = 2L/n

 

 

 

( m )

 Frequency

f

 

 

 

( Hz )

 Speed of wave

V = λ*f

 

 

( m/s )
1
2
3
4
5

 

Speed of the wave

Trial number Time for pulse to reach other end Speed of the wave
Average speed of the wave

 

Length of the string: ____________

Case C: Highest Tension

Number of Harmonic

 

 

 

( n )

 Number of nodes Wavelength

λ = 2L/n

 

 

 

( m )

 Frequency

f

 

 

 

( Hz )

 Speed of wave

V = λ*f

 

 

( m/s )
1
2
3
4
5

 

Speed of the wave

Trial number Time for pulse to reach other end Speed of the wave
Average speed of the wave

Part B E-39-0 Electric Charges and Electric Fields ONLINE

6-21-2020 Adapted from manual from Dr. Kam Chu

 

Objective

To study the electric field and electric potential around different charges.

 

Equipment

PhET Simulation:

https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/charges-and-fields/latest/charges-and-fields_en.html

 

Theory

There is an electric field surrounding a charge, in which another charge would experience an electric force. The strength of the electric field at a distance from a point charge is given by:

(1)

Where is the Coulomb Constant, q is the charge, and r is the distance from the charge. The unit vector points away from a positive charge, and towards a negative charge. (Part A: STANDING WAVES ON A STRING Using PhET simulation)

 

The electric potential due to a point charge is given by the equation:

(2)

Where is the electric potential (in volts), and is a scalar quantity.

 

In this Lab, we will use a PhET simulation to study the electric field and electric potential surrounding single and multiple point charges.

 

Procedure

Play with the simulation (Charges and Fields) and get oriented with all the different options. This should help you understand the lab better. Note that you have positive and negative point charges, an electric field sensor (yellow circle), a tape measure and a voltmeter, that also makes the equipotential lines. For each case, take a screenshot and attach with your report. You may alsoturn on ‘gridlines’ if desired. Each small square of the grid is 10 cm wide and high. (Part A: STANDING WAVES ON A STRING Using PhET simulation)

 

Activity 1: Electric Field Lines and Equipotential Lines

1: Have one positive and one negative charge placed symmetrically in the field. Get the Electric field lines. Use the voltmeter to draw about ten equipotential lines (Figure 1 shows a related situation with a few equipotential lines)

2: Repeat with both charges being negative.

3: Repeat with both charges being positive.

4. Repeat with 4 positive charges (on top of each other, to create 4q) and one negative charge.

5. Parallel Plates: Put a large number of positive charges in a straight row (to look like a solid line). Make a negative line in the same way (parallel to the first). As an example, see figure 2. Get the electric field lines and Equipotential Lines between and surrounding the parallel plates.

6. Attach screenshot of the simulations in your report. Figure – 1

Figure-1: Parallel “plates”. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ACTIVITY 2

1) Turn on ‘gridlines’.

2) Select positive point charge of any magnitude (you do this by placing the point charges on top of each other). Place the charge at the intersection of two thick gridlines, somewhere in the left half of the screen.

3) Use the tape measure and Voltmeter to find the voltage at different locations along the horizontal line on which the charge is placed. Enter values in Table 1.

4) Plot a graph in Excel between the voltage (y-axis) and the distance (x-axis).

5) Use Excel to determine the value of the Coulomb Constant (see eqn. (2). Find the percent error between the calculated and accepted values.

6) Use the tape measure and the yellow Electric Field sensor to measure the electric field at different distances in the horizontal direction from the charge. Enter the data in Table 2.

7) Plot a graph in Excel between the Electric Field (on y-axis) and distance (on x-axis)

8) Use Excel to determine the value of the Coulomb Constant (see eqn. (1)). Find the percent error between the calculated and accepted values.

9) Attach the screenshots, graphs and calculations to your report. (Part A: STANDING WAVES ON A STRING Using PhET simulation)

DATA

 

Table 1

Charge = _________

 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
distance
voltage

 

 

Value of k found from the graph: ___________

Percent error in k: ________________

 

Table 2

Charge = __________

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
distance
Electric Field

 

 

Value of k found from the graph: ___________

 

Percent error in k: ________________

 

Part C E-35-O CAPACITORS IN CIRCUITS ONLINE LAB

7/1/2020

OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this lab will be to determine how capacitors behave in R-C circuits by measuring the time for charging and discharging. The manner in which capacitors combine will also be studied.

 

EQUIPMENT

PhET interactive simulation tool [Circuit Construction Kit: (AC+DC) – Virtual Lab]

https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/legacy/circuit-construction-kit-ac-virtual-lab

 

PROCEDURE

1. Open the simulation by ctrl+click the link, or copy paste the link to the browser. The simulation should look like that shown in Fig.6

2. Since this simulation is in java (and not web based as some of the others), you may have to download the simulation. If you cannot run the simulation, you may need to follow the following PhET help guidelines: https://phet.colorado.edu/en/help-center/running-sims

Then click “Why can Irun some of the simulations but not all?”

3. Run the simulation, and you will see a page like that shown in Fig.7.

4. You would not set up the circuit. For assistance in setting up the circuit, see the manual: 00PhET Simulation Tool Instructions for Electric Circuits Labs.

5. This experiment requires you to measure the voltage as a function of time. The timer can be easily controlled by using the Pause/Play button (►) and/or the step button (|►) (these are at the bottom of the page).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 6. Figure 7.

Case-A: charging the capacitor.

1. Set up the circuit as shown in figure 8. Once set up, it should look something like that shown in figure 9.

2. Set the resistance to 100 Ω, capacitance to 0.05 F, and Battery to 10.0 V.

3. Before charging the capacitor, make sure that it has no charge (the voltmeter reads zero). Otherwise you need to discharge the capacitor first until the voltage across the capacitor becomes zero. (Part A: STANDING WAVES ON A STRING Using PhET simulation)

4. Put switch S1 in the ON state and switch S2 to the OFF state.

5. Set the Pause/Play button (►) to pause and the timer to zero. Before 5 seconds, use the step button (|►) to increase time by 0.5 second intervals and record the voltage values in Table I. After 5 seconds, use the Pause/Play button (►/||) to record the voltage at around 7.00, 10.0, 15.0, 20.0, and 25.0 seconds.

6. Using equation (5), obtain the charge at each time, and enter in Table 1.

7. Draw a graph between charge on y-axis and time on x-axis. It should look like Fig. 3.

8. Use the known values of resistance and capacitance to calculate the time constant and the maximum charge by using eqn. (2) and eqn. (3), and enter in Table 2.

9. Calculate the charges equal to one time constant, two time constants, and five time constants and enter in Table 2. Compare these with the experimental values using % error. Put your calculation in the table II.

C

 

 

Figure 8

 

 

 

Volt-meter

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 9.

 

Case-B: Discharging capacitor

1. Set up the circuit as shown in figure 8.

2. Set the resistance to 100 Ω, capacitance to 0.05 F, and Battery to 10.0 V.

3. Before discharging the capacitor, make sure the capacitor has been fully charged (the voltmeter reading is very close to 10.0 V).

4. Set switch to off and switch to on.

5. Set the Pause/Play button (►) to pause, and the stopwatch to zero. For time less than 5 seconds, use the step button (|►) to increase time by 0.5 second intervals. Record the voltage values in Table 3. After 5 seconds, use the Pause/Play button (►/||) to record the voltage at about 10.0, 15.0, 20.0, and 25.0 seconds.

6. Using equation (5), obtain the charge at each time, and enter in Table 3.

7. Draw a graph between charge on y-axis and time on x-axis. It should look like Fig. 5.

8. Use the known values of resistance and capacitance to calculate the time constant and the maximum charge by using eqn. (2) and eqn. (3), and enter in Table 4.

9. Calculate the charges equal to one time constant, two time constants, and five time constants and enter in Table 4. Compare these with the experimental values using % error. Put your calculation in the table II.

Case-C: Capacitors in Series.

1. Set up the circuit as shown in figure 10.

2. Set the resistance to 100 Ω, each capacitance to 0.05 F, and Battery to 10.0 V.

3. Before charging the capacitor, make sure that it has no charge (the voltmeter reads zero). Otherwise you need to discharge the capacitor first until the voltage across the capacitor becomes zero.

4. Put switch S1 in the ON state and switch S2 to the OFF state.

5. Now calculate the value of the time constant by using the equation for sum of capacitors in series.

6. Start charging the capacitors and note the voltage difference across both capacitors. Note the time it takes for the voltage to reach 63.2 % of Vmax. This is the measured value of time constant. Note this in Table 5.

7. Now charge the capacitors to full charge, and by using proper switching, measure the time for the voltage across them to fall BY 63.2% of Vmax. This is the measured time constant for discharging the capacitors.

8. Compare the measured and calculated values of the time constant for capacitors in series. (Part A: STANDING WAVES ON A STRING Using PhET simulation)

 

 

 

 

Figure 11

 

 

Volt-meter

 

 

 

 

C1

C2

Volt-meter

 

 

C2

C1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 10

 

 

Case-D: Capacitors in parallel.

1. Set up the circuit as shown in figure 11.

2. Set the resistance to 100 Ω, each capacitance to 0.05 F, and Battery to 10.0 V.

3. Repeat the steps needed to measure the time constant while charging and while discharging, and compare with the calculated value for capacitors in parallel.

4. Enter the results in Table 5.

 

DATA

Case-A: Data for charging a single capacitor

 

Table-1

Resistance R = _________ Capacitance C = ________

 

Time

(s)

 Measured Voltage (VC) Charge on Capacitor

q(t)

(eqn. (5)

 Time (s) Measured Voltage (VC) Charge on Capacitor q(t)

(eqn. (5)

 Time (s) Measured Voltage (VC) Charge on Capacitor q(t)

(eqn. (5)
0.50 3.00 7.00
1.00 3.50 10.0
1.50 4.00 15.0
2.00 4.50 20.0
2.50 5.00 25.0

 

 

Make a graph between q(t) and time.

 

Table 2

 

Maximum Charge from eqn (2) = Q = ___________

RC time constant from eqn (3) = τ = ___________

 

Calculated value

eqn (1)

 Experimental value

eqn (5)

 % error
Charge at t = 1 τ
Charge at t = 2 τ
Charge at t = 3 τ

 

 

 

Case-B: Data for Discharging a single capacitor

 

Table-3

Resistance R = _________ Capacitance C = ________

 

Time

(s)

 Measured Voltage (VC) Charge on Capacitor

q(t)

(eqn. (5)

 Time (s) Measured Voltage (VC) Charge on Capacitor q(t)

(eqn. (5)

 Time (s) Measured Voltage (VC) Charge on Capacitor q(t)

(eqn. (5)
0.50 3.00 7.00
1.00 3.50 10.0
1.50 4.00 15.0
2.00 4.50 20.0
2.50 5.00 25.0

 

 

Make a graph between q(t) and time.

 

 

Table 4

 

Maximum Charge from eqn (2) = Q = ___________

RC time constant from eqn (3) = τ = ___________

 

Calculated value

eqn (4)

 Experimental value

eqn (5)

 % error
Charge at t = 1 τ
Charge at t = 2 τ
Charge at t = 3 τ

 

 

 

Case C and D: Data for Two Capacitors in Series and Parallel:

 

Table 5:

Resistance: ____________ Capacitance 1: _____________ Capacitance 2: _____________

 

Type of Circuit

Capacitors in:

 Calculated values of

τC and τD

 Measured Charging time τC Measured Discharging time τD Percent error in time of charging Percent error in time of discharging
Series
Parallel

 

 

τC : Time constant for charging

τD : Time constant for discharging

 

Part D Lab 2 Ohm’s Law

 

Objective

Learn to build a simple circuit with one resistor and one DC source.

Use PhET interactive simulation tool (Circuit Construction Kit AC Prototype) to build circuits and verify Ohm’s Law.

Theory

Ohm’s Law states that the electric current passing through a resistor with resistance is proportional to the voltage (electric potential difference) across the resistor and inversely proportional to the resistance

 

Equipment

Ⓐ

 

 

 

Figure-1

PhET interactive simulation tool (Circuit Construction Kit: DC – Virtual Lab)

https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/circuit-construction-kit-dc-virtual-lab

For guidance on how to use the simulation, tool, see PhET Simulation Tool Instructions for Electric Circuits Labs.

 

Procedures

1. Build the circuit as shown in Figure 1 using the PhET Simulation Tool.

2. Set the DC Power Source to 12.0 V.

3. Create three resistors 10.0 Ω, 20.0 Ω, and 30.0 Ω. Putting each resistor into the circuit one at a time, measure voltage using the voltmeter and record the values on Table 1. Note that the volt-meter should be parallel with the resistor.

4. With the power source still set at 12.0 V, measure the current of each resistor and record the values on Table 1. The ammeter should be in series with the resistor. You must first cut the circuit and open it with two disconnected ends and then plug in the ammeter. Please refer to “PhET Simulation Tool Instructions for Electric Circuits Labs” for how to measure current.

5. Avoid the common mistake of connecting the ammeter directly to the power supply’s two terminals.

6. Compare the calculated and measured currents in Table 1 and find the percentage difference.

7. Put the 10.0 Ω resistor in the circuit and increase the voltage of the power supply from to using increments. Using the method outlined in step 4, measure the current at each step. Record the voltage and current values in Table 2.

8. Plot the voltage-current curve and find the slope of the line. The slope of the line will be the resistance.

9. Compare the measured with the known values of the resistance values and find the percentage error.

 

In you report, include screenshots of the circuits that you make for doing this Lab. (Part A: STANDING WAVES ON A STRING Using PhET simulation)

Data Table 1

DC Power Source: 12.0 V

 

Resistance Measured Voltage Calculated Current (Equation 1) Measured Current % difference in the current
10.0 Ω
20.0 Ω
30.0 Ω

 

 

Data Table 2

Resistance: 10.0 Ω

 

Voltage

(volt)

 Measured Current

(ampere)

 Slope (equals resistance)

(ohm)

 % error in resistance
1.00 V
2.00 V
3.00 V
4.00 V
5.00 V

 

 

Part E Series and Parallel Circuit

(Using PhET Simulation Tool)

Objective

1. Learn to build up series circuit and a parallel circuit with three resisters.

2. Use PhET interactive simulation tool (Circuit Construction Kit AC Prototype) to build the circuits and Verify Ohm’s Law

Theory

The relations for two resisters in series and parallel circuits are the following:

Series Circuit Parallel Circuit

 

 

 

 
 

 

 

  

 

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 1 Two resister in series

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 2 Two resister in parallel

 

Equipment

PhET interactive simulation tool (Circuit Construction Kit: DC – Virtual Lab)

https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/circuit-construction-kit-dc-virtual-lab

 

Procedures

 

Build the circuit as shown in Figure 1 by using PhET Simulation Tool

 

1. Click the above http link, you will see

 

2. Click ▲, you will see

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3. Now you build your circuit by using “wire”, “Battery” and “Resistor”

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4. You can tap the circuit elements to change it value by adjust

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

5. You can also toggle between the battery and the battery symbol as shown above.

6. Use the circuit board, build the series circuit by using three resisters as shown in the following figure 3: set up , , ,

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 3

 

 

 

7. Measure the voltage across each resister, the voltage across over the two and (resister) and the voltage across over all the resisters (). Record the values on the table 1.

 

How to use the circuit board tool Voltmeter to measure the voltage

 

Simple drag the Voltmeter to the necessary location as shown in the following figure.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

8. Using Ohm’s law calculate the currents for each resister and put the values on table 1.

9. Using circuit board tool Ammeters measure the current passing through each resister and record the values on the table 1. Note that the Ammeters should be in series with the resister. (The figure below show you how to cut a circuit open and then put the Ammeters)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

10. Compare the current in table 1, and find the percentage difference.

11. Use the circuit board, build the parallel circuit by using three resisters as shown in the following figure 4.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 4

 

 

 

 

12. Repeat procedures from 7 to 10, record the data in table 1, and find the percentage difference.

 

Data Table 1

Resistance: :___________ :____________ :____________

 

Series Parallel
Measured Voltage  

(Ohm law)

 Measured Current % difference Measured Voltage  

(Ohm law)

 Measured Current % difference

 

 

Your Lab Report Should Include the Following

 

1. Lab theory

2. Your build circuit photo

3. Procedures

4. Your circuit setup photo which shows voltage [across the two and (resister)] measurement; and circuit setup photo which shows current [pass through the two resistor and (resister)] measurement.

5. Data Table 1

6. Conclusion

Part F Combination of Series and Parallel Circuit

(Using PhET Simulation Tool)

Objective

3. Learn to build up a combination of series and parallel circuit with three resisters.

4. Use PhET interactive simulation tool (Circuit Construction Kit AC Prototype) to build the circuits and Verify Ohm’s Law

 

Theory

Combination of Series and Parallel Circuit
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 1 Two resister in series

  

 

 
 

 

 

 

 

Equipment

PhET interactive simulation tool (Circuit Construction Kit: DC – Virtual Lab)

https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/circuit-construction-kit-dc-virtual-lab

 

Procedures

 

Build the circuit as shown in Figure 1 by using PhET Simulation Tool

 

13. Click the above http link, you will see

 

14. Click ▲, you will see

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

15. Now you can build your circuit by using “wire”, “Battery” and “Resistor”

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

16. You can tap the circuit elements to change it value by adjust

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

17. You can also toggle between the battery and the battery symbol as shown above.

18. Use the circuit board, build a combination of series and parallel circuit by using three resisters as shown in the following figure 2: set up , , ,

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 2

 

 

 

19. Measure the voltage across each resister, and the voltage across over the two and (resister) Record the values on the table 1.

 

How to use the circuit board tool Voltmeter to measure the voltage

 

Simple drag the Voltmeter to the necessary location as shown in the following figure.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

20. Using Ohm’s law calculate the currents for each resister and put the values on table 1.

21. Using circuit board tool Ammeters measure the current passing through each resister, and the current going through the two and (resister). Record the values on the table 1. Note that the Ammeters should be in series with the resister. (The figure below show you how to cut a circuit open and then put the Ammeters)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

22. Compare measured current in column 3 and calculated current in column 4 in the table 1, and find the percentage error.

 

Data Table 1

 

Resistance: :___________ :____________ :____________

 

 

1 2 3 4 5
Measured Voltage Calculated Current

(Using Ohm’s Law)

 Measured Current Calculated Current

(Using Equation 1-6)

 % error (compare column 3 and 4)

 

 

Your Lab Report Should Include the Following

 

7. Lab theory

8. Your build circuit photo

9. Procedures

10. Your circuit setup photo which shows voltage [across the two and (resister)] measurement; and circuit setup photo which shows current [pass through the two resistor and (resister) measurement.

11. Data Table 1

12. Calculation details in column 4

13. Conclusion

 

Part G E-34-O KIRCHHOFF’S RULES ONLINE LAB

7/01/2020

 

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this lab will be to experimentally demonstrate Kirchhoff’s Rules for electrical circuits.

 

EQUIPMENT

PhET interactive simulation tool (Circuit Construction Kit: DC – Virtual Lab):

https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/circuit-construction-kit-dc-virtual-lab

For an introduction on using the PhET Circuit Construction simulation, see: 00-PhET Simulation Tool instructions for Electric Circuits Labs.

 

THEORY (Part A: STANDING WAVES ON A STRING Using PhET simulation)

Electronic circuits that cannot be reduced to simple series of parallel circuits can be analyzed by different methods. As an example, consider the circuit of figure 1. The currents and voltage drops across the resistances cannot be found by a simple application of Ohm’s Law. In this circuit, points A and D are called Junctions, since more than two wires connect there. A closed loop is any path that starts at some point in the circuit, passes through the elements of the circuit, and arrives back at the same point, without passing through any element more than once. There are three such closed loops in the circuit of Figure 1. These are Loop 1: A-B-C-D-A, Loop 2: A-D-E-F-G-A, and Loop 3: B-C-D-E-F-G-A-B. The junctions and loops are used in two Kirchhoff’s rules to analyze the circuit.

KCR- Kirchhoff’s Current Rule: The sum of the currents entering a junction = sum of currents leaving a junction. Or equivalently: the net current entering a junction is zero.

KVR-Kirchhoff’s Voltage Rule: The algebraic sum of the voltage changes around any closed loop is zero.

We would usually know the values of the battery voltages and resistances. As a first step, we label and assign directions (arbitrarily) to the currents in each section of the circuit (i.e. between each junction). We then write the junction equation (assuming a current entering the junction is positive, and leaving the junction is negative) at node D as:

i1 + i3 – i2 = 0 (1)

We now traverse the closed loops in any direction (clockwise or counter-clockwise, the resulting equations are equivalent) and add up all the changes in the voltages and set them to zero, i.e.

ΣΔV = 0 (2)

The voltage change across a resistor is found by Ohm’s Law as

ΔV = I R (3)

The sign of ΔV is positive if we are crossing the resistance in a direction that is against the direction of the current in that resistor, and it is negative if we go across the resistor in the same direction as the current. The ΔV across the battery is positive if we cross it from its negative to its positive side. With these, the equations for the three loops become:

Loop 1 (starting at the point A and going clockwise):

V1 – i1*R1 – i1*R2 + i3*R3 = 0.0 (4)

 

Loop 2 (starting at A and going clockwise):

-i3*R3 – i2*R4 + V2 – i2*R5 = 0.0 (5)

Loop 3 (starting at A, and going clockwise):

+V1 – i1*R1 – i1*R2 – i2*R4 + V2 – i2*R5 = 0.0 (6)

Note that equation (6) is simply the sum of equations (4) and (5), and is therefore not an independent equation. The same would apply to the junction rule applied at node A. So the useful (or independent) number of Junction equations that we can use are one less than the number of junctions, and the Loop equations are one less than the number of loops.

We then simultaneously solve equation (1) and any two out of equations (4), (5) and (6) to obtain the values of the currents i1, i2 and i3. In case any of the currents comes out to be negative, it simply means that we had choses then wrong direction for that current.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PROCEDURE (Part A: STANDING WAVES ON A STRING Using PhET simulation)

1 Select five resistors and measure and note their resistances. Label them as R1, R2, … , R5. Select resistors that are in the range of 10.0 Ω to 100.0 Ω.

2 Connect the resistors on the PhET simulation to make the circuit as shown in Figure 1. Attach the two batteries to appropriate points on the circuit. Set their voltages between 6.0 to 10.0 volts each. (The two voltages may or may not be the same). Note the positions of the resistors R1, R2, … R5. Measure the voltages across the batteries and note these as V1 and V2 in the Data Sheet.

3 Using the values of the resistances and battery voltages, calculate the currents i1, i2 and i3 by using the two Kirchhoff’s Rules. Use the same notation and directions of the currents as used in Figure 1. Use the calculated currents to calculate the potential difference across each resistor by using Ohm’s Law.

4 Once the calculations are done, you have an idea of what values to expect. First measure the voltages across each of the resistors and note it.

5 Now measure the currents i1, i2 and i3. For this you would need to break the circuit and insert the ammeter in series with the wires to complete the loop.

6 Calculate the percent errors in the calculated and measured values of the currents and voltages. Check to see if the Kirchhoff’s Junction rule and Loop Rules are verified.

 

DATASHEET: KIRCHHOFF’S RULES

 

 

V1 =
V2 =

 

 

 

RESISTANCE CURRENT VOLTAGE
CALCULATED MEASURED % ERROR CALCULATED MEASURED % ERROR
R1 =
R2 =
R3 =
R4 =
R5 =

 

 

 

Part H: Geometrical Optics Using PhET SIMULATIONS (Part A: STANDING WAVES ON A STRING Using PhET simulation)

Rev 3-14-2020

 

OBJECTIVE

To study the reflection of light on flat and curved surfaces, and refraction of light though different shapes, and to find the focal length of a convex lens.

 

EQUIPMENT

PhET simulation Bending Light: https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/bending-light

 

PhET simulation Geometric Optics: https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/legacy/geometric-optics

 

You can also get to the simulations by entering in your browser: Phet, then select Physics. Then select Bending Light, and Geometric Optics simulations.

 

PROCEDURE (Part A: STANDING WAVES ON A STRING Using PhET simulation)

The procedure for all experiments will be to track a laser beam as it reflects or refracts. In the simulations that we will use, we have a laser that can be turned on or off by clicking the red button on it. It can also be moved and rotated. The laser will give a narrow ray of light which we will follow as it reflects or refracts. This can be done for several points in the beam’s path.

 

In most cases, you would need to measure the angle, which is done from the normal to the surface. You can turn on the normal by selecting it in one of the menu boxes on the page. You can measure the angle by using the protractor tool. Complete the Results section at the end.

 

CASE A: Reflection from a Plane Mirror (see figure 1)

1. After opening the simulation, select “INTRO”.

2. Select the material where the laser is as “AIR”, and that on the lower side as “WATER”.

3. Set the laser to any arbitrary angle. Turn on the laser.

4. Use the Protractor to measure the angle of the incident ray and angle of the reflected ray (this is dimmer than the incident ray). (ignore the ray going into the water). Repeat for different angles.

5. Repeat for AIR and GLASS as the materials.

6. Enter the results in Table A, and verify that the angle of incidence = angle of reflection.

CASE B: Refraction (see figure 2)

1. After opening the simulation, select “INTRO”.

2. Select the material where the laser is as “AIR”, and that on the lower side as “WATER”.

3. Set the laser to any arbitrary angle. Turn on the laser.

4. Use the Protractor to measure the angle of the incident ray and angle of the refracted ray (i.e. the one entering the water). (ignore the reflected ray). Repeat for different angles.

5. Repeat for AIR and GLASS as the materials.

6. Repeat with AIR and MYSTERY A as the two materials.

7. Enter the results in Table B, and calculate the refractive indices of water, glass and Mystery A by using equation 1.

 

CASE C: Refraction Again (see figure 7)

1. After opening the simulation, select “PRISM”.

2. From the bottom panel, select the Square. Set Reflections Off. Turn on Normal.

3. Select the Environment as AIR. Select Objects as GLASS.

4. Set the laser to any arbitrary angle, pointing to the square. Turn on the laser.

5. Use the Protractor to measure the angle of the incident ray and angle of the refracted ray (i.e. the one entering and inside the square). Make sure that the ray inside the square does not reflect form the side surface.

6. Use these angles to calculate the refractive index of the material by using equation 1. Repeat with different angles.

7. Repeat for MYSTERY B as the material of the square.

8. Enter the results in Table C.

CASE D: Total Internal Reflection (Part A: STANDING WAVES ON A STRING Using PhET simulation)

1. After opening the simulation, select “INTRO”.

2. Select the material where the laser is as “WATER”, and that on the lower side as “AIR” (i.e. the laser beam is going from water into air)

3. Set the laser to a small angle (i.e. close to the normal). Turn on the laser.

4. Increase the angle slowly and observe the refracted ray. At some angle, the refracted ray will become parallel to the water-air surface. Beyond this point, when the angle is further increased, there is no refracted ray, only a reflected ray. This is Total Internal Reflection. The angle that the incident ray makes at the point at which the refracted ray becomes parallel to the glass surface (i.e. angle of refraction = 90), is called the Critical Angle. Use the Protractor to measure the angle of incidence at this point. Use equation 3 to compare the calculated and measured values of the Critical Angle.

5. Repeat to find the critical angle for the GLASS – AIR interface.

6. Enter the results in Table D.

 

CASE E: Total Internal Reflection Again (see figure 6)

1. After opening the simulation, select “PRISM”.

2. Select the semi-circular object, and bring it to the middle of the screen. Its straight side should be vertical.

3. Select the Environment as Air, and semi-circular object as Glass. Turn on Normal. Turn off Reflections.

4. Turn on the laser. Set the laser to an angle about 40° with the horizontal.

5. Now place the cursor in the object, with left click hold the object and move it (it should not rotate) to a position so that the laser beam entering it is at zero degrees to the surface. This is when the beam is directly over (i.e. parallel to) the normal. It will now be exiting the object from center of the flat side, which is also the center of the circle forming the curved side. Now rotate the Object by holding it from the little thing at its bottom. The object must not move, only rotate. This will rotate it about its center so that the beam is always exiting from the center of the flat side.

6. Keep rotating the object slowly, until the exiting beam is parallel to the flat surface. If you turn it a bit more, the beam will have Total Internal Reflection. Use the protractor to measure the angle on incidence inside the object at the flat surface at the point of Total Internal Reflection. The angle of refraction should be 90°. Use equation 3 to compare the calculated and measured values of the Critical Angle.

7. Repeat for Mystery A. Use the refractive Index found in Case B for calculating the percent error.

8. Enter the results in Table E.

 

CASE F: Refraction Light Ray Shift (see figure 7)

1. After opening the simulation, select “PRISM”.

2. From the bottom panel, select the Square. Set Reflections Off. Turn on Normal.

3. Select the Environment as Air. Select Objects as Glass.

4. Set the laser to any arbitrary angle, pointing to the square. Turn on the laser. The laser beam should come out from the back side.

5. Note (figure out how), the position of the refracted ray coming out of the glass on the other side.

6. Change the material of the Object to “Air”. This will cause the ray to go straight (since refractive indices of environment and square are the same). Note the position of this ray.

7. Measure the distance that the ray shifts when the Object is Air and when it is Glass (figure out how to do this). Enter the results in Table 6.

8. Measure the thickness of the square. Enter all data in Table F.

9. Use equation 6 to calculate the shift, and compare with your measured value.

h

d

 

(6)

 

CASE G: Deviation of light by a prism (see figure 3)

1. After opening the simulation, select “PRISM”.

2. From the bottom panel, select the Triangle (prism). Set Reflections Off. Turn on Normal.

3. Select the Environment as Air. Select Objects as Glass.

4. Set the laser to any arbitrary angle, pointing to the prism. Turn on the laser. The laser beam should come out from the other side.

5. Use the protractor to measure the angle of incidence θi , angle of refraction θr, angle of the prism A , and angle of Deviation δ, and record them in Table G.

6. Calculate the angle of deviation by using equation (4), and compare with measured value. Use the refractive index of glass found in Case C.

 

CASE H: Focal Length of a Convex Lens (see figure 4) (Part A: STANDING WAVES ON A STRING Using PhET simulation)

1. Open the simulation: Geometric Optics.

2. Select Principal Rays and Screen. Select some values of Curvature, Refractive Index and Diameter of the lens.

3. Place the lamp al some position on the principal Axis (the horizontal line passing through the center of the lens).

4. Move the screen until the image becomes a small dot. The image of the object is now in focus on the screen.

5. Select the Ruler, and measure the distance from the center of the lens to the light source. (Measure to the point where the rays join together). This is the Object distance ‘p’. Now measure the image distance ‘q’ from the lens to the screen (to the point where the rays join). You may have to select a pencil or an arrow as the object to do this.

6. Note the data in Table H, and calculate the focal length, ‘f’, of the lens.

7. Repeat for several different positions of the object. Have at least one position where you get a virtual image (i.e. when object is between lens and the focal length).

8. Measure the focal length (this is the distance from lens to the ‘X’ on the Principal Axis.

RESULTS

All values are measured values unless mentioned. Attach at least one image of each case with your report.

 

TABLE A: LAW OF REFLECTION

Trial number Angle of Incidence Angle of Reflection Percent Difference

 

TABLE B: LAW OF REFRACTION (Part A: STANDING WAVES ON A STRING Using PhET simulation)

Material Trial number Angle of Incidence Angle of Refraction Refractive Index (equation 1) Average of three values Percent Error in refractive index
Water
Water
Water
Glass
Glass
Glass
Mystery A
Mystery A
Mystery A

TABLE C: LAW OF REFRACTION AGAIN

Material Trial number Angle of Incidence Angle of Refraction Refractive Index (equation 1) Average of three values Percent Error in refractive index
Glass
Glass
Glass
Mystery B
Mystery B
Mystery B

TABLE D: TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION

 

Material Trial number Angle of Incidence Angle of Refraction Critical Angle

Calculated

 Percent Error in Critical Angle
Water-Air
Glass-Air

 

 

 

TABLE E: TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION AGAIN

 

Material Trial number Angle of Incidence Angle of Refraction Critical Angle

Calculated

 Percent Error in Critical Angle
Water-Air
Mystery-Air

 

 

TABLE F: REFRACTION LIGHT RAY SHIFT

Trial Number Angle of Incidence Angle of Refraction Thickness ‘h’ of the square Measured Value of Shift in the Ray Calculated Value of the Shift Percent error in shift

 

TABLE G: DEVIATION OF LIGTH FROM A PRISM

Trial Number Angle of Incidence Angle of Refraction Angle of Prism Angle of Deviation Calculated Angle of Deviation Percent error in angle of Deviation
No Distance from Lens to Object

p

 Distance from Lens to Image

q

 Calculated Focal Length by equation 1

f
Average value of Focal Length
Percent error

TABLE H: FOCAL LENGTH OF A CONVEX LENS (Part A: STANDING WAVES ON A STRING Using PhET simulation)

 
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Ethical Conduct

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Ethical Conduct

(Ethical Conduct) Discuss nursing ethics based on the case study.

Ethical Conduct

Nursing Ethics in the Context of a Case Study

Nursing ethics is crucial in ensuring that patient care aligns with moral principles. A recent case study highlights the importance of ethical considerations in nursing. In this case, a nurse faced a dilemma when a terminally ill patient requested assistance in ending their life. This situation presents various ethical challenges, requiring a thorough understanding of nursing ethics to navigate effectively.

Respect for Autonomy

Firstly, respect for autonomy is a fundamental ethical principle in nursing. Autonomy refers to the patient’s right to make decisions about their own health care. In the case study, the patient expressed a clear desire to end their suffering through euthanasia. Therefore, the nurse must respect this wish while considering legal and professional boundaries. To support the patient’s autonomy, the nurse should ensure the patient fully understands their options and the potential consequences of their decision. (Ethical Conduct)

Beneficence and Non-Maleficence

Beneficence and non-maleficence are also critical in nursing ethics. Beneficence involves promoting the patient’s well-being, while non-maleficence means avoiding harm. In the case study, the nurse faces a conflict between these principles. Assisting the patient in ending their life may be seen as promoting well-being by alleviating suffering. However, it also involves causing harm. The nurse must carefully weigh these principles to determine the best course of action.

Legal and Professional Considerations

Legal and professional considerations also play a significant role in nursing ethics. The nurse must adhere to the laws and regulations governing their practice. In many jurisdictions, euthanasia is illegal, and assisting a patient in ending their life could result in severe legal consequences. Moreover, professional codes of ethics, such as the American Nurses Association’s Code of Ethics, provide guidelines for nurses. These codes often emphasize the importance of preserving life and prohibit actions that intentionally cause death. Thus, the nurse must balance ethical principles with legal and professional obligations. (Ethical Conduct)

Communication and Compassion

Effective communication and compassion are essential in addressing ethical dilemmas. The nurse should engage in open, honest conversations with the patient and their family. This approach helps to understand their perspectives and provide emotional support. By listening to the patient’s concerns and explaining the ethical and legal constraints, the nurse can build trust and provide compassionate care. Additionally, involving other healthcare professionals, such as physicians and ethicists, can offer valuable insights and support in decision-making.

Ethical Decision-Making Frameworks

Applying ethical decision-making frameworks can guide nurses in resolving complex ethical dilemmas. One such framework is the Four-Box Method, which considers medical indications, patient preferences, quality of life, and contextual features. By systematically evaluating these factors, the nurse can make a well-informed decision. In the case study, this approach could help balance the patient’s desire for euthanasia with the ethical, legal, and professional considerations involved.

Conclusion

Nursing ethics require a careful balance of respecting patient autonomy, promoting well-being, avoiding harm, and adhering to legal and professional standards. In the presented case study, the nurse faces a challenging ethical dilemma when a terminally ill patient requests assistance in ending their life. By applying ethical principles, effective communication, and decision-making frameworks, the nurse can navigate this complex situation. This approach ensures that patient care remains compassionate, ethical, and legally compliant.

References

https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/nursing-excellence/ethics/code-of-ethics-for-nurses/

 
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Cell Structure Answer Key

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Cell Structure Answer Key

(Cell Structure Answer Key)

UMUC Biology 102 / 103 Lab 3: Cell Structure And Function ANSWER KEY

This contains 100% correct material for UMUC Biology 103 LAB03. However, this is an Answer Key, which means, you should put it in your own words. Here is a sample for the Pre lab questions answered:

Pre-Lab Questions

1. Identify the major similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. (2 pts)

Prokaryotes tend to be less complex than eukaryotic cells, with fewer organelles and (generally) fewer requirements for survival. Eukaryotes have a nucleus, while prokaryotes do not. Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes have DNA, a cell membrane, and cytoplasm.

2. Where is the DNA housed in a prokaryotic cell? Where is it housed in a eukaryotic cell? (2 pts)

DNA is housed in the nucleus in eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus, and thus DNA exists freely in the cytoplasm.

3. Identify three structures which provide support and protection in a eukaryotic cell. (2 pts)

The cell membrane, the cytoplasm, and the cytoskeleton (microtubules, microfilaments, etc.).

Experiment 1: Cell Structure and Function

(Cell Structure Answer Key)

Post-Lab Questions

1.    Label each of the arrows in the following slide image:

2.    What is the difference between the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

3.    Would an animal cell be able to survive without a mitochondria? Why or why not?

4.    What could you determine about a specimen if you observed a slide image showing the specimen with a cell wall, but no nucleus or mitochondria?

5.    Hypothesize why parts of a plant, such as the leaves, are green, but other parts, such as the roots, are not. Use scientific reasoning to support your hypothesis.

Experiment 2: Osmosis – Direction and Concentration Gradients

Data Tables and Post-Lab Assessment

(Cell Structure Answer Key)

Table 3: Sucrose Concentration vs. Tubing Permeability

Band Color Sucrose % Initial Volume (mL) Final Volume (mL) Net Displacement (mL)
Yellow        
Red        
Blue        
Green        

Hypothesis:

Post-Lab Questions

1.    For each of the tubing pieces, identify whether the solution inside was hypotonic, hypertonic, or isotonic in comparison to the beaker solution in which it was placed.

2.    Which tubing increased the most in volume? Explain why this happened.

3.    What do the results of this experiment this tell you about the relative tonicity between the contents of the tubing and the solution in the beaker?

4.    What would happen if the tubing with the yellow band was placed in a beaker of distilled water?

5.    How are excess salts that accumulate in cells transferred to the blood stream so they can be removed from the body? Be sure to explain how this process works in terms of tonicity.

6.    If you wanted water to flow out of a tubing piece filled with a 50% solution, what would the minimum concentration of the beaker solution need to be? Explain your answer using scientific evidence.

7.    How is this experiment similar to the way a cell membrane works in the body? How is it different? Be specific with your response.

 
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Foundations of Criminal Justice

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Foundations of Criminal Justice

(Foundations of Criminal Justice)

1) A codified law is known as a

A) deviant act.

B) statute.

C) theory.

D) crime.

2) According to John F. Galliher, legal definitions of criminality are arrived at through a __________ process.

A) sociological

B) psychological

C) political

D) mainstream

3) Ron Classen sees crime primarily as

A) a violation of a law.

B) problem behavior.

C) an offense against human relationships.

D) a form of social maladjustment.

4) The pluralistic perspective suggests that behaviors are typically criminalized through

A) general agreement of members of society.

B) a political process.

C) the existence of shared norms and values.

D) none of the above

5) Which of the following jobs probably would not fall within the field of criminalistics?

A) Fingerprint examiner

B) Polygraph operator

C) Forensics examiner

D) Correctional officer

6) A police officer or probation officer is best described as a

A) criminalist.

B) criminologist.

C) criminal justice professional.

D) none of the above

7) __________ definitions focus on criminology’s role in uncovering the underlying

causes of crime.

A) Scientific

B) Causative

C) Disciplinary

D) None of the above

8) According to various professional groups, violence in television, music, video, games, and movies

A) may lead to increased levels of violent behavior among children.

B) may lead to decreased levels of violent behavior among children.

C) may lead to emotional sensitization toward violence in real life.

D) may have no effect on levels of violent behavior among children.

9) Which of the following is not an immediate input provided by the justice system that may enhance or reduce the likelihood of criminal occurrences?

A) Police response time to a crime scene

B) The availability or lack of official assistance

C) The presence or absence of police officers

D) A prison that acts as a “crime school”

(Foundations of Criminal Justice)

10) Which of the following is not considered a property crime by the UCR?

A) Robbery

B) Burglary

C) Arson

D) Theft

11) Which of the following is not a reason why rape victims fail to report their victimization?

A) Fear that the crime is not important enough to report

B) Fear of the perpetrator

C) Fear of participation in the criminal justice system

D) Shame

12) The category of crimes in NIBRS which corresponds most closely to the UCR Part I offenses is

A) Group A offenses

B) Part I crimes

C) NIBRS key crimes

D) None of the above

13) According to Elliott Currie, the __________ is the rate of crime calculated on the basis of crimes that would likely be committed by those who are incapacitated by the criminal justice system.

A) actual crime rate

B) criminality index

C) latent crime rate

D) clearance rate

14) The NCVS divides larceny into the categories of __________ larceny.

A) household and personal

B) grand and petty

C) violent and nonviolent

D) felony and misdemeanor

15) Which of the following is not a finding of the National Youth Survey?

A) Violent offenders begin lives of crime earlier than originally believed.

B) Females are involved in a smaller proportion of crime than previously thought.

C) There is a consistent progression from less serious to more serious acts of

delinquency over time.

D) Race differentials in crime are smaller than traditional data sources indicated.

16) The first step in any research is to

A) develop a research design.

B) choose a data collection technique.

C) review the findings.

D) identify a problem.

17) A __________ is especially valuable when aspects of the social setting are beyond the control of the researcher.

A) one-group pretest-posttest design

B) case study

C) controlled experiment

D) quasi-experimental design

18) The study of one particular criminal organization is an example of the __________ data-gathering strategy.

A) survey research

B) case study

C) participant observation

D) secondary analysis

19) The degree of dispersion of scores around the mean is known as the

A) standard deviation.

B) median.

C) correlation.

D) significance test.

20) A __________ correlation exists between sample size and the degree of confidence we can have in our results.

A) positive

B) curvilinear

C) negative

D) inverse

21) In which year was the Magna Carta signed?

A) 450 B.C.

B) 1215

C) 1066

D) 1700 B.C.

22) Which of the following was not one of the three types of crimes outlined by Beccaria?

A) Crimes that involved no victims other than society

B) Crimes that ran contrary to the social order

C) Crimes that injured citizens or their property

D) Crimes that threatened the security of the state

23) Which of the following categories of punishment might include the loss of the right to vote?

A) chronic

B) compulsive

C) indelible

D) restrictive

24) The argument that crime is not a result of poverty or social conditions and

therefore cannot be affected by social programs was made by

A) Lawrence Cohen.

B) David Fogel.

C) Ronald V. Clarke.

D) James Q. Wilson.

25) Research by __________ found that a small number of chronic recidivists were responsible for a large majority of serious violent crime.

A) Marvin Wolfgang

B) Marcus Felson

C) Jack Katz

D) Ronald V. Clarke

 
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Health Law and Ethical Dilemmas

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Health Law and Ethical Dilemmas

Health And Law

Health Law and Ethical Dilemmas

The Legal and Regulatory Environment of Health Care

Textbook: Fremgen, B. F. (2014). Medical law and ethics (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.

Instructions: Please ensure to substantiate your response with scholarly sources and also a personal account of your own experience in the work place. Cite and reference work! Must be 150 to 175 word count.

1. Please highlight two things you found most interesting about Chapter 1. See attached

1a. Read the Jeanette M case; based on the case address your opinion and thoughts to the comments below.

What reactions do you have to the ideas they presented? Include examples from the course readings or your own experience to support your perspective, and raise questions to continue the dialogue

Monica: In the case of Jeanette M. I don’t believe there is an ethical problem. If anything there may be a legal problem for the receptionist because she should have gotten more information regarding Jeanette’s condition. An elderly woman with shortness of breath should have been recommended to the ER. However, Jeanette is also partially at fault because she took no action to save herself sooner. She should have went to the ER on her own as soon as she became exhausted. I would say that the doctor had no part in her death and both the receptionist and Jeanette were at fault (if I had to place blame). If the receptionist had taken the extra time to learn more about Jeanette, she may have referred her to the ER saving Jeanette’s life, maybe. Being that she was elderly, suffering from pneumonia and congestive heart failure, there may have been nothing they could have done.

BeaJae: I agree, on an ethical level had the receptionist given the doctor the message when it was first received Jeanette M could have had a response well before 5:00 P.M. It may or may not have saved her but at least the call would have been answered in a timely manner. I don’t believe that anyone is at fault for the death of Jeanette M and as a receptionist, the order of which the conversation had taken place was adequate because she is only a receptionist, the doctor would have to make the call on what Jeanette is to do as far as getting treatment. In a busy workplace anywhere a lot of things tend to go unanswered due to being understaffed, overworked, or misjudging a situation but in many of them someone is held to blame for the mishap. In this case i believe that there is no one to blame in the death of Jeanette only a delay in reporting the call.

2. Please highlight one thing you found most interesting about Chapter 2. See Chapter 2 attached

2a. Read the Case of Jacob and the diseased and share your thoughts

3. Please highlight one thing you found most interesting about Chapter 8. See Chapter 8 attached.

3a. Read the case of Janet K. and Epilepsy and share your thoughts

4. Read and share your thoughts about the Legislative Process page on the United States House of Representatives website. http://www.house.gov/content/learn/legislative_process/

5. Read and share your thoughts on the article “Why Is Health Care Regulation so Complex? http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2730786/

Based on the article above, address your opinion and thoughts to the comment below:

What reactions do you have to the ideas they presented? Include examples from the course readings or your own experience to support your perspective, and raise questions to continue the dialogue

5a. Kwan: This article provided a great summary of health care regulation in the U.S. and how it is managed by different levels of government: local, state, and federal. My personal experience working in medical billing and medical front office had been quite challenging at first as I had to learn HIPAA, ICD-9 (at the time), and Medicare/Medicaid compliance. Kind of a crash course if no one has had any official training or education on these subjects. However, I am glad to have experienced it first hand and now I am enjoying the work as a student. Students that learn about health care regulation and compliance at UOP are definitely going to be ahead starting a career in this industry if they aren’t working in it now – so lucky! This article provides examples from a physician and a pharmaceutical company’s perspective on how they require the necessary and legal regulations in order to provide treatment (physician) and sell the drug (pharmaceutical company). As for becoming a physician, it really makes people appreciate the hard work (time, money, and education) they put in in order to practice. Not only do they have to:

– attend a medical school that has received accreditation by a private body

– take a national examination administered by another nongovernmental organization

– obtain licensure from a state medical board

– complete a hospital residency that is funded and governed by the federal Medicare program

– achieve certification from a private specialty board

– AND obtain clinical privileges at a hospital that may operate as either a private or public entity

..but they have to complete regulatory and compliance tasks throughout their career in order to continue to practice (Field, 2008). This helps us as consumers know that we are getting treatment from well-educated medical professionals that meet the necessary standards of law.

Field, R. I. (2008). Why Is Health Care Regulation So Complex? Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 33(10), 607-608.

 

6. Read and share your thoughts on the Laws & Regulations page on the U.S. Department of Health &

Human Services website. http://www.hhs.gov/regulations/

7. Health Care Governance in the US:

Who should be responsible for governing health care delivery in the United States? What should the role of the government be, if any?

8. Government and Health Care

What function does each federal branch of government serve in relation to health care delivery?

Do you think they do a good job?

9. Read and share your thoughts on the Regulations overburden health care article. http://www.edermatologynews.com/single-view/regulations-overburden-health-care/f7bb02a29855cd0ec55a043e1ce29e02.html

10. Complete the Health Care Laws Matrix below. Cite/ reference with proper APA style.

· Explain how health care laws are created.

· Evaluate the impact of local, state, and federal laws on the health care industry.

· Health Care Laws

Health Law and Ethical Dilemmas

Identify 2 health care laws Describe the health care law (25- to 45- words) Identify why the health care law was created (45- to 90- words) Describe how the health care law impacts the health care industry (90- to 175- words)
1.

 
2.

 
 
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Tension headache in a 13 years old adolescent

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Tension headache in a 13 years old adolescent

(Tension headache in a 13 years old adolescent) Discussion Topic: Pediatric Soap Note

Requirements

The discussion must address the topic

Rationale must be provided mainly in the differential diagnosis

Use at least 600 words (no included 1st page or references in the 600 words)

May use examples from your nursing practice

Formatted and cited in current APA 7

Use 3 academic sources, not older than 5 years. Not Websites are allowed.

Plagiarism is NOT permitted.

I have attached the SOAP note template, a SOAP note sample, and the rubric.

Tension headache in a 13 years old adolescent

Pediatric SOAP Note: Tension Headache in a 13-Year-Old Adolescent

Subjective:

Chief Complaint:
The patient, a 13-year-old male, presents with complaints of frequent headaches over the past month.

History of Present Illness:
The patient describes the headache as a dull, pressing sensation around the forehead and temples. The headaches occur 3-4 times per week and last for several hours. The intensity is moderate, rated 5-6 on a 10-point scale. The headaches are not associated with nausea, vomiting, or visual disturbances. The patient reports increased stress from schoolwork and poor sleep patterns.

Past Medical History:
No significant medical history. No history of head trauma or migraines.

Family History:
Father has a history of migraines. No other relevant family history.

Social History:
The patient is a middle school student. He denies alcohol, tobacco, or drug use. He reports an increased workload and upcoming exams contributing to stress.

Review of Systems:
Denies fever, chills, weight loss, vision changes, photophobia, phonophobia, dizziness, weakness, numbness, or any other neurological symptoms.

Objective:

Vital Signs:

  • Blood Pressure: 110/70 mmHg
  • Heart Rate: 75 bpm
  • Respiratory Rate: 18 breaths per minute
  • Temperature: 98.6°F
  • Oxygen Saturation: 98% on room air

General:
The patient appears well-nourished and in no acute distress.

Head:
Normocephalic, atraumatic.

Eyes:
Pupils equal, round, and reactive to light. Extraocular movements intact. No conjunctival injection or papilledema.

Ears, Nose, Throat:
No signs of infection or inflammation. Tympanic membranes clear.

Neck:
Supple, no lymphadenopathy or thyromegaly.

Neurological:
Alert and oriented to person, place, and time. Cranial nerves II-XII intact. Strength 5/5 in all extremities. Sensation intact. No signs of meningismus or focal neurological deficits.

Assessment:

Primary Diagnosis:
Tension-type headache (G44.209)

Differential Diagnoses:

  1. Migraine Headache:
    Although the patient’s father has a history of migraines, the patient’s symptoms lack the characteristic throbbing pain, nausea, and sensitivity to light and sound associated with migraines. The absence of aura and the bilateral nature of the pain also make this less likely.
  2. Cluster Headache:
    Cluster headaches are typically unilateral and present with severe, sharp pain around one eye, often accompanied by autonomic symptoms like tearing or nasal congestion. The patient’s description does not match these criteria, making this diagnosis unlikely.
  3. Sinusitis:
    Sinusitis often presents with facial pain, pressure, and nasal discharge. However, the patient denies nasal congestion or discharge, and the physical exam did not reveal any signs of sinus tenderness or inflammation.
  4. Refractive Error:
    Visual disturbances and eye strain can lead to headaches. While the patient denies vision changes, a comprehensive eye exam may still be warranted to rule out refractive error as a contributing factor.
  5. Intracranial Mass:
    Severe, persistent headaches accompanied by neurological deficits raise concern for an intracranial mass. However, the patient’s normal neurological exam and lack of severe symptoms make this diagnosis less likely at this time.

Plan:

  1. Education and Reassurance:
    Educate the patient and parents about tension headaches and their association with stress and poor sleep.
  2. Stress Management:
    Recommend relaxation techniques, regular physical activity, and a balanced schedule to manage school-related stress.
  3. Sleep Hygiene:
    Advise the patient on maintaining a regular sleep routine, creating a restful environment, and limiting screen time before bed.
  4. Analgesics:
    Suggest over-the-counter acetaminophen or ibuprofen for headache relief, as needed, while avoiding overuse to prevent rebound headaches.
  5. Follow-Up:
    Schedule a follow-up visit in four weeks to assess the effectiveness of interventions and re-evaluate the patient if headaches persist or worsen.
  6. Referral:
    Consider referral to a pediatric neurologist if symptoms persist despite initial management or if any concerning features develop.

References

American Academy of Pediatrics. (2019). Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Bacterial Sinusitis in Children Aged 1 to 18 Years.

This guideline provides comprehensive information on the diagnosis and management of sinusitis, a differential diagnosis in this case.

Evers, S., & Marziniak, M. (2020). Clinical features, pathophysiology, and treatment of tension-type headache. The Lancet Neurology, 19(1), 37-46.

This article discusses the clinical features and management strategies for tension-type headaches.

Goadsby, P. J., Holland, P. R., Martins-Oliveira, M., Hoffmann, J., Schankin, C., & Akerman, S. (2017). Pathophysiology of Migraine: A Disorder of Sensory Processing. Physiological Reviews, 97(2), 553-622. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28179394/

This review provides detailed insights into the pathophysiology and clinical presentation of migraines, useful for differential diagnosis.

 
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Hemorrhagic disorders

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Hemorrhagic disorders

How do alterations in the clotting cascade contribute to the development of hemorrhagic disorders, and how can nurse practitioners use their understanding of the underlying pathophysiology to develop targeted interventions that address the various aspects of care for patients with these conditions?

Hemorrhagic disorders

Alterations in the Clotting Cascade and Hemorrhagic Disorders

Alterations in the clotting cascade significantly contribute to the development of hemorrhagic disorders. The clotting cascade involves a series of complex steps that lead to the formation of a stable blood clot. Any disruption in this cascade can result in inadequate clot formation, leading to excessive bleeding.

Pathophysiology of Hemorrhagic Disorders

Hemorrhagic disorders often arise from deficiencies or dysfunctions in clotting factors. For instance, hemophilia A and B result from deficiencies in clotting factors VIII and IX, respectively. These deficiencies hinder the intrinsic pathway, impairing thrombin formation and subsequent clot stabilization. Similarly, von Willebrand disease, the most common inherited bleeding disorder, involves a deficiency or dysfunction of von Willebrand factor. This factor is crucial for platelet adhesion and protection of factor VIII. Without it, patients experience prolonged bleeding due to poor platelet plug formation and rapid factor VIII degradation.

Liver disease can also disrupt the clotting cascade since the liver synthesizes most clotting factors. Consequently, liver dysfunction can lead to decreased production of these factors, resulting in coagulopathy and increased bleeding risk. Additionally, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) represents a severe condition characterized by widespread activation of the clotting cascade. It depletes clotting factors and platelets, causing uncontrolled bleeding and microvascular thrombosis.

Nurse Practitioners’ Role in Managing Hemorrhagic Disorders

Nurse practitioners play a critical role in managing patients with hemorrhagic disorders by understanding the underlying pathophysiology. They can develop targeted interventions to address various aspects of patient care.

  1. Accurate Diagnosis and Assessment:
    Nurse practitioners should perform thorough assessments to identify signs of bleeding and review patients’ medical histories for potential clotting disorders. They should also order and interpret appropriate diagnostic tests, such as coagulation profiles and genetic tests, to confirm diagnoses and assess severity.
  2. Patient Education and Counseling:
    Educating patients about their condition, including potential triggers and preventive measures, is essential. Nurse practitioners should explain the importance of avoiding medications like nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that can exacerbate bleeding. They should also provide guidance on managing minor bleeds at home and recognizing signs that require immediate medical attention.
  3. Individualized Treatment Plans:
    Based on the specific clotting disorder, nurse practitioners can develop individualized treatment plans. For hemophilia, this may involve prophylactic or on-demand replacement therapy with clotting factor concentrates. For von Willebrand disease, desmopressin or von Willebrand factor concentrates may be used. In cases of liver disease, managing the underlying liver condition and providing vitamin K or fresh frozen plasma may be necessary.
  4. Multidisciplinary Collaboration:
    Managing hemorrhagic disorders often requires a multidisciplinary approach. Nurse practitioners should collaborate with hematologists, primary care providers, and other specialists to ensure comprehensive care. This collaboration can facilitate timely interventions and optimize patient outcomes.
  5. Monitoring and Follow-Up:
    Regular monitoring of patients’ coagulation status and treatment response is crucial. Nurse practitioners should schedule follow-up appointments to assess treatment efficacy, adjust therapy as needed, and address any complications.

Conclusion

Understanding the alterations in the clotting cascade helps nurse practitioners develop targeted interventions for hemorrhagic disorders. By accurately diagnosing, educating patients, creating individualized treatment plans, collaborating with multidisciplinary teams, and ensuring regular follow-up, they can effectively manage these conditions and improve patient outcomes.

References:

  1. Hemophilia A and B. (2022). National Hemophilia Foundation.
    National Hemophilia Foundation
  2. Von Willebrand Disease. (2021). Mayo Clinic.
    Mayo Clinic
  3. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC). (2023). American Society of Hematology.
    American Society of Hematology
 
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Leadership profile – an effective leader 

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Leadership profile – an effective leader

(Leadership profile – an effective leader) Do you believe you have the traits to be an effective leader? Perhaps you are already in a supervisory role, but as has been discussed previously, appointment does not guarantee leadership skills.

How can you evaluate your own leadership skills and behaviors? You can start by analyzing your performance in specific areas of leadership. In this Discussion, you will complete Gallup’s StrengthsFinder assessment. This assessment will identify your personal strengths, which have been shown to improve motivation, engagement, and academic self-conference. Through this assessment, you will discover your top five themes—which you can reflect upon and use to leverage your talents for optimal success and examine how the results relate to your leadership traits. To Prepare: Complete the StrengthsFinder assessment instrument, per the instructions found in this Module’s Learning Resources. Please Note: This Assessment will take roughly 30 minutes to complete.

Once you have completed your assessment, you will receive your “Top 5 Signature Themes of Talent” on your screen. Click the Download button below Signature Theme Report, and then print and save the report. We also encourage you to select the Apply tab to review action items. Post a brief description of your results from the StrengthsFinder assessment. Then, briefly describe two core values, two strengths, and two characteristics that you would like to strengthen based on the results of your StrengthsFinder assessment. Be specific. Note: Be sure to attach your Signature Theme Report to your Discussion post. (Leadership profile – an effective leader)

Leadership profile - an effective leader 

Evaluating Leadership Skills through StrengthsFinder Assessment

The Gallup StrengthsFinder assessment helps individuals identify their unique strengths, enhancing their leadership abilities. Upon completing the assessment, I received my top five themes: Learner, Input, Responsibility, Analytical, and Achiever. These themes provide insights into my leadership traits and areas for improvement.

Description of Assessment Results

  1. Learner:
    I have a strong desire to learn and continuously improve. I enjoy the process of becoming more competent.
  2. Input:
    I am inquisitive and collect information. I find joy in gathering knowledge, which helps in making informed decisions.
  3. Responsibility:
    I take ownership of tasks and am committed to completing them with high standards. I am dependable and trustworthy.
  4. Analytical:
    I have the ability to think critically and examine situations from various perspectives. I seek to understand the underlying factors.
  5. Achiever:
    I have a constant drive for accomplishing goals. I find satisfaction in productivity and meeting challenges head-on.

Core Values to Strengthen

  1. Integrity:
    Integrity is essential in leadership. It fosters trust and sets a moral example for others to follow. By aligning actions with words and consistently upholding ethical standards, I can reinforce my commitment to integrity.
  2. Empathy:
    Understanding and sharing the feelings of others is vital in leadership. It helps build strong relationships and fosters a supportive environment. I aim to actively listen and be more considerate of others’ perspectives.

Strengths to Enhance

  1. Communication:
    Effective communication is crucial for successful leadership. It ensures clarity, fosters teamwork, and helps convey visions and goals. I plan to work on delivering clear and concise messages and actively engaging in dialogues.
  2. Adaptability:
    Flexibility in adapting to changes and new challenges is a valuable trait. It allows for resilience and effective problem-solving. By embracing change and remaining open-minded, I can strengthen my adaptability.

Characteristics to Develop

  1. Delegation:
    While I often take responsibility, effective delegation is essential. It empowers team members and improves overall efficiency. I aim to trust others with tasks and provide necessary support while avoiding micromanagement.
  2. Conflict Resolution:
    Handling conflicts constructively is a critical leadership skill. It maintains harmony and ensures productive outcomes. I will focus on addressing conflicts promptly and fairly, seeking win-win solutions.

Applying Strengths Finder Results

Reflecting on these results, I can leverage my strengths to enhance my leadership capabilities. For example, as a Learner, I can promote a culture of continuous improvement within my team. By utilizing my Analytical skills, I can make informed decisions and provide strategic guidance. My Responsibility trait ensures that I maintain high standards, fostering a trustworthy and dependable leadership style. Meanwhile, focusing on improving Communication and Adaptability will help me engage more effectively with my team and navigate challenges.

By developing Integrity and Empathy, I can build stronger, more meaningful relationships with my team members. Strengthening Delegation and Conflict Resolution will allow me to lead more efficiently, empowering others and maintaining a cohesive work environment.

Conclusion

Using the insights from the StrengthsFinder assessment, I can refine my leadership skills and behaviors. Emphasizing continuous learning, effective communication, and ethical conduct will enhance my ability to lead successfully. This self-awareness fosters personal growth and improves team dynamics, leading to optimal success.

References

Gallup. (2024). Clifton Strengths for Students.
https://www.gallup.com/cliftonstrengths/en/252137/home.aspx

Northouse, P. G. (2021). Leadership: Theory and Practice (9th ed.). Sage Publications.
https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/leadership/book272020

 
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Social determinants of health

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Social determinants of health

(Social determinants of health)

Discussion Questions

What are the social determinants of health? Explain how social determinants of health contribute to the development of disease. Describe the fundamental idea that the communicable disease chain model is designed to represent. Evaluate the steps a nurse can take to break the link within the communicable disease chain. Resources within your text covering international/global health, and the websites in the topic Resources, will assist you in answering this discussion question.

Answer

Social determinants of health (SDOH) are the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age. They include factors such as socioeconomic status, education, neighborhood and physical environment, employment, social support networks, and access to healthcare. These determinants significantly influence health outcomes and contribute to health disparities. For instance, individuals in lower socioeconomic groups may experience higher exposure to environmental hazards, limited access to nutritious food, and inadequate healthcare services, all of which can lead to poor health outcomes and increased susceptibility to diseases.

SDOH contribute to the development of disease by creating environments that foster unhealthy behaviors and limit access to preventive measures. For example, lack of access to quality education can result in limited health literacy, making it difficult for individuals to make informed health decisions. Poor housing conditions can lead to chronic stress and exposure to toxins, which can cause respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, inadequate access to healthcare services can delay diagnosis and treatment, exacerbating the progression of diseases.

The communicable disease chain model represents the sequence of events that lead to the transmission of infectious diseases. It includes six key links: the infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, and susceptible host. Breaking any link in this chain can prevent the spread of disease.

Nurses play a crucial role in breaking the link within the communicable disease chain. They can take several steps, including:

  1. Infection Control Practices: Implementing and adhering to strict hygiene protocols, such as handwashing, using personal protective equipment, and sterilizing medical instruments.
  2. Vaccination Programs: Promoting and administering vaccines to build immunity in the community.
  3. Education and Awareness: Providing education to patients and communities about preventive measures, symptoms to watch for, and when to seek medical help.
  4. Early Detection and Treatment: Conducting screenings and providing timely treatment to infected individuals to reduce transmission.
  5. Advocacy for Better Living Conditions: Working with policymakers to improve living conditions and access to healthcare services, which can reduce the overall risk of disease spread.

By addressing SDOH and employing effective strategies to interrupt the communicable disease chain, nurses can significantly contribute to better health outcomes and the prevention of diseases.

References

https://www.cdc.gov/about/priorities/why-is-addressing-sdoh-important.html#:~:text=The%20impact%20is%20pervasive%20and,higher%20risk%20of%20poor%20health.

 
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